{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T07:59:16Z","timestamp":1790495956777,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,1]],"date-time":"2015-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1427846400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Autoimmunity Reviews"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,4]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2014.12.005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,19]],"date-time":"2014-12-19T13:09:02Z","timestamp":1418994542000},"page":"352-357","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["Giant cell arteritis restricted to the limb arteries: An overlooked clinical entity"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Alvise","family":"Berti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Corrado","family":"Campochiaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giulio","family":"Cavalli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gino","family":"Pepe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luisa","family":"Praderio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Grazia","family":"Sabbadini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Dagna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2014.12.005_bb0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp1214825","article-title":"Clinical practice. Giant-cell arteritis and polymyalgia rheumatica","volume":"371","author":"Weyand","year":"2014","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"6\u20137","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2014.12.005_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A544","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2012.01.003","article-title":"Giant cell arteritis: a review of classification, pathophysiology, geoepidemiology and treatment","volume":"11","author":"Borchers","year":"2012","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2014.12.005_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2011.06.002","article-title":"Toll-like receptor 4 gene polymorphism and giant cell arteritis susceptibility: a cumulative meta-analysis","volume":"10","author":"Alvarez-Rodriguez","year":"2011","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"issue":"6\u20137","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2014.12.005_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A430","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2011.11.006","article-title":"Menopause in patients with autoimmune diseases","volume":"11","author":"Sammaritano","year":"2012","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2014.12.005_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2010.05.002","article-title":"Pathogenesis of giant cell arteritis: more than just an inflammatory condition?","volume":"9","author":"Ly","year":"2010","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2014.12.005_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1002\/1529-0131(199902)42:2<311::AID-ANR14>3.0.CO;2-F","article-title":"Disease pattern in cranial and large-vessel giant cell arteritis","volume":"42","author":"Brack","year":"1999","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2014.12.005_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3522","DOI":"10.1002\/art.11353","article-title":"Incidence and predictors of large-artery complication (aortic aneurysm, aortic dissection, and\/or large-artery stenosis) in patients with giant cell arteritis: a population-based study over 50years","volume":"48","author":"Nuenninghoff","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2014.12.005_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1170","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2011-200865","article-title":"Large vessel involvement in biopsy-proven giant cell arteritis: prospective study in 40 newly diagnosed patients using CT angiography","volume":"71","author":"Prieto-Gonz\u00e1lez","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2014.12.005_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2010.01.021","article-title":"Role of FDG-PET and PET\/CT in the diagnosis and management of vasculitis","volume":"73","author":"Zerizer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur J Radiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2014.12.005_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keh513","article-title":"Giant cell arteritis and polymyalgia rheumatica: usefulness of vascular magnetic resonance imaging studies in the diagnosis of aortitis","volume":"44","author":"Narv\u00e1ez","year":"2005","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2014.12.005_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-003-1144-y","article-title":"Early diagnosis and follow-up of aortitis with [(18)F]FDG PET and MRI","volume":"30","author":"Meller","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2014.12.005_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2008.088351","article-title":"EULAR recommendations for the management of large vessel vasculitis","volume":"68","author":"Mukhtyar","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2014.12.005_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1744","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2009.119032","article-title":"EULAR points to consider in the development of classification and diagnostic criteria in systemic vasculitis","volume":"69","author":"Basu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2014.12.005_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1594","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keq039a","article-title":"BSR and BHPR guidelines for the management of giant cell arteritis","volume":"49","author":"Dasgupta","year":"2010","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2014.12.005_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1388","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2013-204572","article-title":"Positron emission tomography assessment of large vessel inflammation in patients with newly diagnosed, biopsy-proven giant cell arteritis: a prospective, case\u2013control study","volume":"73","author":"Prieto-Gonz\u00e1lez","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2014.12.005_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2277","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.090269","article-title":"Symptomatic lower extremity vasculitis in giant cell arteritis: a case series","volume":"36","author":"Kermani","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"issue":"January","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2014.12.005_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(90)90121-S","article-title":"Subclavian and axillary involvement in temporal arteritis and polymyalgia rheumatica","volume":"88","author":"Ninet","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2014.12.005_bb0090","article-title":"Lower limb giant cell arteritis and temporal arteritis: followup of 8 cases","volume":"28","author":"Le Hello","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2014.12.005_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kes239","article-title":"Outcome of giant cell arteritis of the arm arteries managed with medical treatment alone: cross-sectional follow-up study","volume":"52","author":"Czihal","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2014.12.005_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kem322","article-title":"Ultrasound of proximal upper extremity arteries to increase the diagnostic yield in large-vessel giant cell arteritis","volume":"47","author":"Schmidt","year":"2008","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2014.12.005_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1177\/152660280301000233","article-title":"Immediate and long-term outcome of upper extremity balloon angioplasty in giant cell arteritis","volume":"10","author":"Amann-Vesti","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Endovasc Ther"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2014.12.005_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2005.042770","article-title":"Temporal artery biopsy for diagnosing giant cell arteritis: the longer, the better?","volume":"65","author":"Mahr","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2014.12.005_bb0115","article-title":"Temporal artery biopsy for giant cell arteritis","volume":"32","author":"Taylor-Gjevre","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2014.12.005_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-120-12-199406150-00003","article-title":"How does previous corticosteroid treatment affect the biopsy findings in giant cell (temporal) arteritis","author":"Achkar","year":"1994","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2014.12.005_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2006.12.005","article-title":"Influence of previous corticosteroid therapy on temporal artery biopsy yield in giant cell arteritis","volume":"37","author":"Narv\u00e1ez","year":"2007","journal-title":"Semin Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2014.12.005_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1016\/S0049-0172(95)80010-7","article-title":"Aortic and extracranial large vessel giant cell arteritis: a review of 72 cases with histopathologic documentation","volume":"24","author":"Lie","year":"1995","journal-title":"Semin Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2014.12.005_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2789","DOI":"10.1002\/art.22754","article-title":"Adjunctive methotrexate for treatment of giant cell arteritis: an individual patient data meta-analysis","volume":"56","author":"Mahr","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2014.12.005_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2014.02.006","article-title":"Effect of antiplatelet\/anticoagulant therapy on severe ischemic complications in patients with giant cell arteritis: a cumulative meta-analysis","volume":"13","author":"Mart\u00ednez-Taboada","year":"2014","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2014.12.005_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1030","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2007.082123","article-title":"MRI and FDG-PET in the assessment of inflammatory aortic arch syndrome in complicated courses of giant cell arteritis","volume":"67","author":"Both","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"issue":"1014","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2014.12.005_bb0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e188","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr\/16422950","article-title":"18F-fludeoxyglucose PET\/CT in the evaluation of large-vessel vasculitis: diagnostic performance and correlation with clinical and laboratory parameters","volume":"85","author":"Papathanasiou","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br J Radiol"}],"container-title":["Autoimmunity Reviews"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1568997214003024?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1568997214003024?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,26]],"date-time":"2018-09-26T21:57:01Z","timestamp":1537999021000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1568997214003024"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,4]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,4]]}},"alternative-id":["S1568997214003024"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.autrev.2014.12.005","relation":{},"ISSN":["1568-9972"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1568-9972","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Giant cell arteritis restricted to the limb arteries: An overlooked clinical entity","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Autoimmunity Reviews","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.autrev.2014.12.005","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}