{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T14:28:51Z","timestamp":1791556131236,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":104,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,1]],"date-time":"2019-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1567296000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,1]],"date-time":"2019-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1567296000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Basic Research Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Autoimmunity Reviews"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2019.102349","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,16]],"date-time":"2019-07-16T11:30:19Z","timestamp":1563276619000},"page":"102349","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":50,"title":["HLA in myasthenia gravis: From superficial correlation to underlying mechanism"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Huahua","family":"Zhong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chongbo","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sushan","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2019.102349_bb0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2570","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1602678","article-title":"Myasthenia gravis","volume":"375","author":"Gilhus","year":"2016","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2019.102349_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(15)00145-3","article-title":"Myasthenia gravis: subgroup classification and therapeutic strategies","volume":"14","author":"Gilhus","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2019.102349_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2013.12.001","article-title":"Genetic basis of myasthenia gravis - a comprehensive review","volume":"52","author":"Avidan","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Autoimmun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2019.102349_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2016.06.019","article-title":"Contribution of a non-classical HLA gene, HLA-DOA, to the risk of rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"99","author":"Okada","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2019.102349_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1505","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1416543112","article-title":"The first step of peptide selection in antigen presentation by MHC class I molecules","volume":"112","author":"Garstka","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"Suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2019.102349_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2005.09.010","article-title":"Genetics of autoimmune myasthenia gravis: the multifaceted contribution of the HLA complex","volume":"25","author":"Vandiedonck","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Autoimmun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2019.102349_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg.2015.33","article-title":"Autoimmune diseases - connecting risk alleles with molecular traits of the immune system","volume":"17","author":"Gutierrez-Arcelus","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Rev Genet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2019.102349_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.23691","article-title":"Risk for myasthenia gravis maps to a (151) Pro-->Ala change in TNIP1 and to human leukocyte antigen-B*08","volume":"72","author":"Gregersen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2019.102349_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2014.4103","article-title":"A genome-wide association study of myasthenia gravis","volume":"72","author":"Renton","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2019.102349_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.2119\/molmed.2015.00232","article-title":"Genome-wide association study of late-onset myasthenia gravis: confirmation of TNFRSF11A and identification of ZBTB10 and three distinct HLA associations","volume":"21","author":"Seldin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2019.102349_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1473","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-016-8045-z","article-title":"Clinical features, pathogenesis, and treatment of myasthenia gravis: a supplement to the Guidelines of the German Neurological Society","volume":"263","author":"Melzer","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2019.102349_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1111\/tan.13305","article-title":"Autoimmune diseases and 8.1 ancestral haplotype: an update","volume":"92","author":"Gambino","year":"2018","journal-title":"HLA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2019.102349_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-065X.1999.tb01398.x","article-title":"The genetic basis for the association of the 8.1 ancestral haplotype (A1, B8, DR3) with multiple immunopathological diseases","volume":"167","author":"Price","year":"1999","journal-title":"Immunol Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2019.102349_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(74)92548-3","article-title":"HL-A antigens in myasthenia gravis","volume":"1","author":"Fritze","year":"1974","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2019.102349_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15464","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0406756101","article-title":"Pleiotropic effects of the 8.1 HLA haplotype in patients with autoimmune myasthenia gravis and thymus hyperplasia","volume":"101","author":"Vandiedonck","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2019.102349_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.12310","article-title":"The autoimmune spectrum of myasthenia gravis: a Swedish population-based study","volume":"277","author":"Fang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2019.102349_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1744-313X.2009.00843.x","article-title":"HLA class I and class II polymorphisms in Saudi patients with myasthenia gravis","volume":"36","author":"Hajeer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int J Immunogenet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2019.102349_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0186383","article-title":"Juvenile myasthenia gravis in Norway: HLA-DRB1*04:04 is positively associated with prepubertal onset","volume":"12","author":"Popperud","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2019.102349_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2017.10.002","article-title":"Novel genetic loci associated HLA-B*08:01 positive myasthenia gravis","volume":"88","author":"Varade","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Autoimmun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2019.102349_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0036603","article-title":"Late