{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]],"date-time":"2026-11-06T02:43:26Z","timestamp":1793933006357,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":104,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Autoimmunity Reviews"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2025.103955","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]],"date-time":"2025-10-30T01:00:09Z","timestamp":1761786009000},"page":"103955","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Environmental toxins and toxic metals in autoimmune diseases: Sex differences, hormonal influences, and immune dysregulation"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Geir","family":"Bj\u00f8rklund","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David R.","family":"Wallace","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kimiya","family":"Kangarlou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fahimida","family":"Hossain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Massimiliano","family":"Peana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2025.103955_bb0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yfrne.2022.100995","article-title":"The underlying sex differences in neuroendocrine adaptations relevant to Myalgic encephalomyelitis chronic fatigue syndrome","volume":"66","author":"Thomas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Neuroendocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2025.103955_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2022.102266","article-title":"The increasing prevalence of autoimmunity and autoimmune diseases: an urgent call to action for improved understanding, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention","volume":"80","author":"Miller","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Immunol."},{"issue":"18","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2025.103955_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI180076","article-title":"Mechanisms underlying sex differences in autoimmunity","volume":"134","author":"Fairweather","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2025.103955_bb0020","first-page":"20","article-title":"Exposure to environmental toxins and autoimmune conditions","volume":"20","author":"Kharrazian","year":"2021","journal-title":"Integr. Med. Clin. J."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2025.103955_bb0025","first-page":"205","article-title":"Sex-based differences in autoimmune diseases","volume":"52","author":"Ortona","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Ist. Super. Sanita"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2025.103955_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.00611","article-title":"Gender bias in human systemic Lupus erythematosus: a problem of steroid receptor action?","volume":"9","author":"Rider","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2025.103955_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xjidi.2025.100391","article-title":"Sex Bias in autoimmunity: new findings and new opportunities","volume":"5","author":"van Drongelen","year":"2025","journal-title":"JID Innov."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2025.103955_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-101320-125133","article-title":"Sex differences in immunity","volume":"40","author":"Wilkinson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2025.103955_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2013.4462","article-title":"Role of environment and sex differences in the development of autoimmune diseases: a roundtable meeting report","volume":"22","author":"Mallampalli","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Women\u2019s Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2025.103955_bb0050","series-title":"Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology 61 (volume 61, 2021)","first-page":"135","article-title":"Mechanisms of environment-induced autoimmunity","author":"Pollard","year":"2021"},{"issue":"17","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2025.103955_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1767","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare12171767","article-title":"Autoimmune diseases following environmental disasters: a narrative review of the literature","volume":"12","author":"Mpakosi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Healthcare"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2025.103955_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2023.103509","article-title":"Metal-induced autoimmunity in neurological disorders: a review of current understanding and future directions","volume":"23","author":"Bjorklund","year":"2024","journal-title":"Autoimmun. Rev."},{"issue":"35","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2025.103955_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7190","DOI":"10.2174\/0929867328666210324161205","article-title":"Metal toxicity and speciation: a review","volume":"28","author":"Peana","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Chem."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2025.103955_bb0070","first-page":"22","article-title":"Exposure to Environmental Toxins & Autoimmune Conditions","volume":"23","author":"Kharrazian","year":"2024","journal-title":"Integr. Med. Clin. J."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2025.103955_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbagen.2019.02.001","article-title":"Mercury-induced inflammation and autoimmunity","volume":"1863","author":"Pollard","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Gen. Subj."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2025.103955_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2174\/0109298673334663250101101006","article-title":"The impact of mercury from dental amalgams on pregnancy and childhood: a health and risk assessment evaluation","author":"Escalante","year":"2025","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2025.103955_bb0085","series-title":"Biological Effects of Human Exposure to Environmental Cadmium Biomolecules 13 (1)","author":"Peana","year":"2022"},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2025.103955_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1620","DOI":"10.2174\/0929867330666230409135310","article-title":"Early-life Lead exposure: risks and neurotoxic consequences","volume":"31","author":"Bjorklund","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Chem."