{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T16:13:07Z","timestamp":1791994387878,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":116,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]],"date-time":"2022-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640995200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]],"date-time":"2022-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640995200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]],"date-time":"2022-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640995200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]],"date-time":"2022-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640995200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]],"date-time":"2022-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640995200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]],"date-time":"2022-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640995200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]],"date-time":"2022-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640995200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Autoimmunity Reviews"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2021.102932","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,8]],"date-time":"2021-09-08T02:35:56Z","timestamp":1631068556000},"page":"102932","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":55,"title":["Autoimmunity in vitiligo: Therapeutic implications and opportunities"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Binod K.","family":"Khaitan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tekumalla","family":"Sindhuja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2021.102932_bb0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1016\/S0738-081X(97)00124-7","article-title":"Historical aspects and definition of vitiligo","volume":"15","author":"Kopera","year":"1997","journal-title":"Clin Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2021.102932_bb0010","article-title":"The prevalence of vitiligo: a meta-analysis","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2021.102932_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1206","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4632.2011.05377.x","article-title":"A review of the worldwide prevalence of vitiligo in children\/adolescents and adults","volume":"51","author":"Kr\u00fcger","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2021.102932_bb0020","series-title":"Drugs for Vitiligo","first-page":"p4","author":"Pasricha","year":"1996"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2021.102932_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-148X.2012.00997.x","article-title":"Revised classification\/nomenclature of vitiligo and related issues: the Vitiligo Global Issues Consensus Conference","volume":"25","author":"Ezzedine","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pigment Cell Melanoma Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2021.102932_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.4103\/0378-6323.102362","article-title":"A descriptive study to characterize segmental vitiligo","volume":"78","author":"Khaitan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2021.102932_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.det.2016.11.011","article-title":"Special considerations in children with vitiligo","volume":"35","author":"Ta\u00efeb","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dermatol Clin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2021.102932_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-3083.2007.02228.x","article-title":"Autoimmunity as an aetiological factor in vitiligo","volume":"21","author":"Rezaei","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2021.102932_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.2272","article-title":"Genome-wide association analyses identify 13 new susceptibility loci for generalized vitiligo","volume":"44","author":"Jin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2021.102932_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2016.00003","article-title":"Genetic susceptibility to vitiligo: GWAS approaches for identifying vitiligo susceptibility genes and loci","volume":"7","author":"Shen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Genet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2021.102932_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2011.321","article-title":"Six decades of vitiligo genetics: genome-wide studies provide insights into autoimmune pathogenesis","volume":"132","author":"Spritz","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2021.102932_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0625.2012.01473.x","article-title":"Study of CCN3 (NOV) and DDR1 in normal melanocytes and vitiligo skin","volume":"21","author":"Ricard","year":"2012","journal-title":"Exp Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2021.102932_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1810","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2015.25","article-title":"Altered E-cadherin levels and distribution in melanocytes precede clinical manifestations of vitiligo","volume":"135","author":"Wagner","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2021.102932_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2133.2003.05024.x","article-title":"Melanocyte detachment after skin friction in non lesional skin of patients with generalized vitiligo","volume":"148","author":"Gauthier","year":"2003","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2021.102932_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0749.2003.00070.x","article-title":"A critical appraisal of vitiligo etiologic theories. Is melanocyte loss a melanocytorrhagy?","volume":"16","author":"Gauthier","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pigment Cell Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2021.102932_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2133.2001.03952.x","article-title":"Increased sensitivity of melanocytes to oxidative stress and abnormal expression of tyrosinase-related protein in vitiligo","volume":"144","author":"Jimbow","year":"2001","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2021.102932_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1111\/1523-1747.ep12480976","article-title":"Structural aberration of the rough endoplasmic reticulum and melanosome compartmentalization in long-term cultures of melanocytes