{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]],"date-time":"2026-04-06T22:50:25Z","timestamp":1775515825152,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,1]],"date-time":"2018-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1541030400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,1]],"date-time":"2018-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1541030400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Centre\u00a0for Disease Prevention and Control of the Italian Ministry of Health \u2013 Program 2012"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["australiancriticalcare.com","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Australian Critical Care"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.aucc.2017.10.004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,13]],"date-time":"2017-12-13T09:55:52Z","timestamp":1513158952000},"page":"340-346","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Healthcare-associated respiratory infections in intensive care unit can be reduced by a hand hygiene program: A multicenter study"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Gabriele","family":"Finco","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mario","family":"Musu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Landoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marcello","family":"Campagna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alberto","family":"Lai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luca","family":"Cabrini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Salvatore","family":"Sardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paolo","family":"Mura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maura","family":"Galletta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.aucc.2017.10.004_bib0005","series-title":"The burden of health care-associated infection worldwide","author":"World Health Orgnization","year":"2010"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aucc.2017.10.004_bib0010","first-page":"537","article-title":"Improvement of the ventilator associated pneumonia rate with infection control practices in an Italian ICU","volume":"74","author":"Prospero","year":"2008","journal-title":"Minerva Anestesiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aucc.2017.10.004_bib0015","series-title":"The global patient safety challenge 2005\u20132006 clean care is safer care","author":"World Health Organization World Alliance for Patient Safety","year":"2005"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aucc.2017.10.004_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2068","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)13644-6","article-title":"Nosocomial infections in adult intensive care units","volume":"361","author":"Vincent","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.aucc.2017.10.004_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/0195-6701(86)90107-6","article-title":"National prevalence survey of hospital-acquired infections in Italy","volume":"8","author":"Moro","year":"1986","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hosp Infect"},{"issue":"Suppl.\u00a02","key":"10.1016\/j.aucc.2017.10.004_bib0030","first-page":"10","article-title":"Prevalence of nosocomial infections in 15 Italian hospitals: first point prevalence study for the INF-NOS project","volume":"31","author":"Nicastri","year":"2003","journal-title":"Infection"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aucc.2017.10.004_bib0035","unstructured":"ECDC. Surveillance report. Annual epidemiological report. Antimicrobial resistance and healthcare-associated infections, 2014."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aucc.2017.10.004_bib0040","unstructured":"Agenzia sanitaria e sociale regionale dell\u2019Emilia-Romagna. Studio di prevalenza europeo su infezioni correlate all\u2019assistenza e uso di antibiotici negli ospedali per acuti. Rapporto Nazionale, Ottobre 2013."},{"issue":"344","key":"10.1016\/j.aucc.2017.10.004_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3325","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.e3325","article-title":"Ventilator associated pneumonia","volume":"29","author":"Hunter","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aucc.2017.10.004_bib0050","unstructured":"Agenzia Sanitaria e Sociale dell\u2019Emilia Romagna. Sorveglianza sanitaria delle infezioni in terapia intensiva, 2011-2012."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.aucc.2017.10.004_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1312","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000063087.93157.06","article-title":"Outcome and attributable cost of ventilator-associated pneumonia among intensive care unit patients in a suburban medical center","volume":"31","author":"Warren","year":"2003","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aucc.2017.10.004_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1086\/657912","article-title":"Estimating the proportion of healthcare-associated infections that are reasonably preventable and the related mortality and costs","volume":"32","author":"Umscheid","year":"2011","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol"},{"issue":"November (5)","key":"10.1016\/j.aucc.2017.10.004_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.4103\/0971-5916.90985","article-title":"Hand hygiene: back to the basics of infection control","volume":"134","author":"Mathur","year":"2011","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res"},{"issue":"October (5)","key":"10.1016\/j.aucc.2017.10.004_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2010.12.013","article-title":"Reduction in ventilator associated pneumonia in a