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2025.103955_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2008","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-021-02814-y","article-title":"Impact of cadmium mediated by tobacco use in musculoskeletal diseases","volume":"200","author":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Torres","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2025.103955_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2022.109159","article-title":"Arsenic trioxide modulates the composition and metabolic function of the gut microbiota in a mouse model of rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"111","author":"Niu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2025.103955_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s40572-016-0082-3","article-title":"Arsenic exposure and immunotoxicity: a review including the possible influence of age and sex","volume":"3","author":"Ferrario","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Environ. Health Rep."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2025.103955_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-023-01617-7","article-title":"Ferroptosis induces detrimental effects in chronic EAE and its implications for progressive MS","volume":"11","author":"Jhelum","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2025.103955_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2024.117352","article-title":"Environmental triggers and future risk of developing autoimmune diseases: molecular mechanism and network toxicology analysis of bisphenol a","volume":"288","author":"Hong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2025.103955_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2024.116452","article-title":"Environmental triggers of autoimmunity: the association between bisphenol analogues and systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"278","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2025.103955_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-071514","article-title":"Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and risk of rheumatoid arthritis: a cross-sectional analysis of the National Health and nutrition examination survey, 2007\u20132016","volume":"13","author":"Beidelschies","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"17","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2025.103955_bb0130","article-title":"Autoimmune diseases following environmental disasters: a narrative review of the literature","volume":"12","author":"Mpakosi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Healthcare (Basel)"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2025.103955_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-024-03550-5","article-title":"Pregnancy complications and autoimmune diseases in women: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"22","author":"Singh","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2025.103955_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2019.00265","article-title":"Autoimmune disease in women: endocrine transition and risk across the lifespan","volume":"10","author":"Desai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2025.103955_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines9060652","article-title":"Gender specific differences in disease susceptibility: the role of epigenetics","volume":"9","author":"Migliore","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2025.103955_bb0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1059833","article-title":"Effects of biological sex and pregnancy in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis: it\u2019s complicated","volume":"13","author":"McCombe","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2025.103955_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yhbeh.2012.02.023","article-title":"Pregnancy and pregnancy-associated hormones alter immune responses and disease pathogenesis","volume":"62","author":"Robinson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Horm. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2025.103955_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2022.1059083","article-title":"Effect of puberty on the immune system: relevance to multiple sclerosis","volume":"10","author":"Ucciferri","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Pediatr."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2025.103955_bb0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1150","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-024-05990-2","article-title":"Sex differences in disease: sex chromosome and immunity","volume":"22","author":"Feng","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2025.103955_bb0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1186\/s10020-020-00256-1","article-title":"Escape from X chromosome inactivation and female bias of autoimmune diseases","volume":"26","author":"Mousavi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Med."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2025.103955_bb0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2025-012165","article-title":"New insights into the role of IFN-alpha\/beta and TLR7\/8\/9 in cancer immunotherapy and systemic autoimmunity","volume":"13","author":"Krieg","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Immunother Cancer"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2025.103955_bb0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-065X.2009.00782.x","article-title":"Molecular mechanism and function of CD40\/CD40L engagement in the immune system","volume":"229","author":"Elgueta","year":"2009","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2025.103955_bb0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1093\/cei\/uxad048","article-title":"Development and function of FOXP3+ regulators of immune responses","volume":"213","author":"Golzari-Sorkheh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"issue":"24","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2025.103955_bb0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2024624118","article-title":"The dynamic epigenetic regulation of the inactive X chromosome in healthy human B cells is dysregulated in lupus patients","volume":"118","author":"Pyfrom","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"issue":"null","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2025.103955_bb0195","first-page":"227","article-title":"Recent insights into the regulation of X-chromosome inactivation","volume":"5","author":"Valencia","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv. Genom. Genet."