from vitiligo patients","volume":"97","author":"Boissy","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2021.102932_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0059782","article-title":"Vitiligo: a possible model of degenerative diseases","volume":"8","author":"Bellei","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2021.102932_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2601","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2012.181","article-title":"Vitiligo-inducing phenols activate the unfolded protein response in melanocytes resulting in upregulation of IL6 and IL8","volume":"132","author":"Toosi","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2021.102932_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1111\/pcmr.12402","article-title":"Use of permanent hair dyes and risk of vitiligo in women","volume":"28","author":"Wu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pigment Cell Melanoma Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2021.102932_bb0105","first-page":"278","article-title":"Differential diagnosis of idiopathic vitiligo","volume":"53","author":"Fisher","year":"1994","journal-title":"Part III: Occupational leukoderma Cutis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2021.102932_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3423","article-title":"Beyond oxidative stress: an immunologist\u2019s guide to reactive oxygen species","volume":"13","author":"Nathan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2021.102932_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-014-0445-5","article-title":"Immune sensing of nucleic acids in inflammatory skin diseases","volume":"36","author":"Demaria","year":"2014","journal-title":"Semin Immunopathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2021.102932_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1038\/35047123","article-title":"A Toll-like receptor recognizes bacterial DNA","volume":"408","author":"Hemmi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2021.102932_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1526","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1093620","article-title":"Species-specific recognition of single-stranded RNA via toll-like receptor 7 and 8","volume":"303","author":"Heil","year":"2004","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2021.102932_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1038\/35099560","article-title":"Recognition of double-stranded RNA and activation of NfkappaB by Toll-like receptor 3","volume":"413","author":"Alexopoulou","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nature."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2021.102932_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2041","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2008.45","article-title":"HSP70i accelerates depigmentation in a mouse model of autoimmune vitiligo","volume":"128","author":"Denman","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2021.102932_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1367","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.15550","article-title":"HSP70 potentiates interferon-alpha production by plasmacytoid dendritic cells: relevance for cutaneous lupus and vitiligo pathogenesis","volume":"177","author":"Jacquemin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2021.102932_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1445","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2017.01.033","article-title":"S100B is a potential disease activity marker in non-segmental vitiligo","volume":"137","author":"Speeckaert","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2021.102932_bb0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1558","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.15151","article-title":"Impact of HMGB1 on melanocytic survival and its involvement in the pathogenesis of vitiligo","volume":"176","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2021.102932_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2016.10.013","article-title":"Oxidative stress drives CD8+ T-cell skin trafficking in patients with vitiligo through CXCL16 upregulation by activating the unfolded protein response in keratinocytes","volume":"140","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2021.102932_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0625.2010.01181.x","article-title":"Autoantibodies against tyrosine hydroxylase in patients with non-segmental (generalised) vitiligo","volume":"20","author":"Kemp","year":"2011","journal-title":"Exp Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2021.102932_bb0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.158.1.246","article-title":"Antibodies to normal human melanocytes in vitiligo","volume":"158","author":"Naughton","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2021.102932_bb0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1097\/01.LAB.0000069521.42488.1B","article-title":"Immunopolarization of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells to type-1-like is associated with melanocyte loss in human vitiligo","volume":"83","author":"Wa\u0144kowicz-Kali\u0144ska","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lab Investig J Tech Methods Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2021.102932_bb0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2220","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2009.32","article-title":"Autoimmune destruction of skin melanocytes by perilesional T cells from vitiligo patients","volume":"129","author":"Van den Boorn","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2021.102932_bb0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2012.1117","article-title":"CD8+ T cells from vitiligo perilesional margins induce autologous melanocyte apoptosis","volume":"7","author":"Wu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol Med Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2021.102932_bb0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1111\/pcmr.12219","article-title":"Type I interferon signature in the initiation of the immune response in vitiligo","volume":"27","author":"Bertolotti","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pigment Cell Melanoma Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2021.102932_bb0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3007811","article-title":"CXCL10 is critical for the progression and maintenance of depigmentation