{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T07:15:35Z","timestamp":1776410135135,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,23]],"date-time":"2025-06-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750636800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001505","name":"Health Research Council of New Zealand","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["23\/125\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23\/125\/A"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001505","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Australasian Emergency Care"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.auec.2025.06.004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,26]],"date-time":"2025-06-26T07:54:02Z","timestamp":1750924442000},"page":"294-299","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Emergency ambulance care of families during death, dying, and bereavement: A document analysis of Australian and Aotearoa New Zealand clinical practice guidelines"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Eillish","family":"Satchell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Merryn","family":"Gott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Madeleine","family":"Juhrmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bridget","family":"Dicker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Natalie Elizabeth","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.auec.2025.06.004_bib1","article-title":"Emergency medical services clinicians in the United States are increasingly exposed to death","volume":"4","author":"Breyre","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Am Coll Emerg Physicians Open"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.auec.2025.06.004_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s13049-025-01330-5","article-title":"Beyond life extension\u2013 is it time for \u2018emergency last aid\u2019 training?","volume":"33","author":"Hooper","year":"2025","journal-title":"Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.auec.2025.06.004_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12904-017-0246-4","article-title":"Compassionate collaborative care: an integrative review of quality indicators in end-of-life care","volume":"16","author":"Pfaff","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Palliat Care"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.auec.2025.06.004_bib4","first-page":"43","article-title":"Current advances in palliative & hospice care: problems and needs of relatives and family caregivers during palliative and hospice care\u2014an overview of current literature","volume":"7","author":"Oechsle","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.auec.2025.06.004_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1186\/s12873-023-00829-3","article-title":"Family & bystander experiences of emergency ambulance services care: a scoping review","volume":"23","author":"Satchell","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.auec.2025.06.004_bib6","article-title":"Grief reactions in relation to professional and social support among family members of persons who died from sudden cardiac arrest: a longitudinal survey study","volume":"12","author":"Carlsson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Resusc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.auec.2025.06.004_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ienj.2019.100827","article-title":"When resuscitation doesn\u2019t work: A qualitative study examining ambulance personnel preparation and support for termination of resuscitation and patient death","volume":"49","author":"Anderson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int Emerg Nurs"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.auec.2025.06.004_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.12968\/jpar.2021.13.10.408","article-title":"Are paramedic graduates effectively prepared for death? A scoping review","volume":"13","author":"Somers","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Paramed Pract"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.auec.2025.06.004_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.auec.2019.07.001","article-title":"Paramedic student confidence, concerns, learning and experience with resuscitation decision-making and patient death: a pilot survey","volume":"22","author":"Anderson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Austral Emerg Care"},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.auec.2025.06.004_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2211","DOI":"10.1177\/1049732317729139","article-title":"The emotional labor of personal grief in palliative care: balancing caring and professional identities","volume":"27","author":"Funk","year":"2017","journal-title":"Qual Health Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.auec.2025.06.004_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1177\/1049732313519867","article-title":"Paramedics\u2019 experiences and coping strategies when encountering critical incidents","volume":"24","author":"Avraham","year":"2014","journal-title":"Qual Health Res"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.auec.2025.06.004_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-036925","article-title":"Death and dying in prehospital care: what are the experiences and issues for prehospital practitioners, families and bystanders? A scoping review","volume":"10","author":"Myall","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.auec.2025.06.004_bib13","series-title":"Sudden Death: Intervention Skills for the Emergency Services","first-page":"7","article-title":"Sudden death: a pre-hospital perspective","author":"Brown","year":"2020"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.auec.2025.06.004_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.auec.2022.08.007","article-title":"Paramedic interactions with significant others during and after resuscitation and death of a patient","volume":"26","author":"Risson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Austral Emerg Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.auec.2025.06.004_bib15","article-title":"Clinical practice guidelines we can trust","author":"Steinberg","year":"2011","journal-title":"Natl Acad Press"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.auec.2025.06.004_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1089\/jpm.2011.0466","article-title":"Guidelines for the psychosocial and bereavement support of family caregivers of palliative care patients","volume":"15","author":"Hudson","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Palliat Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.auec.2025.06.004_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.1111\/jep.13225","article-title":"A