{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T16:41:16Z","timestamp":1773333676037,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":111,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,1]],"date-time":"2016-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1475280000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.jp","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.fr","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Autoimmunity Reviews"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2016.07.013","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,31]],"date-time":"2016-07-31T00:17:13Z","timestamp":1469924233000},"page":"948-954","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["The skin in autoimmune diseases\u2014Unmet needs"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"A.","family":"Kuhn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Landmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"G.","family":"Bonsmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2016.07.013_bb0005","first-page":"423","article-title":"The diagnosis and treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"112","author":"Kuhn","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dtsch Arztebl Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2016.07.013_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2016.01.007","article-title":"Systemic sclerosis: an update in 2016","volume":"15","author":"Desbois","year":"2016","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2016.07.013_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(99)05157-0","article-title":"Dermatomyositis","volume":"355","author":"Callen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2016.07.013_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.12653","article-title":"The impact of skin damage due to cutaneous lupus on quality of life","volume":"170","author":"Verma","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2016.07.013_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2015.07.012","article-title":"Quality of life in systemic sclerosis","volume":"14","author":"Almeida","year":"2015","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2016.07.013_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2004.12.015","article-title":"Cutaneous symptoms of dermatomyositis significantly impact patients' quality of life","volume":"54","author":"Hundley","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2016.07.013_bb0035","series-title":"Systemic Lupus Erythematosus","first-page":"333","article-title":"Cutaneous lupus erythematosus","author":"Kuhn","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2016.07.013_bb0040","series-title":"Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus","first-page":"45","article-title":"The epidemiology of cutaneous lupus erythematosus","author":"Jimenez","year":"2004"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2016.07.013_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(81)80261-7","article-title":"Distinctive cutaneous subsets in the spectrum of lupus erythematosus","volume":"4","author":"Gilliam","year":"1981","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2016.07.013_bb0050","series-title":"Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus","first-page":"53","article-title":"Classification of cutaneous lupus erythematosus","author":"Kuhn","year":"2004"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2016.07.013_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2014.01.021","article-title":"The classification and diagnosis of cutaneous lupus erythematosus","author":"Kuhn","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Autoimmun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2016.07.013_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780251101","article-title":"The 1982 revised criteria for the classification of systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"25","author":"Tan","year":"1982","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2016.07.013_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2677","DOI":"10.1002\/art.34473","article-title":"Derivation and validation of the Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics classification criteria for systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"64","author":"Petri","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2016.07.013_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1007\/s40257-016-0173-9","article-title":"Cutaneous lupus erythematosus: an update on pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment","volume":"17","author":"Hejazi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Clin Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2016.07.013_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.2165\/11310780-000000000-00000","article-title":"Cutaneous lupus erythematosus: issues in diagnosis and treatment","volume":"10","author":"Walling","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Clin Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2016.07.013_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1610-0387.2007.06557.x","article-title":"Diagnostic approach and treatment of cutaneous lupus erythematosus","volume":"6","author":"Sticherling","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Dtsch Dermatol Ges"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2016.07.013_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2007.08137.x","article-title":"The expression pattern of interferon-inducible proteins reflects the characteristic histological distribution of infiltrating immune cells in different cutaneous lupus erythematosus subsets","volume":"157","author":"Wenzel","year":"2007","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2016.07.013_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.06.018","article-title":"Cutaneous lupus erythematosus: update of therapeutic options Part I","volume":"65","author":"Kuhn","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2016.07.013_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1177\/0961203310370344","article-title":"Photosensitivity, phototesting, and