in a mouse model of vitiligo","volume":"6","author":"Rashighi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2021.102932_bb0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2016.12.028","article-title":"Misbalanced CXCL12 and CCL5 chemotactic signals in vitiligo onset and progression","volume":"137","author":"Rezk","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2021.102932_bb0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1318","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.14416","article-title":"Increased expression of CXCR3 and its ligands in patients with vitiligo and CXCL10 as a potential clinical marker for vitiligo","volume":"174","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2021.102932_bb0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1869","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2011.463","article-title":"A mouse model of vitiligo with focused epidermal depigmentation requires IFN-\u03b3 for autoreactive CD8+ T-cell accumulation in the skin","volume":"132","author":"Harris","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2021.102932_bb0210","first-page":"1219","article-title":"Presence of T cells and macrophages in inflammatory vitiligo skin parallels melanocyte disappearance","volume":"148","author":"Le Poole","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2021.102932_bb0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1711700209","article-title":"An immunohistological study of cutaneous lymphocytes in vitiligo","volume":"170","author":"Badri","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2021.102932_bb0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.188.6.1203","article-title":"High frequency of skin-homing melanocyte-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes in autoimmune vitiligo","volume":"188","author":"Ogg","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2021.102932_bb0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1747.2001.01408.x","article-title":"Specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses against Melan-A\/MART1, tyrosinase and gp100 in vitiligo by the use of major histocompatibility complex\/peptide tetramers: the role of cellular immunity in the etiopathogenesis of vitiligo","volume":"117","author":"Palermo","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2021.102932_bb0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3055","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.177.5.3055","article-title":"CD4 T cell-dependent autoimmunity against a melanocyte neoantigen induces spontaneous vitiligo and depends upon Fas-Fas ligand interactions","volume":"177","author":"Lambe","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2021.102932_bb0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3818","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2006-07-034066","article-title":"CTLA-4 dysregulation of self\/tumor-reactive CD8+ T-cell function is CD4+ T-cell dependent","volume":"108","author":"Gattinoni","year":"2006","journal-title":"Blood."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2021.102932_bb0240","article-title":"Th17 cells and activated dendritic cells are increased in vitiligo lesions","volume":"6","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2021.102932_bb0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.12691","article-title":"Inflammasome activation and vitiligo\/nonsegmental vitiligo progression","volume":"170","author":"Marie","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2021.102932_bb0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2230.2010.03972.x","article-title":"Role of interleukin-17 in the pathogenesis of vitiligo","volume":"36","author":"Bassiouny","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Exp Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2021.102932_bb0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-148X.2011.00945.x","article-title":"Dysregulation of melanocyte function by Th17-related cytokines: significance of Th17 cell infiltration in autoimmune vitiligo vulgaris","volume":"25","author":"Kotobuki","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pigment Cell Melanoma Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2021.102932_bb0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1684\/ejd.2013.2023","article-title":"Interleukin 17, interleukin 22 and FoxP3 expression in tissue and serum of non-segmental vitiligo: a case- controlled study on eighty-four patients","volume":"23","author":"Elela","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2021.102932_bb0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2741","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2013.237","article-title":"IL-17 and TNF synergistically modulate cytokine expression while suppressing melanogenesis: potential relevance to psoriasis","volume":"133","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2021.102932_bb0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2014.10.002","article-title":"Regulatory T cells in vitiligo: implications for pathogenesis and therapeutics","volume":"14","author":"Dwivedi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2021.102932_bb0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102761","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2021.102761","article-title":"Engineered antigen-specific regulatory T cells for autoimmune skin conditions","volume":"20","author":"Mukhatayev","year":"2021","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2021.102932_bb0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1111\/ijd.12160","article-title":"Assessment of tissue FoxP3+, CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells in active and stable nonsegmental vitiligo","volume":"53","author":"Abdallah","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2021.102932_bb0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2010.337","article-title":"Comprehensive association analysis of candidate genes for generalized vitiligo supports XBP1, FOXP3, and TSLP","volume":"131","author":"Birlea","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2021.102932_bb0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1111\/1346-8138.12147","article-title":"Modern vitiligo genetics sheds new light on an ancient disease","volume":"40","author":"Spritz","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2021.102932_bb0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102868","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2021.102868","article-title":"Emerging