{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T00:38:52Z","timestamp":1791419932757,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":150,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"6-7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,1]],"date-time":"2012-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1335830400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Autoimmunity Reviews"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,5]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2012.01.003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,28]],"date-time":"2012-01-28T17:11:30Z","timestamp":1327770690000},"page":"A544-A554","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":217,"title":["Giant cell arteritis: A review of classification, pathophysiology, geoepidemiology and treatment"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Andrea T.","family":"Borchers","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. Eric","family":"Gershwin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2012.01.003_bb0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0b013e318206af16","article-title":"Long-term follow-up of upper and lower extremity vasculitis related to giant cell arteritis: a series of 36 patients","volume":"90","author":"Assie","year":"2011","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2012.01.003_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2277","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.090269","article-title":"Symptomatic lower extremity vasculitis in giant cell arteritis: a case series","volume":"36","author":"Kermani","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2012.01.003_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2005.046912","article-title":"Incidence of diagnosed polymyalgia rheumatica and temporal arteritis in the United Kingdom, 1990\u20132001","volume":"65","author":"Smeeth","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2012.01.003_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.287.1.92","article-title":"Does this patient have temporal arteritis?","volume":"287","author":"Smetana","year":"2002","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2012.01.003_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1097\/md.0b013e31803d1764","article-title":"Giant cell arteritis in northwestern Spain: a 25-year epidemiologic study","volume":"86","author":"Gonzalez-Gay","year":"2007","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2012.01.003_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1002\/art.20227","article-title":"Reappraisal of the epidemiology of giant cell arteritis in Olmsted County, Minnesota, over a fifty-year period","volume":"51","author":"Salvarani","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2012.01.003_bb0035","first-page":"44","article-title":"The epidemiology of giant cell arteritis in Otago, New Zealand: a 9-year analysis","volume":"124","author":"Abdul-Rahman","year":"2011","journal-title":"N Z Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2012.01.003_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1002\/art1.10161","article-title":"A strong initial systemic inflammatory response is associated with higher corticosteroid requirements and longer duration of therapy in patients with giant-cell arteritis","volume":"47","author":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Rodr\u00edguez","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2012.01.003_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2008.07.030","article-title":"Epidemiological and clinical features of giant cell arteritis in Tunisia","volume":"20","author":"Khalifa","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur J Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2012.01.003_bb0050","first-page":"1272","article-title":"Silent, or masked, giant cell arteritis is associated with a strong inflammatory response and a benign short term course","volume":"30","author":"Liozon","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2012.01.003_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780380311","article-title":"Epidemiology of polymyalgia rheumatica in Olmsted County, Minnesota, 1970\u20131991","volume":"38","author":"Salvarani","year":"1995","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2012.01.003_bb0060","first-page":"112","article-title":"Synchronous variations of the incidence of temporal arteritis and polymyalgia rheumatica in different regions of Denmark; association with epidemics of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection","volume":"23","author":"Elling","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2012.01.003_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1053\/sarh.2002.50025","article-title":"Genetic markers of disease susceptibility and severity in giant cell arteritis and polymyalgia rheumatica","volume":"33","author":"Gonzalez-Gay","year":"2003","journal-title":"Semin Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2012.01.003_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1007\/s12016-008-8075-0","article-title":"The geo-epidemiology of temporal (giant cell) arteritis","volume":"35","author":"Lee","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Rev Allergy Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2012.01.003_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2006.108845","article-title":"Epidemiology of giant-cell arteritis in an Arab population: a 22-year study","volume":"91","author":"Chaudhry","year":"2007","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2012.01.003_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2009.177220","article-title":"Giant cell arteritis in Asians: a comparative study","volume":"95","author":"Pereira","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2012.01.003_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2008.137489","article-title":"Epidemiology of giant cell arteritis in an Arab population: a 22-year study. Ethnic variation in incidence of giant cell