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2025.103955_bb0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1186\/s13293-024-00650-y","article-title":"Female-bias in systemic lupus erythematosus: how much is the X chromosome to blame?","volume":"15","author":"Vieira","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biol. Sex Differ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2025.103955_bb0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2023.102992","article-title":"Influence of X chromosome in sex-biased autoimmune diseases","volume":"137","author":"Miquel","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Autoimmun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2025.103955_bb0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2012.12.006","article-title":"Overexpression of X-linked genes in T cells from women with lupus","volume":"41","author":"Hewagama","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Autoimmun."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2025.103955_bb0215","first-page":"20","article-title":"Exposure to Environmental Toxins and Autoimmune Conditions","volume":"20","author":"Kharrazian","year":"2021","journal-title":"Integr Med (Encinitas)"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2025.103955_bb0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1084","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2011.02.005","article-title":"Epigenetic perspective on the developmental effects of bisphenol a","volume":"25","author":"Kundakovic","year":"2011","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2025.103955_bb0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tig.2019.04.008","article-title":"The pregnancy pickle: evolved immune compensation due to pregnancy underlies sex differences in human diseases","volume":"35","author":"Natri","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trends Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2025.103955_bb0230","first-page":"167","article-title":"Two age peaks in the incidence of chronic fatigue syndrome\/myalgic encephalomyelitis: a population-based registry study from Norway 2008-2012","volume":"12","author":"Bakken","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Med."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2025.103955_bb0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14040909","article-title":"The impact of estrogens and their receptors on immunity and inflammation during infection","volume":"14","author":"Harding","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2025.103955_bb0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1007\/s12016-025-09031-8","article-title":"The impact of menopause on autoimmune and rheumatic diseases","volume":"68","author":"Motta","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin. Rev. Allergy Immunol."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2025.103955_bb0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2010.02.008","article-title":"Genetic and hormonal factors in female-biased autoimmunity","volume":"9","author":"Rubtsov","year":"2010","journal-title":"Autoimmun. Rev."},{"issue":"6\u20137","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2025.103955_bb0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A493","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2011.11.027","article-title":"The role of environmental estrogens and autoimmunity","volume":"11","author":"Chighizola","year":"2012","journal-title":"Autoimmun. Rev."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2025.103955_bb0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.2478\/pjvs-2013-0059","article-title":"The effect of PCB126, 77, and 153 on the intracellular mobilization of ca+2 in bovine granulosa and luteal cells after FSH and LH surge in vitro","volume":"16","author":"Mlynarczuk","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pol. J. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2025.103955_bb0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/ftox.2021.649024","article-title":"Immune and nervous systems interaction in endocrine disruptors toxicity: the case of atrazine","volume":"3","author":"Galbiati","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Toxicol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2025.103955_bb0265","series-title":"Bisphenol A: A Multi-modal Endocrine Disruptor","article-title":"The role of bisphenol a in development of autoimmunity","author":"Lazurova","year":"2022"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2025.103955_bb0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1052","DOI":"10.1080\/26895293.2022.2128439","article-title":"Puzzling relationship between levels of toxic metals in blood and serum levels of reproductive hormones: benchmark dose approach in cross-sectional study","volume":"15","author":"Maric","year":"2022","journal-title":"All Life"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2025.103955_bb0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/26395940.2023.2181124","article-title":"Effect of cadmium exposure during and after pregnancy of female","volume":"35","author":"Ali","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Pollutants Bioavail."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2025.103955_bb0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpc.2007.05.002","article-title":"In situ endocrine disrupting effects of cadmium on the reproduction of Ruditapes decussatus","volume":"146","author":"Ketata","year":"2007","journal-title":"Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2025.103955_bb0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19041959","article-title":"Assessment of five pesticides as endocrine-disrupting chemicals: effects on estrogen receptors and aromatase","volume":"19","author":"Gea","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2025.103955_bb0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/art.43318","article-title":"Associations of specific pesticides and incident rheumatoid arthritis among female spouses in the agricultural health study","author":"Parks","year":"2025","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2025.103955_bb0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.20335","article-title":"Insecticide use and risk of rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus in the Women\u2019s Health Initiative observational study","volume":"63","author":"Parks","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res."