role of tissue resident memory T cells in vitiligo: from pathogenesis to therapeutics","volume":"20","author":"Shah","year":"2021","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2021.102932_bb0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2012.11197.x","article-title":"Guidelines for the management of vitiligo: the European Dermatology Forum consensus","volume":"168","author":"Taieb","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2021.102932_bb0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1532","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.134.12.1532","article-title":"Nonsurgical repigmentation therapies in vitiligo: meta-analysis of the literature","volume":"134","author":"Njoo","year":"1998","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2021.102932_bb0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.4103\/0378-6323.90949","article-title":"Segmental vitiligo: a randomized controlled trial to evaluate efficacy and safety of 0.1% tacrolimus ointment vs 0.05% fluticasone propionate cream","volume":"78","author":"Kathuria","year":"2012","journal-title":"Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2021.102932_bb0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4632.2012.05697.x","article-title":"Efficacy of topical calcineurin inhibitors in vitiligo","volume":"52","author":"Wong","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2021.102932_bb0320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.139.5.581","article-title":"A double-blind randomized trial of 0.1% tacrolimus vs 0.05% clobetasol for the treatment of childhood vitiligo","volume":"139","author":"Lepe","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2021.102932_bb0325","first-page":"88","article-title":"Topical 0.05% clobetasol propionate versus 1% pimecrolimus ointment in vitiligo","volume":"15","author":"Coskun","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2021.102932_bb0330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.3109\/09546630903266761","article-title":"Mometasone cream versus pimecrolimus cream for the treatment of childhood vitiligo","volume":"21","author":"Kose","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Dermatolog Treat"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2021.102932_bb0335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1610-0387.2006.06124.x","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of pimecrolimus cream 1% in adult patients with vitiligo: results of a randomized, double-blind, vehicle-controlled study","volume":"4","author":"Dawid","year":"2006","journal-title":"J der Deutschen Dermatologischen Gesellschaft"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2021.102932_bb0340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-3083.2006.02101.x","article-title":"Narrow-band UVB phototherapy combined with tacrolimus ointment in vitiligo: a review of 110 patients","volume":"21","author":"Fai","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2021.102932_bb0345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.140.9.1065","article-title":"Topical tacrolimus and the 308-nm excimer laser: a synergistic combination for the treatment of vitiligo","volume":"140","author":"Passeron","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2021.102932_bb0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1440","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-3083.2011.04002.x","article-title":"Treatment of vitiligo with narrowband- UVB (TL01) combined with tacrolimus ointment (0.1%) vs. placebo ointment, a randomized right\/left double-blind comparative study","volume":"25","author":"Nordal","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2021.102932_bb0355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1347","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-3083.2009.03228.x","article-title":"Pimecrolimus: a new choice in the treatment of vitiligo?","volume":"23","author":"Eryilmaz","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2021.102932_bb0360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"970","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2014.527","article-title":"Maintenance therapy of adult vitiligo with 0.1% tacrolimus ointment: a randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled study","volume":"135","author":"Cavali\u00e9","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2021.102932_bb0365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1684\/ejd.2009.0779","article-title":"An open randomized study to compare narrow band UVB, topical pimecrolimus and topical tacrolimus in the treatment of vitiligo","volume":"19","author":"Stinco","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2021.102932_bb0370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-3083.2006.01420.x","article-title":"Effect of topical calcipotriol, betamethasone dipropionate and their combination in the treatment of localized vitiligo","volume":"20","author":"Kumaran","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2021.102932_bb0375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.12726","article-title":"Comparison of efficacy and safety profile of topical calcipotriol ointment in combination with NB-UVB vs. NB-UVB alone in the treatment of vitiligo: a 24-week prospective right-left comparative clinical trial","volume":"29","author":"Khullar","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2021.102932_bb0380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4103\/idoj.IDOJ_40_21","article-title":"Efficacy of NB-UVB in progressive versus non-progressive non-segmental vitiligo: a prospective comparative study","author":"Bhatia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Indian Dermatol Online J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2021.102932_bb0385","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4103\/0378-6323.172902","article-title":"Targeted phototherapy","volume":"82","author":"Mysore","year":"2016","journal-title":"Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2021.102932_bb0390","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2006.07584.x","article-title":"Effects of psoralen plus ultraviolet A irradiation on cultured epidermal cells in vitro and patients with vitiligo in vivo","volume":"156","author":"Wu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2021.102932_bb0395","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-3083.2007.01980.x","article-title":"Narrowband