onset myasthenia gravis is associated with HLA DRB1*15:01 in the Norwegian population","volume":"7","author":"Maniaol","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2019.102349_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2016.02.031","article-title":"HLA-DRB1*14 and DQB1*05 are associated with Japanese anti-MuSK antibody-positive myasthenia gravis patients","volume":"363","author":"Kanai","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2019.102349_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1633","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humimm.2013.08.271","article-title":"Association of HLA-DRB1 *14, -DRB1 *16 and -DQB1 *05 with MuSK-myasthenia gravis in patients from Turkey","volume":"74","author":"Alahgholi-Hajibehzad","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hum Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2019.102349_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.12525","article-title":"High frequency of DQB1*05 and absolute absence of DRB1*13 in muscle-specific tyrosine kinase positive myasthenia gravis","volume":"22","author":"Nikolic","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2019.102349_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000339103.08830.86","article-title":"HLA class II allele analysis in MuSK-positive myasthenia gravis suggests a role for DQ5","volume":"72","author":"Bartoccioni","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2019.102349_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1772","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000218159.79769.5c","article-title":"Strong association of MuSK antibody-positive myasthenia gravis and HLA-DR14-DQ5","volume":"66","author":"Niks","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2019.102349_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yfrne.2014.04.004","article-title":"Gender differences in autoimmune disease","volume":"35","author":"Ngo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Neuroendocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2019.102349_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(09)70063-8","article-title":"Autoimmune myasthenia gravis: emerging clinical and biological heterogeneity","volume":"8","author":"Meriggioli","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2019.102349_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-9-481","article-title":"Prioritizing genes of potential relevance to diseases affected by sex hormones: an example of myasthenia gravis","volume":"9","author":"Kaur","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMC Genomics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2019.102349_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7970","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-08631-5","article-title":"Balance between estrogens and Proinflammatory cytokines regulates chemokine production involved in thymic germinal center formation","volume":"7","author":"Dragin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2019.102349_bb0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2547","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-016-8319-5","article-title":"Low testosterone and myasthenia gravis in males: a national record-linkage study","volume":"263","author":"Pakpoor","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2019.102349_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1524","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2011.05.002","article-title":"Association between HLA-DRB1 and myasthenia gravis in a northern Han Chinese population","volume":"18","author":"Xie","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2019.102349_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-5728(98)00253-7","article-title":"Tumour necrosis factor-alpha polymorphism and secretion in myasthenia gravis","volume":"94","author":"Huang","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2019.102349_bb0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1042\/BSR20160440","article-title":"Correlation of HLA-DQ and TNF-alpha gene polymorphisms with ocular myasthenia gravis combined with thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy","volume":"37","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biosci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2019.102349_bb0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3436","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1500985","article-title":"Use of functional polymorphisms to elucidate the peptide binding site of TAP complexes","volume":"195","author":"Geng","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2019.102349_bb0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-017-1207-1","article-title":"The MHC locus and genetic susceptibility to autoimmune and infectious diseases","volume":"18","author":"Matzaraki","year":"2017","journal-title":"Genome Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2019.102349_bb0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2013.00321","article-title":"MHC class II polymorphisms, autoreactive T-cells, and autoimmunity","volume":"4","author":"Tsai","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2019.102349_bb0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2016.10.007","article-title":"T cell development by the numbers","volume":"38","author":"Krueger","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2019.102349_bb0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smim.2011.01.007","article-title":"T cell receptor recognition of self and foreign antigens in the induction of autoimmunity","volume":"23","author":"Wucherpfennig","year":"2011","journal-title":"Semin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2019.102349_bb0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2014.03.047","article-title":"Deconstructing the peptide-MHC specificity of T cell recognition","volume":"157","author":"Birnbaum","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2019.102349_bb0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2012.05.006","article-title":"MHC restriction is imposed on a diverse T cell receptor repertoire by CD4 and CD8 co-receptors during thymic selection","volume":"33","author":"Van Laethem","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trends Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2019.102349_bb0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780301102","article-title":"The shared epitope hypothesis. An approach to understanding the molecular genetics of susceptibility to rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"30","author":"Gregersen","year":"1987","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2019.102349_bb0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2435","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.84.8.2435","article-title":"The first external domain of the nonobese diabetic mouse class II I-A