systematic review and quality appraisal of bereavement care practice guidelines","volume":"26","author":"Kent","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Eval Clin Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.auec.2025.06.004_bib18","first-page":"1","article-title":"A comparison of Australasian jurisdictional ambulance services\u2019 clinical practice guidelines series: an introduction","volume":"18","author":"Wilkinson-Stokes","year":"2021","journal-title":"Australas J Paramed"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.auec.2025.06.004_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1228","DOI":"10.1177\/02692163221110419","article-title":"Palliative paramedicine: comparing clinical practice through guideline quality appraisal and qualitative content analysis","volume":"36","author":"Juhrmann","year":"2022","journal-title":"Palliat Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.auec.2025.06.004_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1177\/02692163211059342","article-title":"Paramedics delivering palliative and end-of-life care in community-based settings: a systematic integrative review with thematic synthesis","volume":"36","author":"Juhrmann","year":"2022","journal-title":"Palliat Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.auec.2025.06.004_bib21","article-title":"Conducting a qualitative document analysis","volume":"27","author":"Morgan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Qual Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.auec.2025.06.004_bib22","series-title":"The SAGE Handbook of Qualitative Data Analysis","first-page":"170","article-title":"Qualitative Content Analysis","author":"Schreier","year":"2014"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.auec.2025.06.004_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1111\/ajr.12464","article-title":"Paramedicine in Australia and New Zealand: a comparative overview","volume":"26","author":"O'Meara","year":"2018","journal-title":"Aust J Rural Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.auec.2025.06.004_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.auec.2021.11.001","article-title":"Defining two novel sub models of the Anglo-American paramedic system: a Delphi study","volume":"25","author":"Makrides","year":"2022","journal-title":"Austral Emerg Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.auec.2025.06.004_bib25","unstructured":"Australian Commission on Safety and Quality in Health Care. Essential elements for safe and high\u2011quality end\u2011of\u2011life care National Consensus Statement. 2023."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.auec.2025.06.004_bib26","unstructured":"ACT Emergency Service Agency. Clinical management guidelines 2024 [Available from: \u3008https:\/\/cmg.ambulance.act.gov.au\/tabs\/guidelines\u3009."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.auec.2025.06.004_bib27","unstructured":"Ambulance Tasmania. Ambulance Tasmania clinical practice guidelines (CPG) 2024 [Available from: \u3008https:\/\/cpg.ambulance.tas.gov.au\/tabs\/guidelines\u3009."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.auec.2025.06.004_bib28","unstructured":"Ambulance Victoria. Clinical practice guidelines 2024 [Available from: \u3008https:\/\/www.ambulance.vic.gov.au\/paramedics\/clinical-practice-guidelines\/\u3009."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.auec.2025.06.004_bib29","unstructured":"New South Wales Ambulance. Guidelines 2024 [Available from: \u3008https:\/\/cpg.ambulance.nsw.gov.au\/tabs\/guidelines\u3009."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.auec.2025.06.004_bib30","unstructured":"Queensland Ambulance Service. CPG: Clinical practice guidelines 2024 [Available from: \u3008https:\/\/www.ambulance.qld.gov.au\/clinical\/cpm\/guidelines\u3009."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.auec.2025.06.004_bib31","unstructured":"South Australia Ambulance Service. SA ambulance CPG 2024 [Available from: \u3008https:\/\/www.clinical.saambulance.sa.gov.au\/tabs\/home\u3009."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.auec.2025.06.004_bib32","unstructured":"St John Ambulance Australia (NT) Inc. Clinical practice manual version 1.5 2024 [Available from: \u3008https:\/\/stjohnnt.org.au\/img\/documents\/ambulance\/St%20John%20Ambulance%20NT_Clinical%20Practice%20Manual_1.5_Final.pdf\u3009."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.auec.2025.06.004_bib33","unstructured":"St John Western Australia. Clinical practice guidelines 2024 [Available from: \u3008https:\/\/clinical.stjohnwa.com.au\/clinical-practice-guidelines\u3009."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.auec.2025.06.004_bib34","unstructured":"Hato Hone St John. Emergency ambulance service CPGs 2024 [Available from: \u3008https:\/\/cpg.stjohn.org.nz\/tabs\/guidelines\u3009."},{"issue":"3-4","key":"10.1016\/j.auec.2025.06.004_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1111\/jocn.16248","article-title":"K. Family support person role during resuscitation: a qualitative exploration","volume":"32","author":"Powers","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Nurs"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.auec.2025.06.004_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1908","DOI":"10.1177\/02692163211043000","article-title":"Using the Delphi technique to achieve consensus on bereavement care in palliative care in Europe: an EAPC White Paper","volume":"35","author":"Keegan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Palliat Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.auec.2025.06.004_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12939-019-1082-3","article-title":"Why cultural safety rather than cultural competency is required to achieve health equity: a literature review and recommended definition","volume":"18","author":"Curtis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Equity Health"},{"issue":"10040","key":"10.1016\/j.auec.2025.06.004_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)30194-5","article-title":"Addressing global health disparities among Indigenous peoples","volume":"388","author":"Kirmayer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1546","key":"10.1016\/j.auec.2025.06.004_bib39","first-page":"47","article-title":"Barriers and facilitators for Maori in accessing hospital services in Aotearoa New Zealand","volume":"134","author":"Espiner","year":"2021","journal-title":"NZ Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.auec.2025.06.004_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moeke-Maxwell T., Mason K., Toohey F., Wharemate R., Gott M.He taonga tuku iho: Indigenous end of life and death care customs of New Zealand M\u0101ori. Death Across Cultures: Springer International Publishing; 2019. p. 295-316..","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-18826-9_18"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.auec.2025.06.004_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.12968\/ijpn.2007.13.9.27389","article-title":"Aboriginal cultural practices on caring for the deceased person: findings and recommendations","volume":"13","author":"McGrath","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int J Palliat Nurs"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.auec.2025.06.004_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e117","DOI":"10.1111\/hsc.12293","article-title":"Cultural competence dimensions and outcomes: a systematic review of the literature","volume":"24","author":"Alizadeh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Health Soc Care Community"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.auec.2025.06.004_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1111\/hsc.12556","article-title":"Cultural competence in healthcare in the community: a concept analysis","volume":"26","author":"Henderson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Health Soc Care Community"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.auec.2025.06.004_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-025-12813-7","article-title":"Paramedics\u2019 understandings and perceptions of cultural safety and the provision of culturally safe care","volume":"25","author":"Livingston","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.auec.2025.06.004_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1186\/s12939-025-02478-3","article-title":"Refining the definitions of cultural safety, cultural competency and Indigenous health: lessons from Aotearoa New Zealand","volume":"24","author":"Curtis","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Equity Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.auec.2025.06.004_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fresc.2022.891571","article-title":"Health professional perspectives on translation of cultural safety concepts into practice: a scoping study","volume":"3","author":"Wilson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Rehabil Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.auec.2025.06.004_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/27536386241255387","article-title":"Paramedicine research with family and bystanders: a methodological review","author":"Satchell","year":"2024","journal-title":"Paramedicine"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.auec.2025.06.004_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.20040","article-title":"Termination of resuscitation rules and survival among patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest","volume":"7","author":"Smyth","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.auec.2025.06.004_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12873-024-01117-4","article-title":"Relatives\u2019 experiences of unsuccessful out-of-hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation attempts: a qualitative analysis","volume":"24","author":"Huxley","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Emerg Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.auec.2025.06.004_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1407","DOI":"10.1177\/1049732309348369","article-title":"Experiencing out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: significant others' lifeworld perspective","volume":"19","author":"Bremer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Qual Health Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.auec.2025.06.004_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0156100","article-title":"Family presence during resuscitation: a qualitative analysis from a national multicenter randomized clinical trial","volume":"11","author":"De Stefano","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLOS One"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.auec.2025.06.004_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1080\/10903120290938094","article-title":"Family perspective of medical care and grief support after field termination by emergency medical services personnel: a preliminary report","volume":"6","author":"Edwardsen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Prehosp Emerg Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.auec.2025.06.004_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1362-1017.2005.00094.x","article-title":"When the unreal becomes real: family members' experiences of cardiac arrest","volume":"10","author":"Weslien","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nurs Crit Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.auec.2025.06.004_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1741-6787.2012.00247.x","article-title":"Interventions for shared decision-making about life support in the intensive care unit: a systematic review","volume":"10","author":"Kryworuchko","year":"2013","journal-title":"World Evid Based Nurs"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.auec.2025.06.004_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s13049-022-01004-6","article-title":"Non-medical factors in prehospital resuscitation decision-making: a mixed-methods systematic review","volume":"30","author":"Milling","year":"2022","journal-title":"Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.auec.2025.06.004_bib56","first-page":"721","article-title":"Legal issues in end-of-life care for paramedics: a scoping review","volume":"31","author":"Feeney","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Law Med"}],"container-title":["Australasian Emergency Care"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2588994X25000430?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2588994X25000430?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,22]],"date-time":"2025-11-22T02:52:20Z","timestamp":1763779940000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2588994X25000430"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["S2588994X25000430"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.auec.2025.06.004","relation":{},"ISSN":["2588-994X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2588-994X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Emergency ambulance care of families during death, dying, and bereavement: A document analysis of Australian and Aotearoa New Zealand clinical practice guidelines","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Australasian Emergency Care","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.auec.2025.06.004","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of College of Emergency Nursing Australasia.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}