UVB therapy for vitiligo: does the repigmentation last?","volume":"21","author":"Sitek","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2021.102932_bb0400","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1001\/jamadermatol.2017.0002","article-title":"Phototherapy for vitiligo: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"153","author":"Bae","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2021.102932_bb0405","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1080\/14728214.2020.1712358","article-title":"Emerging drugs for the treatment of vitiligo","volume":"25","author":"Karagaiah","year":"2020","journal-title":"Expert Opin Emerg Drugs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2021.102932_bb0410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.13917","article-title":"Treatment of vitiligo with 308-nm excimer laser: our experience from a 2-year follow-up of 979 Chinese patients","volume":"31","author":"Fa","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2021.102932_bb0415","series-title":"Vitiligo \u2013 Management and Therapy","first-page":"p107","article-title":"Systemic corticosteroids in vitiligo","author":"Khaitan","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2021.102932_bb0420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4362.1993.tb02754.x","article-title":"Oral mini-pulse therapy with betamethasone in vitiligo patients having extensive or fast-spreading disease","volume":"32","author":"Pasricha","year":"1993","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2021.102932_bb0425","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1067\/mjd.2001.113475","article-title":"Oral dexamethasone pulse treatment for vitiligo","volume":"44","author":"Radakovic-Fijan","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2021.102932_bb0430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2019.03.025","article-title":"A randomized comparative study of the effect of betamethasone oral mini-pulse therapy versus oral azathioprine in progressive non-segmental vitiligo","volume":"85","author":"Patra","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2021.102932_bb0435","article-title":"Oral mycophenolate mofetil as a stabilizing treatment for progressive non-segmental vitiligo: results from a prospective, randomized, investigator-blinded pilot study","author":"Bishnoi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2021.102932_bb0440","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.4103\/0378-6323.175927","article-title":"Levamisole: A multi-faceted drug in dermatology","volume":"82","author":"Gupta","year":"2016","journal-title":"Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2021.102932_bb0445","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2005.06556.x","article-title":"A randomized placebo-controlled double-blind study of levamisole in the treatment of limited and slowly spreading vitiligo","volume":"153","author":"Agarwal","year":"2005","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2021.102932_bb0450","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4362.1994.tb02903.x","article-title":"Effect of prolonged treatment with levamisole on vitiligo with limited and slow-spreading disease","volume":"33","author":"Pasricha","year":"1994","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2021.102932_bb0455","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1097\/CM9.0000000000000794","article-title":"Deciphering skin re-pigmentation patterns in vitiligo: an update on the cellular and molecular events involved","volume":"133","author":"Lei","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chin Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2021.102932_bb0460","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.12443","article-title":"Bimatoprost ophthalmic solution in facial vitiligo","volume":"17","author":"Jha","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Cosmet Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2021.102932_bb0465","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2008.08923.x","article-title":"Evaluation of safety and efficacy of topical prostaglandin E2 in treatment of vitiligo","volume":"160","author":"Kapoor","year":"2009","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2021.102932_bb0470","first-page":"703","article-title":"Bimatoprost 0.03% solution for the treatment of non facial Vitiligo","volume":"15","author":"Grimes","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Drugs Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2021.102932_bb0475","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.5826\/dpc.0702a06","article-title":"Topical mycophenolate mofetil in the treatment of vitiligo: a pilot study","volume":"7","author":"Handjani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dermatol Pract Concept"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2021.102932_bb0480","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/dth.13013","article-title":"Topical methotrexate 1% gel for treatment of vitiligo: a case report and review of the literature","volume":"32","author":"Abdelmaksoud","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dermatol Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2021.102932_bb0485","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2230.2003.01207.x","article-title":"Effectiveness of oral Ginkgo biloba in treating limited, slowly spreading vitiligo","volume":"28","author":"Parsad","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Exp Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2021.102932_bb0490","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-3083.2006.02132.x","article-title":"Treatment of vitiligo vulgaris with narrow-band UVB and oral Polypodium leucotomos extract: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study","volume":"21","author":"Middelkamp-Hup","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2021.102932_bb0495","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2230.2007.02514.x","article-title":"Antioxidants and narrow band-UVB in the treatment of vitiligo: a double-blind placebo controlled trial","volume":"32","author":"Dell\u2019Anna","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Exp Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2021.102932_bb0500","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1001\/jamadermatol.2014.1875","article-title":"Afamelanotide and narrowband UV-B phototherapy for the treatment of vitiligo: a randomized