arteritis","volume":"92","author":"Shah","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2012.01.003_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2011.03.013","article-title":"Demographic and laboratory data may predict positive temporal artery biopsy","author":"Lugo","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Surg Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2012.01.003_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.30.3.224","article-title":"Temporal arteritis in a large necropsy series","volume":"30","author":"\u00d6stberg","year":"1971","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2012.01.003_bb0100","first-page":"S15","article-title":"The incidence of giant cell arteritis in Jerusalem over a 25-year period: annual and seasonal fluctuations","volume":"25","author":"Bas-Lando","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2012.01.003_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780340313","article-title":"Epidemiologic and immunogenetic aspects of polymyalgia rheumatica and giant cell arteritis in northern Italy","volume":"34","author":"Salvarani","year":"1991","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2012.01.003_bb0110","first-page":"372","article-title":"Giant cell arteritis in Mumbai","volume":"58","author":"Singh","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Assoc Physicians India"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2012.01.003_bb0115","first-page":"830","article-title":"Giant cell arteritis and polymyalgia rheumatica in northwestern Turkey: clinical features and epidemiological data","volume":"27","author":"Pamuk","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2012.01.003_bb0120","first-page":"S89","article-title":"Familial aggregation in giant cell arteritis and polymyalgia rheumatica: a comprehensive literature review including 4 new families","volume":"27","author":"Liozon","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2012.01.003_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2010.05.002","article-title":"Pathogenesis of giant cell arteritis: more than just an inflammatory condition?","volume":"9","author":"Ly","year":"2010","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2012.01.003_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1074","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780330804","article-title":"Illustrated histopathologic classification criteria for selected vasculitis syndromes. American College of Rheumatology Subcommittee on Classification of Vasculitis","volume":"33","author":"Lie","year":"1990","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2012.01.003_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/S0248-8663(82)80036-2","article-title":"L'art\u00e9rite temporale de Horton. Etude anatomopathologique en microscopie optique. A propos de 123 biopsies temporales","volume":"3","author":"Liozon","year":"1982","journal-title":"Rev Med Interne"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2012.01.003_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1815","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9440(10)64458-6","article-title":"Trapping of misdirected dendritic cells in the granulomatous lesions of giant cell arteritis","volume":"161","author":"Krupa","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2012.01.003_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20030850","article-title":"Activation of arterial wall dendritic cells and breakdown of self-tolerance in giant cell arteritis","volume":"199","author":"Ma-Krupa","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2012.01.003_bb0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1276","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.789172","article-title":"Vessel-specific Toll-like receptor profiles in human medium and large arteries","volume":"118","author":"Pryshchep","year":"2008","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2012.01.003_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.108.185777","article-title":"Toll-like receptors 4 and 5 induce distinct types of vasculitis","volume":"104","author":"Deng","year":"2009","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2012.01.003_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"884","DOI":"10.1002\/j.2326-5205.1989.tb00020.x","article-title":"Immunohistochemical analysis of lymphoid and macrophage cell subsets and their immunologic activation markers in temporal arteritis. Influence of corticosteroid treatment","volume":"32","author":"Cid","year":"1989","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2012.01.003_bb0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.46.12.915","article-title":"T cell subsets and expression of immunological activation markers in the arterial walls of patients with giant cell arteritis","volume":"46","author":"Andersson","year":"1987","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2012.01.003_bb0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1007\/s10753-008-9088-9","article-title":"An uneven expression of T cell receptor V genes in the arterial wall and peripheral blood in giant cell arteritis","volume":"31","author":"Schaufelberger","year":"2008","journal-title":"Inflammation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2012.01.003_bb0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1007\/s001090050074","article-title":"Recognition of tissue residing antigen by T cells in vasculitic lesions of giant cell arteritis","volume":"74","author":"Martinez-Taboada","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Mol Med (Berl)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2012.01.003_bb0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.179.3.951","article-title":"Distinct vascular lesions in giant cell arteritis share identical T cell clonotypes","volume":"179","author":"Weyand","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2012.01.003_bb0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03401699","article-title":"Giant cell vasculitis is a T cell-dependent disease","volume":"3","author":"Brack","year":"1997","journal-title":"Mol Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2012.01.003_bb0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2097","DOI":"10.1002\/art.30374","article-title":"Expression