{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T20:17:01Z","timestamp":1790367421293,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,9,1]],"date-time":"2008-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1220227200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Autoimmunity Reviews"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2008.06.004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,7,10]],"date-time":"2008-07-10T10:39:05Z","timestamp":1215686345000},"page":"598-605","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":140,"title":["Stevens\u2013Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Andrea T.","family":"Borchers","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer L.","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stanley M.","family":"Naguwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gurtej S.","family":"Cheema","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. Eric","family":"Gershwin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2008.06.004_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.129.1.92","article-title":"Clinical classification of cases of toxic epidermal necrolysis, Stevens\u2013Johnson syndrome, and erythema multiforme","volume":"129","author":"Bastuji-Garin","year":"1993","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2008.06.004_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.2165\/00128071-200304080-00006","article-title":"Differential diagnosis of severe cutaneous drug eruptions","volume":"4","author":"Bachot","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Clin Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2008.06.004_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1600","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199512143332404","article-title":"Medication use and the risk of Stevens\u2013Johnson syndrome or toxic epidermal necrolysis","volume":"333","author":"Roujeau","year":"1995","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2008.06.004_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1439","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1398-9995.2007.01553.x","article-title":"Utility of the lymphocyte transformation test in the diagnosis of drug sensitivity: dependence on its timing and the type of drug eruption","volume":"62","author":"Kano","year":"2007","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2008.06.004_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2004.07.047","article-title":"Toxic epidermal necrolysis: effector cells are drug-specific cytotoxic T cells","volume":"114","author":"Nassif","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2008.06.004_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.2332\/allergolint.55.27","article-title":"Immune mechanisms in drug allergy","volume":"55","author":"Roujeau","year":"2006","journal-title":"Allergol Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2008.06.004_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1097\/00000372-200010000-00005","article-title":"Immunoregulatory effector cells in drug-induced toxic epidermal necrolysis","volume":"22","author":"Paquet","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Dermatopathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2008.06.004_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2005.07023.x","article-title":"The CD40\/CD40 ligand system is expressed in the cutaneous lesions of erythema multiforme and Stevens\u2013Johnson syndrome\/toxic epidermal necrolysis spectrum","volume":"154","author":"Caproni","year":"2006","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2008.06.004_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1007\/s00403-005-0607-3","article-title":"Analytical quantification of the inflammatory cell infiltrate and CD95R expression during treatment of drug-induced toxic epidermal necrolysis","volume":"297","author":"Paquet","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2008.06.004_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1996.tb03598.x","article-title":"Histopathological and epidemiological characteristics of patients with erythema exudativum multiforme major, Stevens\u2013Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis","volume":"135","author":"Rzany","year":"1996","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2008.06.004_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.141.6.683","article-title":"Uncovering histologic criteria with prognostic significance in toxic epidermal necrolysis","volume":"141","author":"Quinn","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2008.06.004_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2249.2000.01119.x","article-title":"Blister fluid T lymphocytes during toxic epidermal necrolysis are functional cytotoxic cells which express human natural killer (NK) inhibitory receptors","volume":"119","author":"Le Cleach","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2008.06.004_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.129.4.466","article-title":"Cutaneous T-cell recruitment in toxic epidermal necrolysis. Further evidence of CD8+ lymphocyte involvement","volume":"129","author":"Correia","year":"1993","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2008.06.004_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1515","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9440(10)64284-8","article-title":"Toxic epidermal necrolysis and Stevens\u2013Johnson syndrome are induced by soluble Fas ligand","volume":"162","author":"Abe","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2008.06.004_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0022-202X.2004.23439.x","article-title":"Evaluation of the potential role of cytokines in toxic epidermal necrolysis","volume":"123","author":"Nassif","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2008.06.004_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1126\/science.282.5388.490","article-title":"Inhibition of toxic epidermal necrolysis by blockade of CD95 with human intravenous immunoglobulin","volume":"282","author":"Viard","year":"1998","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2008.06.004_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jid.5700648","article-title":"Soluble FAS ligand: a discriminating feature between drug-induced skin eruptions and viral exanthemas","volume":"127","author":"Stur","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2008.06.004_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.2340\/00015555-0074","article-title":"Diagnostic role of soluble Fas ligand secretion by peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with previous drug-induced blistering disease: a pilot study","volume":"86","author":"Lan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acta Derm Venereol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2008.06.004_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1067\/mai.2002.120563","article-title":"Delayed reactions to drugs show levels of perforin, granzyme B, and Fas-L to be related to disease severity","volume":"109","author":"Posadas","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2008.06.004_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/S0091-6749(00)90191-X","article-title":"Anticonvulsant-induced