photoprotection in cutaneous lupus erythematosus","volume":"19","author":"Kuhn","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2016.07.013_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.12428","article-title":"Ultraviolet light protection by a sunscreen prevents interferon-driven skin inflammation in cutaneous lupus erythematosus","volume":"23","author":"Zahn","year":"2014","journal-title":"Exp Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2016.07.013_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2009.12.053","article-title":"Photoprotective effects of a broad-spectrum sunscreen in ultraviolet-induced cutaneous lupus erythematosus: a randomized, vehicle-controlled, double-blind study","volume":"64","author":"Kuhn","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2016.07.013_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.12035","article-title":"Suppression of UV-induced damage by a liposomal sunscreen: a prospective, open-label study in patients with cutaneous lupus erythematosus and healthy controls","volume":"21","author":"Patsinakidis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Exp Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2016.07.013_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1275","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.21966","article-title":"Association of smoking with cutaneous manifestations in systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"65","author":"Bourre-Tessier","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2016.07.013_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1001\/archdermatol.2011.342","article-title":"Impact of smoking in cutaneous lupus erythematosus","volume":"148","author":"Piette","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2016.07.013_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1159\/000086440","article-title":"Association between discoid lupus erythematosus and cigarette smoking","volume":"211","author":"Miot","year":"2005","journal-title":"Dermatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2016.07.013_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.12.025","article-title":"Influence of smoking on the efficacy of antimalarials in cutaneous lupus: a meta-analysis of the literature","volume":"72","author":"Chasset","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2016.07.013_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.13006","article-title":"Influence of smoking on disease severity and antimalarial therapy in cutaneous lupus erythematosus: analysis of 1002 patients from the EUSCLE database","volume":"171","author":"Kuhn","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2016.07.013_bb0140","first-page":"1716","article-title":"Smoking interferes with efficacy of antimalarial therapy in cutaneous lupus","volume":"25","author":"Rahman","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2016.07.013_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1067\/mjd.2000.103635","article-title":"Patients with cutaneous lupus erythematosus who smoke are less responsive to antimalarial treatment","volume":"42","author":"Jewell","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2016.07.013_bb0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1001\/archdermatol.2008.592","article-title":"Lupus erythematosus tumidus: response to antimalarial treatment in 36 patients with emphasis on smoking","volume":"145","author":"Kreuter","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2016.07.013_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1177\/0961203310370345","article-title":"Treatment of cutaneous lupus erythematosus","volume":"19","author":"Kuhn","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2016.07.013_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.03.037","article-title":"Efficacy of tacrolimus 0.1% ointment in cutaneous lupus erythematosus: a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, vehicle-controlled trial","volume":"65","author":"Kuhn","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2016.07.013_bb0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2230.2008.03138.x","article-title":"Pimecrolimus 1% cream versus betamethasone 17-valerate 0.1% cream in the treatment of facial discoid lupus erythematosus: a double-blind, randomized pilot study","volume":"34","author":"Barikbin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Exp Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2016.07.013_bb0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1365","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2009.09330.x","article-title":"A randomized controlled trial of R-salbutamol for topical treatment of discoid lupus erythematosus","volume":"161","author":"Jemec","year":"2009","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2016.07.013_bb0175","first-page":"829","article-title":"Use of antimalarials in dermatology","volume":"8","author":"Ochsendorf","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Dtsch Dermatol Ges"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2016.07.013_bb0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1191\/096120300678828082","article-title":"The benefit of combining hydroxychloroquine with quinacrine in the treatment of SLE patients","volume":"9","author":"Toubi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2016.07.013_bb0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2007.070367","article-title":"EULAR recommendations for the management of systemic lupus erythematosus. Report of a Task Force of the EULAR Standing Committee for International Clinical Studies Including Therapeutics","volume":"67","author":"Bertsias","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2016.07.013_bb0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1177\/0961203307086643","article-title":"Hydroxychloroquine: the cornerstone of lupus therapy","volume":"17","author":"Ruiz-Irastorza","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2016.07.013_bb0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1992.tb14851.x","article-title":"Treatment