of interleukin-32 in the inflamed arteries of patients with giant cell arteritis","volume":"63","author":"Ciccia","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2012.01.003_bb0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.872903","article-title":"Th17 and Th1 T-cell responses in giant cell arteritis","volume":"121","author":"Deng","year":"2010","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2012.01.003_bb0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/ker163","article-title":"Tissue and serum markers of inflammation during the follow-up of patients with giant-cell arteritis\u2014a prospective longitudinal study","author":"Visvanathan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2012.01.003_bb0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780400105","article-title":"Disease patterns and tissue cytokine profiles in giant cell arteritis","volume":"40","author":"Weyand","year":"1997","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2012.01.003_bb0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9440(10)65175-9","article-title":"Formation of new vasa vasorum in vasculitis. Production of angiogenic cytokines by multinucleated giant cells","volume":"155","author":"Kaiser","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2012.01.003_bb0215","first-page":"1925","article-title":"Interferon-\u03b3-producing T cells in giant cell vasculitis represent a minority of tissue-infiltrating cells and are located distant from the site of pathology","volume":"148","author":"Wagner","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2012.01.003_bb0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2428","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000066907.83923.32","article-title":"Elevated production of interleukin-6 is associated with a lower incidence of disease-related ischemic events in patients with giant-cell arteritis: angiogenic activity of interleukin-6 as a potential protective mechanism","volume":"107","author":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Rodr\u00edguez","year":"2003","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2012.01.003_bb0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1007\/s002960050019","article-title":"Immuno-localisation of tumour necrosis factor and its receptors in temporal arteritis","volume":"17","author":"Field","year":"1997","journal-title":"Rheumatol Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2012.01.003_bb0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/0198-8859(94)90096-5","article-title":"Production of interleukin 6 by granulomas of giant cell arteritis","volume":"39","author":"Emilie","year":"1994","journal-title":"Hum Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2012.01.003_bb0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1642","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI118959","article-title":"Correlation of the topographical arrangement and the functional pattern of tissue-infiltrating macrophages in giant cell arteritis","volume":"98","author":"Weyand","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2012.01.003_bb0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keh058","article-title":"Tissue production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1beta, TNFalpha and IL-6) correlates with the intensity of the systemic inflammatory response and with corticosteroid requirements in giant-cell arteritis","volume":"43","author":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Rodr\u00edguez","year":"2004","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2012.01.003_bb0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1002\/1529-0131(199801)41:1<26::AID-ART4>3.0.CO;2-0","article-title":"Association between strong inflammatory response and low risk of developing visual loss and other cranial ischemic complications in giant cell (temporal) arteritis","volume":"41","author":"Cid","year":"1998","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2012.01.003_bb0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1097\/00005792-200009000-00001","article-title":"Visual manifestations of giant cell arteritis. Trends and clinical spectrum in 161 patients","volume":"79","author":"Gonzalez-Gay","year":"2000","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2012.01.003_bb0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/ken465","article-title":"Risk factors for severe cranial ischaemic events in an Italian population-based cohort of patients with giant cell arteritis","volume":"48","author":"Salvarani","year":"2009","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2012.01.003_bb0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1664","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000030185.67510.C0","article-title":"Tissue and serum angiogenic activity is associated with low prevalence of ischemic complications in patients with giant-cell arteritis","volume":"106","author":"Cid","year":"2002","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2012.01.003_bb0265","first-page":"w13156","article-title":"Rapid induction of remission in large vessel vasculitis by IL-6 blockade. A case series","volume":"141","author":"Seitz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Swiss Med Wkly"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2012.01.003_bb0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2080","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.110496","article-title":"Interleukin 6 blockade as steroid-sparing treatment for 2 patients with giant cell arteritis","volume":"38","author":"Sciascia","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2012.01.003_bb0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1429","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2006.068148","article-title":"Gelatinase expression and proteolytic activity in giant-cell arteritis","volume":"66","author":"Segarra","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2012.01.003_bb0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.104.520114","article-title":"Metalloproteinase-2 