mixed intensive care unit after initiation of a novel hand hygiene program","volume":"26","author":"Koff","year":"2011","journal-title":"J\u00a0Crit Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aucc.2017.10.004_bib0075","series-title":"Best practices in infection prevention and control: an international perspective","author":"Soule","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aucc.2017.10.004_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-6-130","article-title":"How long do nosocomial pathogens persist on inanimate surfaces? A systematic review","volume":"6","author":"Kramer","year":"2006","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aucc.2017.10.004_bib0085","first-page":"552","article-title":"Selected aspects of the socioeconomic impact of nosocomial infections: morbidity, mortality, cost, and prevention","volume":"17","author":"Jarvis","year":"1996","journal-title":"Infect Control"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aucc.2017.10.004_bib0090","unstructured":"WHO. Guidelines on hand hygiene in health care. First global patient safety challenge. Clean care is safer care. Available from: http:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/bitstream\/10665\/44102\/1\/9789241597906_eng.pdf. [Accessed 24 May 2017]."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aucc.2017.10.004_bib0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.17.4.863-893.2004","article-title":"Epidemiologic background of hand hygiene and evaluation of the most important agents for scrubs and rubs","volume":"17","author":"Kampf","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aucc.2017.10.004_bib0100","series-title":"Guidelines on hand hygiene in health care: first global patient safety challenge clean care is safer care. Hand hygiene as a quality indicator for patient safety","author":"WHO","year":"2009"},{"issue":"November (20)","key":"10.1016\/j.aucc.2017.10.004_bib0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2279","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2010.1692","article-title":"How to use an article about quality improvement","volume":"304","author":"Fan","year":"2010","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aucc.2017.10.004_bib0110","series-title":"Medical microbiology","article-title":"Infections of the respiratory system","author":"Dasaraju","year":"1996"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aucc.2017.10.004_bib0115","series-title":"Five moments for hand hygiene","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aucc.2017.10.004_bib0120","unstructured":"World Health Organization. SAVE LIVES. Clean your hands, tools and resources for evaluation and feedback. Available from: http:\/\/www.who.int\/gpsc\/5may\/tools\/evaluation_feedback\/en. [Accessed 22 May 2017]."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aucc.2017.10.004_bib0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1146","DOI":"10.1086\/673465","article-title":"Factors associated with hand hygiene compliance at a tertiary care teaching hospital","volume":"34","author":"Kowitt","year":"2013","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aucc.2017.10.004_bib0130","series-title":"Interrupted time series analysis","author":"McDowall","year":"1980"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aucc.2017.10.004_bib0135","first-page":"348","article-title":"Interrupted time series regression for the evaluation of public health interventions: a tutorial","volume":"46","author":"Bernal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Intl J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"August","key":"10.1016\/j.aucc.2017.10.004_bib0140","article-title":"Intubation-associated pneumonia: an integrative review","author":"Sousa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Intensive Crit Care Nurs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aucc.2017.10.004_bib0145","unstructured":"WHO\/CDS\/CSR\/EPH\/ World Health Organization. Prevention of hospital-acquired infections, a practical guide. 2002; 12."},{"issue":"RR-16","key":"10.1016\/j.aucc.2017.10.004_bib0150","first-page":"1","article-title":"Guideline for hand hygiene in health-care settings: recommendations of the Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee and the HICPAC\/SHEA\/APIC\/IDSA Hand Hygiene Task Force","volume":"51","author":"Boyce","year":"2002","journal-title":"MMWR Recomm Rep"},{"issue":"RR-3","key":"10.1016\/j.aucc.2017.10.004_bib0155","first-page":"1","article-title":"Guidelines for preventing health-care-associated pneumonia, 2003","volume":"53","author":"CDC\/HICPAC","year":"2004","journal-title":"MMWR Recomm Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aucc.2017.10.004_bib0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-12-234","article-title":"A\u00a0program for sustained improvement in preventing ventilator associated pneumonia in an intensive care setting","volume":"12","author":"Caserta","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.aucc.2017.10.004_bib0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2159","DOI":"10.2165\/00003495-200464190-00002","article-title":"Management of invasive candidiasis in critically ill patients","volume":"64","author":"Blot","year":"2004","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.aucc.2017.10.004_bib0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-130-2-199901190-00006","article-title":"Compliance with handwashing in a teaching hospital","volume":"130","author":"Pittet","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.aucc.2017.10.004_bib0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2089","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.13646","article-title":"Intervention to reduce ventilator-associated