},{"issue":"20","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2025.103955_bb0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232012402","article-title":"Pesticides and their impairing effects on epithelial barrier integrity, Dysbiosis, disruption of the AhR signaling pathway and development of immune-mediated inflammatory diseases","volume":"23","author":"Lima","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2025.103955_bb0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.0800026","article-title":"Differential regulation of dopamine transporter function and location by low concentrations of environmental estrogens and 17beta-estradiol","volume":"117","author":"Alyea","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2025.103955_bb0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1402","DOI":"10.1080\/07391102.2018.1461134","article-title":"Study on the binding characteristics of hydroxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers and thyroid transporters using the multispectral technique and computational simulation","volume":"37","author":"Wei","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Biomol. Struct. Dyn."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2025.103955_bb0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1002\/tox.22234","article-title":"In vitro profiling of toxicity and endocrine disrupting effects of bisphenol analogues by employing MCF-7 cells and two-hybrid yeast bioassay","volume":"32","author":"Lei","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2025.103955_bb0320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1887","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgab199","article-title":"Prenatal exposure to bisphenols and phthalates and postpartum depression: the role of Neurosteroid hormone disruption","volume":"106","author":"Jacobson","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2025.103955_bb0325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2022.06.005","article-title":"Systemic Lupus erythematosus risk: the role of environmental factors","volume":"48","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rheum. Dis. Clin. N. Am."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2025.103955_bb0330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1530","DOI":"10.1002\/art.42929","article-title":"Air pollution, genetic susceptibility, and risk of incident systemic Lupus erythematosus: a prospective cohort study","volume":"76","author":"Xing","year":"2024","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2025.103955_bb0335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-024-04928-y","article-title":"Large-scale genome-wide association studies reveal the genetic causal etiology between air pollutants and autoimmune diseases","volume":"22","author":"Wen","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2025.103955_bb0340","article-title":"Causal association between air pollution and autoimmune diseases: a two-sample Mendelian randomization study","volume":"12","author":"Hu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2025.103955_bb0345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph13010075","article-title":"Mercury in hair is inversely related to disease associated damage in systemic Lupus erythematosus","volume":"13","author":"Crowe","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2025.103955_bb0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.24953\/turkjped.2022.249","article-title":"Mercury exposure mimicking systemic lupus erythematosus in a thirteen-year-old girl","volume":"65","author":"Kisaoglu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Turk. J. Pediatr."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2025.103955_bb0355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-025-04082-7","article-title":"Mercury poisoning-associated membranous nephropathy and autoimmune encephalitis","volume":"26","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Nephrol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2025.103955_bb0360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2020.108352","article-title":"Mercury-induced autoimmunity: drifting from micro to macro concerns on autoimmune disorders","volume":"213","author":"Bjorklund","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2025.103955_bb0365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2024.127524","article-title":"The correlation between single and mixed trace elements exposure in systemic lupus erythematosus: a case-control study","volume":"86","author":"Huang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2025.103955_bb0370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1186\/s12940-023-01019-1","article-title":"Association of Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) exposures and the risk of systemic lupus erythematosus: a case-control study in China","volume":"22","author":"He","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2025.103955_bb0375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/biom13040709","article-title":"Vitamin D and autoimmune rheumatic diseases","volume":"13","author":"Athanassiou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2025.103955_bb0380","article-title":"Diet and hygiene in modulating autoimmunity during the pandemic era","volume":"12","author":"Abdelhamid","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2025.103955_bb0385","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nutos.2022.06.002","article-title":"Nutrients, foods and dietary patterns in the management of autoimmune rheumatic diseases","volume":"44","author":"Pagliai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr. Open Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2025.103955_bb0390","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1186\/s41927-024-00420-8","article-title":"Environmental pollution impact on the severity of some rheumatic diseases: a comparative analytical study on inflammatory and non-inflammatory samples","volume":"8","author":"Elbeialy","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Rheumatol"},{"issue":"23","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2025.103955_bb0395","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph182312776","article-title":"Rheumatoid arthritis in silica-exposed workers","volume":"18","author":"Min","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2025.103955_bb0400","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/rmdopen-2022-002807","article-title":"Mining the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis, the leading role of the environment","volume":"8","author":"Adami","year":"2022","journal-title":"RMD Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2025.103955_bb0405","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2023.122181","article-title":"Potential