and -9 in giant cell arteritis: involvement in vascular remodeling","volume":"112","author":"Rodr\u00edguez-Pla","year":"2005","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2012.01.003_bb0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1002\/1529-0131(199804)41:4<623::AID-ART9>3.0.CO;2-6","article-title":"Platelet-derived growth factor, intimal hyperplasia, and ischemic complications in giant cell arteritis","volume":"41","author":"Kaiser","year":"1998","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2012.01.003_bb0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1581","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2007.070805","article-title":"Imatinib mesylate inhibits in vitro and ex vivo biological responses related to vascular occlusion in giant cell arteritis","volume":"67","author":"Lozano","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2012.01.003_bb0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1002\/1529-0131(200001)43:1<184::AID-ANR23>3.0.CO;2-N","article-title":"Cell adhesion molecules in the development of inflammatory infiltrates in giant cell arteritis: inflammation-induced angiogenesis as the preferential site of leukocyte\u2013endothelial cell interactions","volume":"43","author":"Cid","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2012.01.003_bb0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI4711","article-title":"Aldose reductase functions as a detoxification system for lipid peroxidation products in vasculitis","volume":"103","author":"Rittner","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2012.01.003_bb0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1050","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.84.9.1050","article-title":"Tissue-destructive macrophages in giant cell arteritis","volume":"84","author":"Rittner","year":"1999","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2012.01.003_bb0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1134","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI117428","article-title":"Functional profile of tissue-infiltrating and circulating CD68+ cells in giant cell arteritis. Evidence for two components of the disease","volume":"94","author":"Wagner","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2012.01.003_bb0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1002\/1529-0131(200005)43:5<1041::AID-ANR12>3.0.CO;2-7","article-title":"Treatment of giant cell arteritis: interleukin-6 as a biologic marker of disease activity","volume":"43","author":"Weyand","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2012.01.003_bb0320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2010.10.002","article-title":"Giant cell arteritis: laboratory predictors of a positive temporal artery biopsy","volume":"118","author":"Walvick","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2012.01.003_bb0325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1097\/01.md.0000180043.19285.54","article-title":"Giant cell arteritis: laboratory tests at the time of diagnosis in a series of 240 patients","volume":"84","author":"Gonzalez-Gay","year":"2005","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2012.01.003_bb0330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(99)80192-5","article-title":"Ocular manifestations of giant cell arteritis","volume":"125","author":"Hayreh","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2012.01.003_bb0335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(99)80193-7","article-title":"Occult giant cell arteritis: ocular manifestations","volume":"125","author":"Hayreh","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2012.01.003_bb0340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0b013e3181af4518","article-title":"Strokes at time of disease diagnosis in a series of 287 patients with biopsy-proven giant cell arteritis","volume":"88","author":"Gonzalez-Gay","year":"2009","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2012.01.003_bb0345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-006-0428-0","article-title":"The involvement of the peripheral nervous system in biopsy proven active giant cell arteritis","volume":"254","author":"Pfadenhauer","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2012.01.003_bb0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(01)00770-7","article-title":"Risk factors for visual loss in giant cell (temporal) arteritis: a prospective study of 174 patients","volume":"111","author":"Liozon","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2012.01.003_bb0355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1497","DOI":"10.1002\/1529-0131(199808)41:8<1497::AID-ART22>3.0.CO;2-Z","article-title":"Permanent visual loss and cerebrovascular accidents in giant cell arteritis: predictors and response to treatment","volume":"41","author":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Gay","year":"1998","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2012.01.003_bb0360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1097\/01.md.0000119761.27564.c9","article-title":"Risk factors for cranial ischemic complications in giant cell arteritis","volume":"83","author":"Nesher","year":"2004","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2012.01.003_bb0365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2005.02.001","article-title":"Silent versus cranial giant cell arteritis. Initial presentation and outcome of 50 biopsy-proven cases","volume":"16","author":"Hamidou","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur J Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2012.01.003_bb0370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbspin.2010.09.013","article-title":"Aortic involvement in giant cell arteritis: current data","volume":"78","author":"Bossert","year":"2011","journal-title":"Joint Bone Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2012.01.003_bb0375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1097\/01.bor.0000197996.04709.4e","article-title":"Large-vessel involvement in giant cell