beta chain is unique","volume":"84","author":"Acha-Orbea","year":"1987","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2019.102349_bb0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1038\/329599a0","article-title":"HLA-DQ beta gene contributes to susceptibility and resistance to insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus","volume":"329","author":"Todd","year":"1987","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2019.102349_bb0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4169","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.160.9.4169","article-title":"Polymorphism at the HLA-DQ locus determines susceptibility to experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis","volume":"160","author":"Raju","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2019.102349_bb0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1080\/08916930600738581","article-title":"Subtle differences in HLA DQ haplotype-associated presentation of AChR alpha-chain peptides may suffice to mediate myasthenia gravis","volume":"39","author":"Deitiker","year":"2006","journal-title":"Autoimmunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2019.102349_bb0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2016.12.011","article-title":"Characterization of a reproducible rat EAMG model induced with various human acetylcholine receptor domains","volume":"303","author":"Lazaridis","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2019.102349_bb0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1405.007","article-title":"Myasthenia gravis and the tops and bottoms of AChRs: antigenic structure of the MIR and specific immunosuppression of EAMG using AChR cytoplasmic domains","volume":"1132","author":"Lindstrom","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2019.102349_bb0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13898","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2833-09.2009","article-title":"Main immunogenic region structure promotes binding of conformation-dependent myasthenia gravis autoantibodies, nicotinic acetylcholine receptor conformation maturation, and agonist sensitivity","volume":"29","author":"Luo","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2019.102349_bb0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI14255","article-title":"Mapping myasthenia gravis-associated T cell epitopes on human acetylcholine receptors in HLA transgenic mice","volume":"109","author":"Yang","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2019.102349_bb0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1118","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.167.2.1118","article-title":"Acetylcholine receptor peptide recognition in HLA DR3-transgenic mice: in vivo responses correlate with MHC-peptide binding","volume":"167","author":"Raju","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2019.102349_bb0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.4103\/0301-4738.145987","article-title":"Ocular myasthenia gravis: a review","volume":"62","author":"Nair","year":"2014","journal-title":"Indian J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2019.102349_bb0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5101","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.07-0271","article-title":"A new mouse model of autoimmune ocular myasthenia gravis","volume":"48","author":"Yang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2019.102349_bb0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.22273","article-title":"Ocular and generalized myasthenia gravis induced by human acetylcholine receptor gamma subunit immunization","volume":"45","author":"Wu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2019.102349_bb0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2015.10.009","article-title":"Ocular myasthenia gravis induced by human acetylcholine receptor subunit immunization in HLA DR3 transgenic mice","volume":"168","author":"Wu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Immunol Lett"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2019.102349_bb0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1405.037","article-title":"Extraocular muscle susceptibility to myasthenia gravis: unique immunological environment?","volume":"1132","author":"Soltys","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2019.102349_bb0280","article-title":"Extraocular muscle characteristics related to myasthenia gravis susceptibility","volume":"8","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2019.102349_bb0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2012.06766.x","article-title":"Myasthenogenicity of the main immunogenic region","volume":"1274","author":"Lindstrom","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2019.102349_bb0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2006.100545","article-title":"Clinical and serological study of myasthenia gravis in HuBei Province, China","volume":"78","author":"Zhang","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2019.102349_bb0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.25267","article-title":"Molecular and clinical relationship between live-attenuated Japanese encephalitis vaccination and childhood onset myasthenia gravis","volume":"84","author":"He","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2019.102349_bb0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.00292","article-title":"Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and MHC class II proteins: conformational plasticity in antigen presentation","volume":"8","author":"Wieczorek","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2019.102349_bb0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexmp.2008.03.011","article-title":"MHC class II antigen presentation and immunological abnormalities due to deficiency of MHC class II and its associated genes","volume":"85","author":"Chen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Exp Mol Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2019.102349_bb0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.ai.2015.07.005","article-title":"Chromatin dynamics and the development of the TCRalpha and TCRdelta repertoires","volume":"128","author":"Carico","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2019.102349_bb0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3667","article-title":"Positive and negative selection of the T cell repertoire: what thymocytes see","volume":"14","author":"Klein","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2019.102349_bb0320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3155","article-title":"Selection of regulatory T cells in the thymus","volume":"12","author":"Hsieh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2019.102349_bb0325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2017.02.049","article-title":"Rs3761389 polymorphism in autoimmune regulator (AIRE) gene is associated with susceptibility of myasthenia gravis in Chinese