toxic epidermal necrolysis: monitoring the immunologic response","volume":"105","author":"Leyva","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2008.06.004_bib21","first-page":"365","article-title":"Up-regulated perforin expression of CD8+ blood lymphocytes in generalized non-anaphylactic drug eruptions and exacerbated psoriasis","volume":"10","author":"Behrendt","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2008.06.004_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2006.07398.x","article-title":"Expression of cytokines and chemokine receptors in the cutaneous lesions of erythema multiforme and Stevens\u2013Johnson syndrome\/toxic epidermal necrolysis","volume":"155","author":"Caproni","year":"2006","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2008.06.004_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1097\/00000372-199704000-00005","article-title":"Erythema multiforme and toxic epidermal necrolysis: a comparative study","volume":"19","author":"Paquet","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Dermatopathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2008.06.004_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1067\/mjd.2002.120473","article-title":"Increased interleukin 10, tumor necrosis factor a, and interleukin 6 levels in blister fluid of toxic epidermal necrolysis","volume":"47","author":"Correia","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2008.06.004_bib25","series-title":"Gene expression levels of cytokine profile and cytotoxic markers in non-immediate reactions to drugs","author":"Posadas","year":"2002"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2008.06.004_bib26","series-title":"Differential cytokine and transcription factor expression in patients with allergic reactions to drugs","author":"Cornejo-Garcia","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2008.06.004_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7140","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.162.12.7140","article-title":"Crosstalk between keratinocytes and T lymphocytes via Fas\/Fas ligand interaction: modulation by cytokines","volume":"162","author":"Arnold","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2008.06.004_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1016\/S0091-6749(03)01624-5","article-title":"IFN-g-producing effector CD8+ T cells and IL-10-producing regulatory CD4+ T cells in fixed drug eruption","volume":"112","author":"Teraki","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2008.06.004_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1230","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2008.08516.x","article-title":"In vivo dynamics of intraepidermal CD8+ T cells and CD4+ T cells during the evolution of fixed drug eruption","volume":"158(6)","author":"Mizukawa","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2008.06.004_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1879","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200323630","article-title":"Induction of T-cell-mediated skin disease specific for antigen transgenically expressed in keratinocytes","volume":"33","author":"Azukizawa","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2008.06.004_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1722","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200425773","article-title":"Prevention of toxic epidermal necrolysis by regulatory T cells","volume":"35","author":"Azukizawa","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2008.06.004_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jid.5701033","article-title":"Stevens\u2013Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis: assessment of medication risks with emphasis on recently marketed drugs. The EuroSCAR-study","volume":"128","author":"Mockenhaupt","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2008.06.004_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1097\/FPC.0b013e3282f3ef9c","article-title":"A European study of HLA-B in Stevens\u2013Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis related to five high-risk drugs","volume":"18","author":"Lonjou","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pharmacogenet Genomics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2008.06.004_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2007.08.036","article-title":"Allopurinol is the most common cause of Stevens\u2013Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis in Europe and Israel","volume":"58","author":"Halevy","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2008.06.004_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.2165\/00002018-200528100-00008","article-title":"Comparison of reporting of Stevens\u2013Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis in association with selective COX-2 inhibitors","volume":"28","author":"La Grenade","year":"2005","journal-title":"Drug Saf"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2008.06.004_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1136\/pgmj.2007.061465","article-title":"Management of toxic epidermal necrolysis and related syndromes","volume":"84","author":"Mukasa","year":"2008","journal-title":"Postgrad Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2008.06.004_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.2165\/00128071-200001060-00003","article-title":"Drug-induced Stevens\u2013Johnson syndrome\/toxic epidermal necrolysis","volume":"1","author":"Fritsch","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Clin Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2008.06.004_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1097\/BCR.0b013e31815f3658","article-title":"Treatment strategies in toxic epidermal necrolysis syndrome: where are we at?","volume":"29","author":"Abood","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Burn Care Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2008.06.004_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2005.06721.x","article-title":"Toxic epidermal necrolysis: current evidence, practical management and future directions","volume":"153","author":"Chave","year":"2005","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2008.06.004_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1747.2000.00061.x","article-title":"SCORTEN: a severity-of-illness score for toxic epidermal necrolysis","volume":"115","author":"Bastuji-Garin","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"}],"container-title":["Autoimmunity Reviews"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1568997208000943?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1568997208000943?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,19]],"date-time":"2023-05-19T04:33:30Z","timestamp":1684470810000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1568997208000943"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,9]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,9]]}},"alternative-id":["S1568997208000943"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.autrev.2008.06.004","relation":{},"ISSN":["1568-9972"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1568-9972","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,9]]}}}