arteritis","volume":"18","author":"Bongartz","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr Opin Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2012.01.003_bb0380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1016\/S0049-0172(95)80010-7","article-title":"Aortic and extracranial large vessel giant cell arteritis: a review of 72 cases with histopathologic documentation","volume":"24","author":"Lie","year":"1995","journal-title":"Semin Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2012.01.003_bb0385","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1002\/1529-0131(199902)42:2<311::AID-ANR14>3.0.CO;2-F","article-title":"Disease pattern in cranial and large-vessel giant cell arteritis","volume":"42","author":"Brack","year":"1999","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2012.01.003_bb0390","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kem322","article-title":"Ultrasound of proximal upper extremity arteries to increase the diagnostic yield in large-vessel giant cell arteritis","volume":"47","author":"Schmidt","year":"2008","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2012.01.003_bb0395","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-83-6-806","article-title":"Large artery involvement in giant cell (temporal) arteritis","volume":"83","author":"Klein","year":"1975","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2012.01.003_bb0400","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0b013e3181a68ae2","article-title":"Long-term follow-up of aortic involvement in giant cell arteritis: a series of 48 patients","volume":"88","author":"Marie","year":"2009","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2012.01.003_bb0405","first-page":"549","article-title":"Fever of unknown origin as initial manifestation of large vessel giant cell arteritis: diagnosis by colour-coded sonography and 18-FDG-PET","volume":"28","author":"Czihal","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2012.01.003_bb0410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-003-1144-y","article-title":"Early diagnosis and follow-up of aortitis with [(18)F]FDG PET and MRI","volume":"30","author":"Meller","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2012.01.003_bb0415","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1986.03370040067025","article-title":"Giant cell arteritis as a cause of death. Report of nine cases","volume":"255","author":"S\u00e4ve-S\u00f6derbergh","year":"1986","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2012.01.003_bb0420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1539","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780371020","article-title":"Thoracic aortic aneurysm and rupture in giant cell arteritis. A descriptive study of 41 cases","volume":"37","author":"Evans","year":"1994","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2012.01.003_bb0425","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.282.6260.269","article-title":"Prognosis in giant-cell arteritis","volume":"282","author":"Graham","year":"1981","journal-title":"Br Med J (Clin Res Ed)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2012.01.003_bb0430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.299.6698.549","article-title":"Death rates and causes of death in 284 consecutive patients with giant cell arteritis confirmed by biopsy","volume":"299","author":"Nordborg","year":"1989","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2012.01.003_bb0435","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2008.088351","article-title":"EULAR recommendations for the management of large vessel vasculitis","volume":"68","author":"Mukhtyar","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2012.01.003_bb0440","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1253\/circj.CJ-88-0007","article-title":"Guideline for management of vasculitis syndrome (JCS 2008). Japanese Circulation Society","volume":"75","author":"Japanese Circulation Society","year":"2011","journal-title":"Circ J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2012.01.003_bb0445","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2005.042770","article-title":"Temporal artery biopsy for diagnosing giant cell arteritis: the longer, the better?","volume":"65","author":"Mahr","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2012.01.003_bb0450","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1122","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780330810","article-title":"The American College of Rheumatology 1990 criteria for the classification of giant cell arteritis","volume":"33","author":"Hunder","year":"1990","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2012.01.003_bb0455","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780370705","article-title":"Giant cell arteritis in Iceland. An epidemiologic and histopathologic analysis","volume":"37","author":"Baldursson","year":"1994","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2012.01.003_bb0460","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1080\/03009740600991646","article-title":"Proposal to decrease the number of negative temporal artery biopsies","volume":"36","author":"Rodr\u00edguez-Pla","year":"2007","journal-title":"Scand J Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2012.01.003_bb0465","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1053\/sarh.2001.16650","article-title":"Biopsy-negative giant cell arteritis: clinical spectrum and predictive factors for positive temporal artery biopsy","volume":"30","author":"Gonzalez-Gay","year":"2001","journal-title":"Semin Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2012.01.003_bb0470","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2009.05.002","article-title":"Analysis of temporal artery biopsies in an 18-year period at a community hospital","volume":"20","author":"Mar\u00ed","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur J Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2012.01.003_bb0475","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/hci141","article-title":"Does temporal artery biopsy influence the management of temporal