patients","volume":"40","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2019.102349_bb0330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4771","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-016-0024-y","article-title":"Gene polymorphisms for both auto-antigen and immune-modulating proteins are associated with the susceptibility of autoimmune myasthenia gravis","volume":"54","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol Neurobiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2019.102349_bb0335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-017-8478-z","article-title":"Juvenile-onset myasthenia gravis: autoantibody status, clinical characteristics and genetic polymorphisms","volume":"264","author":"Hong","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2019.102349_bb0340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"948723","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/948723","article-title":"The protective role of HLA-DRB1(*)13 in autoimmune diseases","volume":"2015","author":"Bettencourt","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Immunol Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2019.102349_bb0345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2017.01.020","article-title":"Association of early onset myasthenia gravis in Newfoundland dogs with the canine major histocompatibility complex class I","volume":"27","author":"Wolf","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuromuscul Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2019.102349_bb0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2015.08.015","article-title":"The genetics of human autoimmune disease: a perspective on progress in the field and future directions","volume":"64","author":"Seldin","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Autoimmun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2019.102349_bb0355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1006\/clim.1999.4710","article-title":"Correlation of thymic pathology with HLA in myasthenia gravis","volume":"91","author":"Machens","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2019.102349_bb0360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2013.06.004","article-title":"Promotion and prevention of autoimmune disease by CD8+ T cells","volume":"45","author":"Gravano","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Autoimmun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2019.102349_bb0365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.12600","article-title":"Mouse and human CD8(+) CD28(low) regulatory T lymphocytes differentiate in the thymus","volume":"148","author":"Vuddamalay","year":"2016","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2019.102349_bb0370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2005.04.010","article-title":"Thymic regulatory T cells","volume":"4","author":"Maggi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2019.102349_bb0375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1038\/nrrheum.2016.74","article-title":"CD8(+) T cells in human autoimmune arthritis: the unusual suspects","volume":"12","author":"Petrelli","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Rev Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2019.102349_bb0380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17459","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0708577104","article-title":"The role of CD8+CD28 regulatory cells in suppressing myasthenia gravis-associated responses by a dual altered peptide ligand","volume":"104","author":"Ben-David","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2019.102349_bb0385","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2689","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1302064","article-title":"Age-related decrease in TCR repertoire diversity measured with deep and normalized sequence profiling","volume":"192","author":"Britanova","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2019.102349_bb0390","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2017.05.015","article-title":"Aging-related changes in human T-cell repertoire over 20years delineated by deep sequencing of peripheral T-cell receptors","volume":"96","author":"Yoshida","year":"2017","journal-title":"Exp Gerontol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2019.102349_bb0395","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95432","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.20731","article-title":"Epstein-Barr virus in tumor-infiltrating B cells of myasthenia gravis thymoma: an innocent bystander or an autoimmunity mediator?","volume":"8","author":"Cavalcante","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2019.102349_bb0400","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200636449","article-title":"Clonal expansions of CD4+ B helper T cells in autoimmune myasthenia gravis","volume":"37","author":"Tackenberg","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2019.102349_bb0405","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1785","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.01785","article-title":"Immunopathogenesis in myasthenia gravis and neuromyelitis optica","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2019.102349_bb0410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.13519","article-title":"Thymus involvement in early-onset myasthenia gravis","volume":"1412","author":"Cron","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2019.102349_bb0415","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S137","DOI":"10.1097\/JTO.0000000000000299","article-title":"Alterations of the immune system in thymic malignancies","volume":"9","author":"Weksler","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Thorac Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2019.102349_bb0420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2075","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1501339","article-title":"Autoreactive T cells from patients with myasthenia gravis are characterized by elevated IL-17, IFN-gamma, and GM-CSF and diminished IL-10 production","volume":"196","author":"Cao","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2019.102349_bb0425","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2013.12.015","article-title":"Both Treg cells and Tconv cells are defective in the myasthenia gravis thymus: roles of IL-17 and TNF-alpha","volume":"52","author":"Gradolatto","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Autoimmun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2019.102349_bb0430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.12114","article-title":"Circulating CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells are activated in inflammatory bowel disease and are associated with plasma markers of inflammation","volume":"140","author":"Funderburg","year":"2013","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2019.102349_bb0435","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9317","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0913835107","article-title":"In