of cutaneous lupus erythematosus with acitretin and hydroxychloroquine","volume":"127","author":"Ruzicka","year":"1992","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2016.07.013_bb0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3073","DOI":"10.1002\/art.21358","article-title":"Double-blind, randomized, controlled clinical trial of clofazimine compared with chloroquine in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"52","author":"Bezerra","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2016.07.013_bb0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2006.067835","article-title":"Very low blood hydroxychloroquine concentration as an objective marker of poor adherence to treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"66","author":"Costedoat-Chalumeau","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2016.07.013_bb0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.berh.2013.07.001","article-title":"Adherence to treatment in systemic lupus erythematosus patients","volume":"27","author":"Costedoat-Chalumeau","year":"2013","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2016.07.013_bb0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.06.017","article-title":"Cutaneous lupus erythematosus: update of therapeutic options Part II","volume":"65","author":"Kuhn","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2016.07.013_bb0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1833","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2011-200831","article-title":"Effects of belimumab, a B lymphocyte stimulator-specific inhibitor, on disease activity across multiple organ domains in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: combined results from two phase III trials","volume":"71","author":"Manzi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2016.07.013_bb0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3918","DOI":"10.1002\/art.30613","article-title":"A phase III, randomized, placebo-controlled study of belimumab, a monoclonal antibody that inhibits B lymphocyte stimulator, in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"63","author":"Furie","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2016.07.013_bb0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)61354-2","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of belimumab in patients with active systemic lupus erythematosus: a randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial","volume":"377","author":"Navarra","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2016.07.013_bb0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2010.09799.x","article-title":"Revised Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus Disease Area and Severity Index (RCLASI): a modified outcome instrument for cutaneous lupus erythematosus","volume":"163","author":"Kuhn","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2016.07.013_bb0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1111\/1346-8138.13026","article-title":"Strategy for treatment of fibrosis in systemic sclerosis: present and future","volume":"43","author":"Yanaba","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2016.07.013_bb0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1460","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.22018","article-title":"Meta-analysis of healing and prevention of digital ulcers in systemic sclerosis","volume":"65","author":"Tingey","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken)"},{"issue":"Suppl. 3","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2016.07.013_bb0250","first-page":"iii19","article-title":"Digital ulcers: overt vascular disease in systemic sclerosis","volume":"48","author":"Steen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2016.07.013_bb0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2008.09004.x","article-title":"Comparison of patients with and without digital ulcers in systemic sclerosis: detection of possible risk factors","volume":"160","author":"Sunderkotter","year":"2009","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2016.07.013_bb0260","first-page":"34","article-title":"Management of digital ulcers in patients with systemic sclerosis","volume":"137","author":"Riemekasten","year":"2012","journal-title":"Dtsch Med Wochenschr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2016.07.013_bb0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2737","DOI":"10.1002\/art.38098","article-title":"2013 classification criteria for systemic sclerosis: an American College of Rheumatology\/European League against Rheumatism collaborative initiative","volume":"65","author":"van den Hoogen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2016.07.013_bb0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2087","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2013-203716","article-title":"Preliminary analysis of the very early diagnosis of systemic sclerosis (VEDOSS) EUSTAR multicentre study: evidence for puffy fingers as a pivotal sign for suspicion of systemic sclerosis","volume":"73","author":"Minier","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2016.07.013_bb0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2010.136929","article-title":"Preliminary criteria for the very early diagnosis of systemic sclerosis: results of a Delphi Consensus Study from EULAR Scleroderma Trials and Research Group","volume":"70","author":"Avouac","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"issue":"Suppl. 