{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T18:44:45Z","timestamp":1791139485230,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,1]],"date-time":"2011-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1317427200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Autoimmunity Reviews"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2011.02.004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,2,19]],"date-time":"2011-02-19T10:05:13Z","timestamp":1298109913000},"page":"762-765","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":121,"title":["Immunopathogenesis of vitiligo"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Manuel","family":"Sandoval-Cruz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mario","family":"Garc\u00eda-Carrasco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ren\u00e1n","family":"S\u00e1nchez-Porras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudia","family":"Mendoza-Pinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mario","family":"Jim\u00e9nez-Hern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pamela","family":"Mungu\u00eda-Realpozo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alejandro","family":"Ruiz-Arg\u00fcelles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2011.02.004_bb0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.2174\/138920010791526105","article-title":"Vitiligo: pathogenetic hypotheses and targets for current therapies","volume":"11","author":"Guerra","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr Drug Metab"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2011.02.004_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1007\/s12519-009-0050-1","article-title":"Vitiligo in children","volume":"5","author":"Kakourou","year":"2009","journal-title":"World J Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2011.02.004_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1159\/000106412","volume":"35","author":"Matz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr Probl Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2011.02.004_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1022443809606","article-title":"Modern aspects of vitiligo pathogenesis","volume":"388","author":"Korsunskaya","year":"2003","journal-title":"Dokl Biol Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2011.02.004_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sder.2009.04.008","article-title":"Vitiligo update","volume":"28","author":"Halder","year":"2009","journal-title":"Semin Cutan Med Surg"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2011.02.004_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0749.2003.00023.x","article-title":"Evidence for an autoimmune pathogenesis of vitiligo","volume":"16","author":"Ongenae","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pigment Cell Res"},{"issue":"Suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2011.02.004_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2005.10.001","article-title":"Physiopathology and genetics of vitiligo","volume":"25","author":"Passeron","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Autoimmun"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2011.02.004_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2009.08.008","article-title":"The double strike hypothesis of the vitiligo pathomechanism: new approaches to vitiligo and melanoma","volume":"74","author":"Michelsen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Med Hypotheses"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2011.02.004_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2010.02.013","article-title":"Current remedies for vitiligo","volume":"9","author":"Abu Tahir","year":"2010","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2011.02.004_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2006.09.010","article-title":"Autoantibody responses to melanocytes in the depigmenting skin disease vitiligo","volume":"6","author":"Kemp","year":"2007","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2011.02.004_bb0055","first-page":"97","article-title":"Immunoglobulin levels of vitiligo patients","volume":"23","author":"Ali","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pak J Pharm Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2011.02.004_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1747.2000.00130.x","article-title":"IgG anti-melanocyte antibodies purified from patients with active vitiligo induce HLA-DR and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 expression and an increase in interleukin-8 release by melanocytes","volume":"115","author":"Li","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2011.02.004_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2007.07.012","article-title":"Apoptosis of melanocytes in vitiligo results from antibody penetration","volume":"29","author":"Ruiz-Arg\u00fcelles","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Autoimmun"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2011.02.004_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2009.207","article-title":"Autoantigens in vitiligo identified by the serological selection of a phage-displayed melanocyte cDNA expression library","volume":"130","author":"Waterman","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2011.02.004_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1087-0024.2004.00825.x","article-title":"Autoimmune aspects of depigmentation in vitiligo","volume":"9","author":"Le Poole","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Investig Dermatol Symp Proc"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2011.02.004_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1097\/01.LAB.0000069521.42488.1B","article-title":"Immunopolarization of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells to Type-1-like is associated with melanocyte loss in human vitiligo","volume":"83","author":"Wa\u0144kowicz-Kali\u0144ska","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lab Invest"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2011.02.004_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.188.6.1203","article-title":"High frequency of skin-homing melanocyte-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes in autoimmune vitiligo","volume":"188","author":"Ogg","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2011.02.004_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1747.2001.01408.x","article-title":"Specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses against Melan-A\/MART1, tyrosinase and gp100 in vitiligo by the use of major histocompatibility complex\/peptide tetramers: the role of cellular immunity in the etiopathogenesis of vitiligo","volume":"117","author":"Palermo","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2011.02.004_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2220","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2009.32","article-title":"Autoimmune destruction of skin melanocytes by perilesional T cells from vitiligo patients","volume":"129","author":"van den Boorn","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"issue":"11\u201312","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2011.02.004_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1078\/0171-9335-00423","article-title":"Initiation and regulation of CD8+T cells recognizing melanocytic antigens in the epidermis: implications for the pathophysiology of vitiligo","volume":"83","author":"Steitz","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur J Cell Biol"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2011.02.004_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1299","DOI":"10.1038\/labinvest.3780138","article-title":"Local immune response in skin of generalized vitiligo