arteritis?","volume":"99","author":"Lenton","year":"2006","journal-title":"QJM"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2012.01.003_bb0480","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1136\/pgmj.2005.043646","article-title":"Temporal artery biopsy\u2026who needs one?","volume":"82","author":"Davies","year":"2006","journal-title":"Postgrad Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2012.01.003_bb0485","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.53.2.137","article-title":"The importance of skip lesions in temporal arteritis","volume":"53","author":"Poller","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Clin Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2012.01.003_bb0490","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.53.2.131","article-title":"Temporal artery biopsy: is there any value in examining biopsies at multiple levels?","volume":"53","author":"Chakrabarty","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Clin Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2012.01.003_bb0495","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2006.12.005","article-title":"Influence of previous corticosteroid therapy on temporal artery biopsy yield in giant cell arteritis","volume":"37","author":"Narv\u00e1ez","year":"2007","journal-title":"Semin Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2012.01.003_bb0500","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-120-12-199406150-00003","article-title":"How does previous corticosteroid treatment affect the biopsy findings in giant cell (temporal) arteritis?","volume":"120","author":"Achkar","year":"1994","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2012.01.003_bb0505","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2005.01.031","article-title":"Management of the patient with suspected temporal arteritis a decision-analytic approach","volume":"112","author":"Niederkohr","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2012.01.003_bb0510","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(14)70123-0","article-title":"Giant cell arteritis: validity and reliability of various diagnostic criteria","volume":"123","author":"Hayreh","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2012.01.003_bb0515","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(95)93005-1","article-title":"Colour Doppler sonography to diagnose temporal arteritis","volume":"345","author":"Schmidt","year":"1995","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2012.01.003_bb0520","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2474-11-44","article-title":"The diagnostic value of ultrasonography-derived edema of the temporal artery wall in giant cell arteritis: a second meta-analysis","volume":"11","author":"Arida","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2012.01.003_bb0525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1765","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.7252","article-title":"Role of ultrasonography in the diagnosis of temporal arteritis","volume":"97","author":"Ball","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2012.01.003_bb0530","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/hcm103","article-title":"Diagnosing temporal arteritis: duplex vs. biopsy","volume":"100","author":"Alberts","year":"2007","journal-title":"QJM"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2012.01.003_bb0535","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2574","DOI":"10.1002\/art.23699","article-title":"Comparison of duplex sonography and high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis of giant cell (temporal) arteritis","volume":"58","author":"Bley","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2012.01.003_bb0540","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1356","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2009.122135","article-title":"Vascular involvement in patients with giant cell arteritis determined by duplex sonography of 2x11 arterial regions","volume":"69","author":"Aschwanden","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2012.01.003_bb0545","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1764","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-011-1830-0","article-title":"Diagnostic performance of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography in giant cell arteritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"38","author":"Besson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2012.01.003_bb0550","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1097\/BOR.0b013e32831cec7b","article-title":"Imaging for large-vessel vasculitis","volume":"21","author":"Blockmans","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr Opin Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2012.01.003_bb0555","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-010-1598-9","article-title":"18F-FDG PET as a diagnostic procedure in large vessel vasculitis\u2014a controlled, blinded re-examination of routine PET scans","volume":"30","author":"Lehmann","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2012.01.003_bb0560","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1594","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keq039a","article-title":"BSR and BHPR guidelines for the management of giant cell arteritis","volume":"49","author":"Dasgupta","year":"2010","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2012.01.003_bb0565","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0420.2002.800403.x","article-title":"Visual improvement with corticosteroid therapy in giant cell arteritis. Report of a large study and review of literature","volume":"80","author":"Hayreh","year":"2002","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol Scand"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2012.01.003_bb0570","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1098","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2005.01.036","article-title":"Poor prognosis of visual outcome after visual loss from giant cell