3","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2016.07.013_bb0280","first-page":"iii49","article-title":"Vasoactive therapies in systemic sclerosis","volume":"45","author":"Riemekasten","year":"2006","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2016.07.013_bb0285","first-page":"503","article-title":"Effects of long-term cyclic iloprost therapy in systemic sclerosis with Raynaud's phenomenon. A randomized, controlled study","volume":"19","author":"Scorza","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2016.07.013_bb0290","article-title":"Iloprost and cisaprost for Raynaud's phenomenon in progressive systemic sclerosis","author":"Pope","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2016.07.013_bb0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(89)70161-4","article-title":"Treatment of scleroderma skin ulcers with a hydrocolloid membrane","volume":"21","author":"Milburn","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2016.07.013_bb0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.7547\/87507315-92-6-350","article-title":"Treatment of scleroderma skin ulcers using becaplermin gel and hydrocolloid membrane","volume":"92","author":"Yoon","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Am Podiatr Med Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2016.07.013_bb0305","first-page":"51","article-title":"Vitamin E gel reduces time of healing of digital ulcers in systemic sclerosis","volume":"27","author":"Fiori","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2016.07.013_bb0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.298.6673.561","article-title":"Comparison of intravenous infusions of iloprost and oral nifedipine in treatment of Raynaud's phenomenon in patients with systemic sclerosis: a double blind randomised study","volume":"298","author":"Rademaker","year":"1989","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2016.07.013_bb0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1987.tb04122.x","article-title":"Nifedipine in the treatment of Raynaud's phenomenon in patients with systemic sclerosis","volume":"117","author":"Meyrick Thomas","year":"1987","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2016.07.013_bb0320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbspin.2010.11.005","article-title":"Management of Raynaud's phenomenon and digital ulcers in systemic sclerosis","volume":"78","author":"Botzoris","year":"2011","journal-title":"Joint Bone Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2016.07.013_bb0325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-120-3-199402010-00004","article-title":"Intravenous iloprost infusion in patients with Raynaud phenomenon secondary to systemic sclerosis. A multicenter, placebo-controlled, double-blind study","volume":"120","author":"Wigley","year":"1994","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2016.07.013_bb0330","first-page":"1407","article-title":"Intravenous iloprost treatment of Raynaud's phenomenon and ischemic ulcers secondary to systemic sclerosis","volume":"19","author":"Wigley","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2016.07.013_bb0335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2008.096677","article-title":"EULAR recommendations for the treatment of systemic sclerosis: a report from the EULAR Scleroderma Trials and Research group (EUSTAR)","volume":"68","author":"Kowal-Bielecka","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2016.07.013_bb0340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2010.130658","article-title":"Bosentan treatment of digital ulcers related to systemic sclerosis: results from the RAPIDS-2 randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"70","author":"Matucci-Cerinic","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2016.07.013_bb0345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3985","DOI":"10.1002\/art.20676","article-title":"Digital ulcers in systemic sclerosis: prevention by treatment with bosentan, an oral endothelin receptor antagonist","volume":"50","author":"Korn","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2016.07.013_bb0355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2980","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.104.523324","article-title":"Sildenafil in the treatment of Raynaud's phenomenon resistant to vasodilatory therapy","volume":"112","author":"Fries","year":"2005","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2016.07.013_bb0360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1002\/art.30195","article-title":"Modified-release sildenafil reduces Raynaud's phenomenon attack frequency in limited cutaneous systemic sclerosis","volume":"63","author":"Herrick","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2016.07.013_bb0365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2420","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keq291","article-title":"Efficacy of tadalafil in secondary Raynaud's phenomenon resistant to vasodilator therapy: a double-blind randomized cross-over trial","volume":"49","author":"Shenoy","year":"2010","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2016.07.013_bb0370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R30","DOI":"10.1186\/ar2634","article-title":"High frequency of corticosteroid and immunosuppressive therapy in patients with systemic sclerosis despite limited evidence for efficacy","volume":"11","author":"Hunzelmann","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2016.07.013_bb0375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/35.4.364","article-title":"Comparison of methotrexate with placebo in the treatment of systemic sclerosis: a 24week randomized double-blind trial, followed by a 24week observational trial","volume":"35","author":"van den Hoogen","year":"1996","journal-title":"Br J Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2016.07.013_bb0380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1351","DOI":"10.1002\/1529-0131(200106)44:6<1351::AID-ART227>3.0.CO;2-I","article-title":"A randomized, controlled trial of methotrexate versus placebo in early diffuse scleroderma","volume":"44","author":"Pope","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2016.07.013_bb0385","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2655","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa055120","article-title":"Cyclophosphamide versus placebo in scleroderma lung disease","volume":"354","author":"Tashkin","year":"2006","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2016.07.013_bb0390","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1072","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2015.07.008","article-title":"Rituximab