pneumonia in individuals on long-term ventilation by introducing a customized bundle","volume":"63","author":"Shitrit","year":"2015","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Geriatr Soc"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.aucc.2017.10.004_bib0180","first-page":"243","article-title":"Using a bundle approach to improve ventilator care processes and reduce ventilator-associated pneumonia","volume":"31","author":"Resar","year":"2005","journal-title":"Jt Comm J Qual Patient Saf"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aucc.2017.10.004_bib0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.4037\/ajcc2007.16.1.20","article-title":"Evidence-based practice: use of the ventilator bundle to prevent ventilator-associated pneumonia","volume":"16","author":"Tolentino-DelosReyes","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Crit Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aucc.2017.10.004_bib0190","unstructured":"Institute for Healthcare Improvement, 2010."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aucc.2017.10.004_bib0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e3181ce21af","article-title":"A\u00a0multifaceted program to prevent ventilator associated pneumonia: impact on compliance with preventive measures","volume":"38","author":"Bouadma","year":"2010","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aucc.2017.10.004_bib0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0b013e3283295e7b","article-title":"Bundles to prevent ventilator-associated pneumonia: how valuable are they","volume":"22","author":"Wip","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr Opin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.aucc.2017.10.004_bib0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2218","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e3182227d52","article-title":"Reducing ventilator-associated pneumonia in intensive care: impact of implementing a care bundle","volume":"39","author":"Morris","year":"2011","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.aucc.2017.10.004_bib0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1037\/a0038067","article-title":"The impact of time at work and time off from work on rule compliance: the case of hand hygiene in health care","volume":"100","author":"Dai","year":"2015","journal-title":"J\u00a0Appl Psychol"},{"issue":"9238","key":"10.1016\/j.aucc.2017.10.004_bib0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1307","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)02814-2","article-title":"Effectiveness of a hospital-wide programme to improve compliance with hand hygiene","volume":"356","author":"Pittet","year":"2000","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aucc.2017.10.004_bib0220","series-title":"The direct medical costs of healthcare-associated infections in U.S. hospitals and the benefits of prevention, (Report No. CS200891-A)","author":"Scott","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aucc.2017.10.004_bib0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iccn.2016.12.003","article-title":"An intervention to improve the catheter associated urinary tract infection rate in a medical intensive care unit: direct observation of catheter insertion procedure","volume":"40","author":"Galiczewski","year":"2017","journal-title":"Intensive Crit Care Nurs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aucc.2017.10.004_bib0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iccn.2015.11.004","article-title":"Relationship between job burnout, psychosocial factors and health care-associated infections in critical care units","volume":"34","author":"Galletta","year":"2016","journal-title":"Intensive Crit Care Nurs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.aucc.2017.10.004_bib0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iccn.2016.08.003","article-title":"Developing professional habits of hand hygiene in intensive care settings: an action research intervention","volume":"38","author":"Battistella","year":"2017","journal-title":"Intensive Crit Care Nurs"},{"issue":"July","key":"10.1016\/j.aucc.2017.10.004_bib0240","article-title":"Key factors for hand hygiene promotion in intensive care units","author":"Wandel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Intensive Crit Care Nurs"},{"issue":"April","key":"10.1016\/j.aucc.2017.10.004_bib0245","article-title":"An elicitation study of critical care nurses\u2019 salient hand hygiene beliefs","author":"Piras","year":"2017","journal-title":"Intensive Crit Care Nurs"}],"container-title":["Australian Critical Care"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1036731416302077?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1036731416302077?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,19]],"date-time":"2025-10-19T18:31:07Z","timestamp":1760898667000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1036731416302077"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,11]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,11]]}},"alternative-id":["S1036731416302077"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aucc.2017.10.004","relation":{},"ISSN":["1036-7314"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1036-7314","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Healthcare-associated respiratory infections in intensive care unit can be reduced by a hand hygiene program: A multicenter study","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Australian Critical Care","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aucc.2017.10.004","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2017 Australian College of Critical Care Nurses Ltd. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}