arteritis","volume":"112","author":"Danesh-Meyer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2012.01.003_bb0575","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1204","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(03)00228-8","article-title":"Visual deterioration in giant cell arteritis patients while on high doses of corticosteroid therapy","volume":"110","author":"Hayreh","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2012.01.003_bb0580","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.83.7.796","article-title":"Visual performance in giant cell arteritis (temporal arteritis) after 1year of therapy","volume":"83","author":"Kupersmith","year":"1999","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2012.01.003_bb0585","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.85.9.1061","article-title":"Steroid management in giant cell arteritis","volume":"85","author":"Chan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2012.01.003_bb0590","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1779","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(94)31102-X","article-title":"Visual morbidity in giant cell arteritis. Clinical characteristics and prognosis for vision","volume":"101","author":"Liu","year":"1994","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2012.01.003_bb0595","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0b013e31821c4fad","article-title":"Relapses and recurrences in giant cell arteritis: a population-based study of patients with biopsy-proven disease from northwestern Spain","volume":"90","author":"Martinez-Lado","year":"2011","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2012.01.003_bb0600","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.20043","article-title":"Clinical relevance of persistently elevated circulating cytokines (tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin-6) in the long-term followup of patients with giant cell arteritis","volume":"62","author":"Garc\u00eda-Mart\u00ednez","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2012.01.003_bb0605","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0954-6820.1986.tb02796.x","article-title":"Long-term corticosteroid treatment in giant cell arteritis","volume":"220","author":"Andersson","year":"1986","journal-title":"Acta Med Scand"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2012.01.003_bb0610","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1002\/art.11388","article-title":"Glucocorticoid therapy in giant cell arteritis: duration and adverse outcomes","volume":"49","author":"Proven","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2012.01.003_bb0615","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3310","DOI":"10.1002\/art.22163","article-title":"Treatment of giant cell arteritis using induction therapy with high-dose glucocorticoids: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized prospective clinical trial","volume":"54","author":"Mazlumzadeh","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2012.01.003_bb0620","first-page":"1484","article-title":"A randomized, multicenter, controlled trial using intravenous pulses of methylprednisolone in the initial treatment of simple forms of giant cell arteritis: a one year followup study of 164 patients","volume":"27","author":"Chevalet","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2012.01.003_bb0625","first-page":"171","article-title":"Prognostic factors and long-term evolution in a cohort of 133 patients with giant cell arteritis","volume":"19","author":"Hachulla","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2012.01.003_bb0630","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3522","DOI":"10.1002\/art.11353","article-title":"Incidence and predictors of large-artery complication (aortic aneurysm, aortic dissection, and\/or large-artery stenosis) in patients with giant cell arteritis: a population-based study over 50years","volume":"48","author":"Nuenninghoff","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2012.01.003_bb0635","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1406","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/ken258","article-title":"Prognosis of large-vessel giant cell arteritis","volume":"47","author":"Schmidt","year":"2008","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2012.01.003_bb0640","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1002\/art.23315","article-title":"Development of aortic aneurysm\/dilatation during the followup of patients with giant cell arteritis: a cross-sectional screening of fifty-four prospectively followed patients","volume":"59","author":"Garc\u00eda-Mart\u00ednez","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2012.01.003_bb0645","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3532","DOI":"10.1002\/art.11480","article-title":"Mortality of large-artery complication (aortic aneurysm, aortic dissection, and\/or large-artery stenosis) in patients with giant cell arteritis: a population-based study over 50years","volume":"48","author":"Nuenninghoff","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2012.01.003_bb0650","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-122-7-199504010-00004","article-title":"Increased incidence of aortic aneurysm and dissection in giant cell (temporal) arteritis. A population-based study","volume":"122","author":"Evans","year":"1995","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2012.01.003_bb0655","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1097\/01.md.0000145366.40805.f8","article-title":"Aortic aneurysm and dissection in patients with biopsy-proven giant cell arteritis from northwestern Spain: a population-based study","volume":"83","author":"Gonzalez-Gay","year":"2004","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2012.01.003_bb0660","first-page":"1283","article-title":"Analysis of steroid related complications and mortality in temporal arteritis: a 15-year survey of 43 patients","volume":"21","author":"Nesher","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2012.01.003_bb0665","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2789","DOI":"10.1002\/art.22754","article-title":"Adjunctive methotrexate for treatment of giant cell