in the treatment of patients with systemic sclerosis. Our experience and review of the literature","volume":"14","author":"Giuggioli","year":"2015","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2016.07.013_bb0395","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1188","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2013-204522","article-title":"Effects and safety of rituximab in systemic sclerosis: an analysis from the European Scleroderma Trial and Research (EUSTAR) group","volume":"74","author":"Jordan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2016.07.013_bb0400","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2014.09.002","article-title":"Long-term efficacy of B cell depletion therapy on lung and skin involvement in diffuse systemic sclerosis","volume":"44","author":"Bosello","year":"2015","journal-title":"Semin Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2016.07.013_bb0405","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1007\/s12026-014-8615-z","article-title":"Intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIG) in systemic sclerosis: a challenging yet promising future","volume":"61","author":"Cantarini","year":"2015","journal-title":"Immunol Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2016.07.013_bb0410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.140833","article-title":"Intravenous immunoglobulin may be an effective therapy for refractory, active diffuse cutaneous systemic sclerosis","volume":"42","author":"Poelman","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2016.07.013_bb0415","first-page":"151","article-title":"A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial: intravenous immunoglobulin treatment in patients with diffuse cutaneous systemic sclerosis","volume":"31","author":"Takehara","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2016.07.013_bb0420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2003.08.026","article-title":"Low-dose UVA1 phototherapy in systemic sclerosis: effects on acrosclerosis","volume":"50","author":"Kreuter","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2016.07.013_bb0425","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-5945-4-11","article-title":"UVA\/UVA1 phototherapy and PUVA photochemotherapy in connective tissue diseases and related disorders: a research based review","volume":"4","author":"Breuckmann","year":"2004","journal-title":"BMC Dermatol"},{"issue":"Suppl. 3","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2016.07.013_bb0430","article-title":"Phototherapy: a promising treatment option for skin sclerosis in scleroderma?","volume":"45","author":"Sunderkotter","year":"2006","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2016.07.013_bb0435","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197502132920706","article-title":"Polymyositis and dermatomyositis (first of two parts)","volume":"292","author":"Bohan","year":"1975","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2016.07.013_bb0440","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197502202920807","article-title":"Polymyositis and dermatomyositis (second of two parts)","volume":"292","author":"Bohan","year":"1975","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2016.07.013_bb0445","first-page":"S70-S71","article-title":"A47: progress report on the development of new classification criteria for adult and juvenile idiopathic inflammatory myopathies","volume":"66","author":"Pilkington","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2016.07.013_bb0450","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1007\/s40257-013-0028-6","article-title":"Cutaneous dermatomyositis: an updated review of treatment options and internal associations","volume":"14","author":"Femia","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Clin Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2016.07.013_bb0455","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-015-0543-z","article-title":"Cutaneous dermatomyositis in the era of biologicals","volume":"38","author":"Wright","year":"2016","journal-title":"Semin Immunopathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2016.07.013_bb0460","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1007\/s00105-015-3659-0","article-title":"Dermatomyositis-update","volume":"66","author":"Volc-Platzer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hautarzt"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2016.07.013_bb0465","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1067\/mjd.2002.120621","article-title":"Would a new name hasten the acceptance of amyopathic dermatomyositis (dermatomyositis sine myositis) as a distinctive subset within the idiopathic inflammatory dermatomyopathies spectrum of clinical illness?","volume":"46","author":"Sontheimer","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2016.07.013_bb0470","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1016\/S0733-8635(02)00021-9","article-title":"Dermatomyositis: an overview of recent progress with emphasis on dermatologic aspects","volume":"20","author":"Sontheimer","year":"2002","journal-title":"Dermatol Clin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2016.07.013_bb0475","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2011.01.001","article-title":"Polymyositis, dermatomyositis, and autoimmune necrotizing myopathy: clinical features","volume":"37","author":"Khan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Rheum Dis Clin North Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2016.07.013_bb0480","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1747.2002.01869.x","article-title":"Associations of tumor necrosis factor alpha and HLA polymorphisms with adult dermatomyositis: implications for a unique pathogenesis","volume":"119","author":"Werth","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2016.07.013_bb0485","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2381","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keq277","article-title":"Environmental