situ recognition of autoantigen as an essential gatekeeper in autoimmune CD8+ T cell inflammation","volume":"107","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2019.102349_bb0440","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.51","article-title":"VAV1 and BAFF, via NFkappaB pathway, are genetic risk factors for myasthenia gravis","volume":"1","author":"Avidan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann Clin Transl Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2019.102349_bb0445","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4575","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2007.03.045","article-title":"Activation of dendritic cells and induction of CD4(+) T cell differentiation by aluminum-containing adjuvants","volume":"25","author":"Sokolovska","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2019.102349_bb0450","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-015-0334-4","article-title":"Caspase-1 inhibitor ameliorates experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis by innate dendric cell IL-1-IL-17 pathway","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2019.102349_bb0455","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2017.05.005","article-title":"Methylome and transcriptome profiling in myasthenia gravis monozygotic twins","volume":"82","author":"Mamrut","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Autoimmun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2019.102349_bb0460","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1405.018","article-title":"Common cellular and diverse genetic basis of thymoma-associated myasthenia gravis: role of MHC class II and AIRE genes and genetic polymorphisms","volume":"1132","author":"Strobel","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2019.102349_bb0465","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/s12920-015-0087-z","article-title":"Systems biology of myasthenia gravis, integration of aberrant lncRNA and mRNA expression changes","volume":"8","author":"Luo","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Med Genomics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2019.102349_bb0470","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.21901","article-title":"Specific immunotherapy of experimental myasthenia gravis by a novel mechanism","volume":"67","author":"Luo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2019.102349_bb0475","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5044","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1401392","article-title":"Antigen-specific immunotherapeutic vaccine for experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis","volume":"193","author":"Luo","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2019.102349_bb0480","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1080\/08916930500050491","article-title":"Suppression by mAbs against DQB1 peptides of in vitro proliferation of AChR-specific T cells from myasthenia gravis patients","volume":"38","author":"Oshima","year":"2005","journal-title":"Autoimmunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2019.102349_bb0485","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8165","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-017-8557-1","article-title":"Development of humanized scFv antibody fragment(s) that targets and blocks specific HLA alleles linked to myasthenia gravis","volume":"101","author":"Ayyar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl Microbiol Biotechnol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2019.102349_bb0490","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1729","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.174.3.1729","article-title":"Cathepsin S is required for murine autoimmune myasthenia gravis pathogenesis","volume":"174","author":"Yang","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2019.102349_bb0495","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1460","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1601415","article-title":"Dysregulation of B cell repertoire formation in myasthenia gravis patients revealed through deep sequencing","volume":"198","author":"Vander Heiden","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2019.102349_bb0500","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.311","article-title":"Compromised fidelity of B-cell tolerance checkpoints in AChR and MuSK myasthenia gravis","volume":"3","author":"Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann Clin Transl Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2019.102349_bb0505","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2012.06773.x","article-title":"Novel animal models of acetylcholine receptor antibody-related myasthenia gravis","volume":"1274","author":"Tuzun","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2019.102349_bb0510","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2013.12.007","article-title":"T cell repertoire in DQ5-positive MuSK-positive myasthenia gravis patients","volume":"52","author":"Marino","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Autoimmun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2019.102349_bb0515","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2399","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.02399","article-title":"A natural variant of the signaling molecule Vav1 enhances susceptibility to myasthenia gravis and influences the T cell receptor repertoire","volume":"9","author":"Bernard","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2019.102349_bb0520","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2217","article-title":"Germinal centres: role in B-cell physiology and malignancy","volume":"8","author":"Klein","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"}],"container-title":["Autoimmunity Reviews"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1568997219301491?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1568997219301491?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]],"date-time":"2025-10-27T21:16:51Z","timestamp":1761599811000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1568997219301491"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]},"references-count":104,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]}},"alternative-id":["S1568997219301491"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.autrev.2019.102349","relation":{},"ISSN":["1568-9972"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1568-9972","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"HLA in myasthenia gravis: From superficial correlation to underlying mechanism","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Autoimmunity Reviews","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.autrev.2019.102349","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"102349"}}