arteritis: an individual patient data meta-analysis","volume":"56","author":"Mahr","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2012.01.003_bb0670","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbspin.2009.05.005","article-title":"Vasculitis working group: selected unanswered questions related to giant cell arteritis and anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis","volume":"76","author":"Ytterberg","year":"2009","journal-title":"Joint Bone Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2012.01.003_bb0675","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.45.2.136","article-title":"Azathioprine in giant cell arteritis\/polymyalgia rheumatica: a double-blind study","volume":"45","author":"De Silva","year":"1986","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2012.01.003_bb0680","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-146-9-200705010-00004","article-title":"Infliximab for maintenance of glucocorticosteroid-induced remission of giant cell arteritis: a randomized trial","volume":"146","author":"Hoffman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2012.01.003_bb0685","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2007.082115","article-title":"A double-blind placebo controlled trial of etanercept in patients with giant cell arteritis and corticosteroid side effects","volume":"67","author":"Martinez-Taboada","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2012.01.003_bb0690","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1332","DOI":"10.1002\/art.20171","article-title":"Low-dose aspirin and prevention of cranial ischemic complications in giant cell arteritis","volume":"50","author":"Nesher","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2012.01.003_bb0695","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3306","DOI":"10.1002\/art.22141","article-title":"Antiplatelet and anticoagulant therapy in patients with giant cell arteritis","volume":"54","author":"Lee","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2012.01.003_bb0700","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1097\/01.md.0000145369.25558.b5","article-title":"Influence of traditional risk factors of atherosclerosis in the development of severe ischemic complications in giant cell arteritis","volume":"83","author":"Gonzalez-Gay","year":"2004","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2012.01.003_bb0705","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1002\/art.10071","article-title":"Therapeutic effects of acetylsalicylic acid in giant cell arteritis","volume":"46","author":"Weyand","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2012.01.003_bb0710","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.101254","article-title":"Mortality in patients with biopsy-proven giant cell arteritis: a South Australian population-based study","author":"Ninan","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2012.01.003_bb0715","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/gln030","article-title":"Giant cell arteritis and mortality","volume":"64","author":"Crow","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2012.01.003_bb0720","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2796.1991.tb00418.x","article-title":"Excess mortality in giant cell arteritis","volume":"230","author":"Bisg\u00e5rd","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2012.01.003_bb0725","first-page":"737","article-title":"Increased mortality due to cardiovascular disease in patients with giant cell arteritis in northern Sweden","volume":"29","author":"Uddhammar","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2012.01.003_bb0730","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/S0248-8663(05)81324-4","article-title":"Les d\u00e9c\u00e8s dans la maladie de Horton. Facteurs de prognostic","volume":"13","author":"Liozon","year":"1992","journal-title":"Rev Med Interne"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2012.01.003_bb0735","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2007.03.006","article-title":"Cancer in biopsy-proven giant cell arteritis. A population-based study","volume":"37","author":"Gonzalez-Gay","year":"2007","journal-title":"Semin Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2012.01.003_bb0740","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1214","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780261007","article-title":"The epidemiology of giant cell arteritis. Report of a ten-year study in Shelby County, Tennessee","volume":"26","author":"Smith","year":"1983","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2012.01.003_bb0745","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1208","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/38.12.1208","article-title":"The epidemiology of biopsy-positive giant cell arteritis: special reference to cyclic fluctuations","volume":"38","author":"Petursdottir","year":"1999","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2012.01.003_bb0750","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1097\/01.md.0000180042.42156.d1","article-title":"Giant cell arteritis: disease patterns of clinical presentation in a series of 240 patients","volume":"84","author":"Gonzalez-Gay","year":"2005","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"}],"container-title":["Autoimmunity Reviews"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1568997212000080?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1568997212000080?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,14]],"date-time":"2023-06-14T03:06:14Z","timestamp":1686711974000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1568997212000080"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,5]]},"references-count":150,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6-7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,5]]}},"alternative-id":["S1568997212000080"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.autrev.2012.01.003","relation":{},"ISSN":["1568-9972"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1568-9972","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,5]]}}}