factors preceding illness onset differ in phenotypes of the juvenile idiopathic inflammatory myopathies","volume":"49","author":"Rider","year":"2010","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2016.07.013_bb0490","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1097\/01.bor.0000434664.37880.ac","article-title":"The diagnostic utility of autoantibodies in adult and juvenile myositis","volume":"25","author":"Tansley","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr Opin Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2016.07.013_bb0495","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1007\/s13317-011-0018-8","article-title":"Myositis-specific autoantibodies: detection and clinical associations","volume":"2","author":"van Dooren","year":"2011","journal-title":"Auto Immun Highlights"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2016.07.013_bb0500","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1586\/1744666X.2015.1035258","article-title":"Inflammatory myopathy: diagnosis and clinical course, specific clinical scenarios and new complementary tools","volume":"11","author":"Selva-O'Callaghan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Expert Rev Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2016.07.013_bb0505","first-page":"992","article-title":"An evidence-based review of the efficacy of topical antihistamines in the relief of pruritus","volume":"9","author":"Eschler","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Drugs Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2016.07.013_bb0510","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.141.7.855","article-title":"Combination antimalarials in the treatment of cutaneous dermatomyositis: a retrospective study","volume":"141","author":"Ang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2016.07.013_bb0515","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.138.9.1231","article-title":"Adverse cutaneous reactions to hydroxychloroquine are more common in patients with dermatomyositis than in patients with cutaneous lupus erythematosus","volume":"138","author":"Pelle","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2016.07.013_bb0520","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-4362.2002.01409.x","article-title":"Cutaneous involvement of dermatomyositis can respond to Dapsone therapy","volume":"41","author":"Cohen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2016.07.013_bb0525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1993","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199312303292704","article-title":"A controlled trial of high-dose intravenous immune globulin infusions as treatment for dermatomyositis","volume":"329","author":"Dalakas","year":"1993","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2016.07.013_bb0530","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1150","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.12223","article-title":"Clinical efficacy of intravenous immunoglobulins for the treatment of dermatomyositis skin lesions without muscle disease","volume":"28","author":"Bounfour","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2016.07.013_bb0535","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.2174\/1874312901409010077","article-title":"Intravenous immune globulin in amyopathic dermatomyositis\u2014report of two cases and review of the literature","volume":"9","author":"Cafardi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Open Rheumatol J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2016.07.013_bb0540","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2006.05.068","article-title":"Rituximab for the treatment of the skin manifestations of dermatomyositis: a report of 3 cases","volume":"56","author":"Dinh","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2016.07.013_bb0545","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbspin.2007.05.011","article-title":"Successful treatment of cardiac involvement in dermatomyositis with rituximab","volume":"75","author":"Touma","year":"2008","journal-title":"Joint Bone Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2016.07.013_bb0550","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.143.6.763","article-title":"A pilot trial of rituximab in the treatment of patients with dermatomyositis","volume":"143","author":"Chung","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2016.07.013_bb0555","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1111\/imj.12944","article-title":"The role of autologous haemopoietic stem cell transplantation in the treatment of autoimmune disorders","volume":"46","author":"Rebeiro","year":"2016","journal-title":"Intern Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2016.07.013_bb0560","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1177\/0961203316641771","article-title":"Advances in the treatment of cutaneous lupus erythematosus","volume":"25","author":"Kuhn","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lupus"}],"container-title":["Autoimmunity Reviews"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1568997216301586?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1568997216301586?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,4]],"date-time":"2022-07-04T12:47:52Z","timestamp":1656938872000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1568997216301586"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,10]]},"references-count":111,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,10]]}},"alternative-id":["S1568997216301586"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.autrev.2016.07.013","relation":{},"ISSN":["1568-9972"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1568-9972","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"The skin in autoimmune diseases\u2014Unmet needs","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Autoimmunity Reviews","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.autrev.2016.07.013","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}