patients. Destruction of melanocytes is associated with the prominent presence of CLA+T cells at the perilesional site","volume":"80","author":"van den Wijngaard","year":"2000","journal-title":"Lab Invest"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2011.02.004_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2006.03.012","article-title":"Therapeutic implications of autoimmune vitiligo T cells","volume":"5","author":"Oyarbide-Valencia","year":"2006","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2011.02.004_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1711690205","article-title":"Abnormal expression of MHC class II and ICAM-1 by melanocytes in vitiligo","volume":"169","author":"al Badri","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Pathol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2011.02.004_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0022-202X.2004.23538.x","article-title":"Peripheral CD8+ T cell tolerance against melanocytic self-antigens in the skin is regulated in two steps by CD4+ T cells and local inflammation: implications for the pathophysiology of vitiligo","volume":"124","author":"Steitz","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2011.02.004_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3818","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2006-07-034066","article-title":"CTLA-4 dysregulation of self\/tumor-reactive CD8+ T-cell function is CD4+ T-cell dependent","volume":"108","author":"Gattinoni","year":"2006","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2011.02.004_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1067\/mjd.2002.119672","article-title":"Idiopathic CD4+T-cell lymphocytopenia associated with vitiligo","volume":"46","author":"Yamauchi","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2011.02.004_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2133.2003.05539.x","article-title":"Expansion of vitiligo lesions is associated with reduced epidermal CDw60 expression and increased expression of HLA-DR in perilesional skin","volume":"149","author":"Le Poole","year":"2003","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2011.02.004_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2230.2009.03667.x","article-title":"Possible association of the CD4 gene polymorphism with vitiligo in an Iranian population","volume":"35","author":"Zamani","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Exp Dermatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2011.02.004_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-148X.2010.00688.x","article-title":"Reduced skin homing by functional Treg in vitiligo","volume":"23","author":"Klarquist","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pigment Cell Melanoma Res"},{"issue":"13\u201314","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2011.02.004_bb0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1007\/s10354-009-0699-z","article-title":"Lymphocyte imbalance in vitiligo patients indicated by elevated CD4+\/CD8+ T-cell ratio","volume":"159","author":"Pichler","year":"2009","journal-title":"Wien Med Wochenschr"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2011.02.004_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"970","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-3083.2008.02681.x","article-title":"Evaluation of activatory and inhibitory natural killer cell receptors in non-segmental vitiligo: a flow cytometric study","volume":"22","author":"Basak","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"issue":"2 Pt 1","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2011.02.004_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(86)70021-2","article-title":"T cell profiles in vitiligo","volume":"14","author":"Grimes","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2011.02.004_bb0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1346-8138.2002.tb00168.x","article-title":"Decreased total numbers of peripheral blood lymphocytes with elevated percentages of CD4+CD45RO+and CD4+CD25+ of T-helper cells in non-segmental vitiligo","volume":"29","author":"Mahmoud","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Dermatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2011.02.004_bb0170","first-page":"1219","article-title":"Presence of T cells and macrophages in inflammatory vitiligo skin parallels melanocyte disappearance","volume":"148","author":"Le Poole","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2011.02.004_bb0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0625.2008.00813.x","article-title":"Mapping of melanin-concentrating hormone receptor 1 B cell epitopes predicts two major binding sites for vitiligo patient autoantibodies","volume":"18","author":"Gavalas","year":"2009","journal-title":"Exp Dermatol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2011.02.004_bb0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/S0923-1811(98)00070-X","article-title":"Serum concentration of the soluble interleukin-2 receptor in vitiligo patients","volume":"19","author":"Yeo","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Dermatol Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2011.02.004_bb0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1111\/1523-1747.ep12289743","article-title":"Alterations in IL-6, IL-8, GM-CSF, TNF-alpha, and IFN-gamma release by peripheral mononuclear cells in patients with active vitiligo","volume":"108","author":"Yu","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2011.02.004_bb0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2008.09.048","article-title":"The role of helper and regulatory T cells in the pathogenesis of vitiligo","volume":"60","author":"Basak","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2011.02.004_bb0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0749.2002.1o049.x","article-title":"New insights into the pathogenesis of vitiligo: imbalance of epidermal cytokines at sites of lesions","volume":"15","author":"Moretti","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pigment Cell Res"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2011.02.004_bb0200","first-page":"849","article-title":"Keratinocyte dysfunction in vitiligo epidermis: cytokine microenvironment and correlation to keratinocyte apoptosis","volume":"24","author":"Moretti","year":"2009","journal-title":"Histol Histopathol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2011.02.004_bb0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1007\/s00403-008-0904-8","article-title":"Association of interferon-gamma and tumor necrosis factor alpha polymorphisms with susceptibility to vitiligo in Iranian patients","volume":"301","author":"Namian","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2011.02.004_bb0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2010.09919.x","article-title":"Abnormal DNA methylation in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with vitiligo","volume":"163","author":"Zhao","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"}],"container-title":["Autoimmunity Reviews"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1568997211000309?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1568997211000309?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,4]],"date-time":"2018-12-04T17:52:18Z","timestamp":1543945938000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1568997211000309"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,10]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,10]]}},"alternative-id":["S1568997211000309"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.autrev.2011.02.004","relation":{},"ISSN":["1568-9972"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1568-9972","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,10]]}}}