multicenter trial","volume":"151","author":"Lim","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2021.102932_bb0505","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.4103\/0378-6323.125479","article-title":"Randomized controlled study to evaluate the effectiveness of dexamethasone oral minipulse therapy versus oral minocycline in patients with active vitiligo vulgaris","volume":"80","author":"Singh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2021.102932_bb0510","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240856","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/240856","article-title":"Narrow-band ultraviolet B versus Oral minocycline in treatment of unstable Vitiligo: a prospective comparative trial","volume":"2014","author":"Siadat","year":"2014","journal-title":"Dermatol Res Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2021.102932_bb0515","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1159\/000433424","article-title":"A randomized comparative study of oral corticosteroid Minipulse and low-dose oral methotrexate in the treatment of unstable vitiligo","volume":"231","author":"Singh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dermatology."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2021.102932_bb0520","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/dth.13586","article-title":"Combination of oral methotrexate and oral mini-pulse dexamethasone vs either agent alone in vitiligo treatment with follow up by dermoscope","author":"ElGhareeb","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dermatol Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2021.102932_bb0525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1339","DOI":"10.1097\/DSS.0000000000001190","article-title":"Efficacy of cyclosporine after autologous noncultured melanocyte transplantation in localized stable vitiligo-a pilot, open label","volume":"43","author":"Mutalik","year":"2017","journal-title":"Comparative Study Dermatol Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2021.102932_bb0530","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.4103\/ijdvl.IJDVL_656_18","article-title":"Cyclosporine in treatment of progressive vitiligo: an open-label, single-arm interventional study","volume":"85","author":"Taneja","year":"2019","journal-title":"Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2021.102932_bb0535","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1111\/cei.12168","article-title":"Treatment of vitiligo with a chimeric monoclonal antibody to CD20: a pilot study","volume":"174","author":"Ruiz-Arg\u00fcelles","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2021.102932_bb0540","article-title":"Apremilast is effective in controlling the progression of adult vitiligo: a case series","volume":"32","author":"Majid","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dermatol Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2021.102932_bb0545","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2019.11.031","article-title":"Apremilast in combination with narrowband UVB in the treatment of vitiligo: a 52-week monocentric prospective randomized placebo-controlled study","volume":"140","author":"Khemis","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2021.102932_bb0550","first-page":"1","article-title":"Repigmentation in vitiligo using janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors with phototherapy: systematic review and Meta-analysis","volume":"2","author":"Phan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Dermatolog Treat"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2021.102932_bb0555","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2016.06.015","article-title":"A double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase-II clinical trial to evaluate oral simvastatin as a treatment for vitiligo","volume":"76","author":"Vanderweil","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2021.102932_bb0560","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1001\/jamadermatol.2017.6401","article-title":"Atorvastatin in combination with narrowband UV-B in adult patients with active Vitiligo: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"154","author":"Nguyen","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2021.102932_bb0565","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3005127","article-title":"Mutant HSP70 reverses autoimmune depigmentation in vitiligo","volume":"5","author":"Mosenson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2021.102932_bb0570","first-page":"343","article-title":"Interfering with the IFN-gamma\/CXCL10 pathway to develop new targeted treatments for vitiligo","volume":"3","author":"Rashighi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann Transl Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2021.102932_bb0575","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3105","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2015.335","article-title":"Transcriptional analysis of vitiligo skin reveals the alteration of WNT pathway: a promising target for repigmenting vitiligo patients","volume":"135","author":"Regazzetti","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2021.102932_bb0580","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.det.2016.11.014","article-title":"Vitiligo pathogenesis and emerging treatments","volume":"35","author":"Rashighi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dermatol Clin"}],"container-title":["Autoimmunity Reviews"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S156899722100207X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S156899722100207X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]],"date-time":"2025-10-27T21:24:19Z","timestamp":1761600259000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S156899722100207X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"references-count":116,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]}},"alternative-id":["S156899722100207X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.autrev.2021.102932","relation":{},"ISSN":["1568-9972"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1568-9972","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Autoimmunity in vitiligo: Therapeutic implications and opportunities","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Autoimmunity Reviews","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.autrev.2021.102932","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"102932"}}