roles of air pollutants on the induction and aggravation of rheumatoid arthritis: from cell to bedside studies","volume":"334","author":"Gumtorntip","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2025.103955_bb0410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1097\/JOM.0000000000002281","article-title":"Silica dust exposure increases risk for rheumatoid arthritis: a Swedish National Registry Case-Control Study","volume":"63","author":"Wrangel","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2025.103955_bb0415","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.933360","article-title":"Autoreactive B cells recruited to lungs by silica exposure contribute to local autoantibody production in autoimmune-prone BXSB and B cell receptor transgenic mice","volume":"13","author":"Fee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2025.103955_bb0420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.23226","article-title":"Rheumatoid arthritis in low-level toluene-exposed workers based on nationwide medical surveillance data in Korea","volume":"64","author":"Min","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Ind. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2025.103955_bb0425","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2025.127651","article-title":"Cadmium exposure and its role in joint disease: a brief review of experimental and population-based evidence","volume":"89","author":"Castaneda","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2025.103955_bb0430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2024.127406","article-title":"Association of blood cadmium levels and all-cause mortality among adults with rheumatoid arthritis: the NHANES cohort study","volume":"83","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2025.103955_bb0435","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/cells8070700","article-title":"Mucosa-environment interactions in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"8","author":"Lucchino","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2025.103955_bb0440","article-title":"Citrullination and PAD enzyme biology in type 1 diabetes - regulators of inflammation, autoimmunity, and pathology","volume":"12","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2025.103955_bb0445","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.2147\/COPD.S152028","article-title":"Cadmium nanoparticles citrullinate cytokeratins within lung epithelial cells: cadmium as a potential cause of citrullination in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"13","author":"Hutchinson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2025.103955_bb0450","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29978","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-76179-2","article-title":"Associations between pesticide use and rheumatoid arthritis among older farmers in the agricultural health study","volume":"14","author":"Parks","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"Pt 2","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2025.103955_bb0455","article-title":"Endocrine-disrupting chemicals and autoimmune diseases","volume":"231","author":"Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2025.103955_bb0460","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2022.119505","article-title":"Evaluated serum perfluoroalkyl acids and their relationships with the incidence of rheumatoid arthritis in the general population in Hangzhou","volume":"307","author":"Qu","year":"2022","journal-title":"China Environ Pollut"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2025.103955_bb0465","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2010.1636","article-title":"Environmental exposures and autoimmune thyroid disease","volume":"20","author":"Brent","year":"2010","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2025.103955_bb0470","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0246748","article-title":"Mercury in the human thyroid gland: potential implications for thyroid cancer, autoimmune thyroiditis, and hypothyroidism","volume":"16","author":"Pamphlett","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2025.103955_bb0475","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-056909","article-title":"Are ethnic differences, urinary iodine status, lead and cadmium exposure associated with thyroid autoimmunity and hypothyroid status? A cross-sectional study","volume":"12","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2025.103955_bb0480","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12051222","article-title":"Protective effects of myo-inositol and selenium on cadmium-induced thyroid toxicity in mice","volume":"12","author":"Benvenga","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2025.103955_bb0485","first-page":"8687","article-title":"Efficacy of the synergic action of myoinositol, tyrosine, selenium and chromium in women with PCOS","volume":"23","author":"Montanino Oliva","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2025.103955_bb0490","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2024.1398272","article-title":"Association between air pollutants, thyroid disorders, and thyroid hormone levels: a scoping review of epidemiological evidence","volume":"15","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"issue":"21","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2025.103955_bb0495","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17217787","article-title":"New insights into mechanisms of endocrine-disrupting Chemicals in Thyroid Diseases: the epigenetic way","volume":"17","author":"Pitto","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2025.103955_bb0500","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1007\/s12026-021-09192-6","article-title":"Iodoprophylaxis and thyroid autoimmunity: an update","volume":"69","author":"Teti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Immunol. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2025.103955_bb0505","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.891233","article-title":"Fish and the thyroid: a Janus Bifrons relationship caused by pollutants and the omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids","volume":"13","author":"Benvenga","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2025.103955_bb0510","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2020.101377","article-title":"Endocrine disruptors and thyroid autoimmunity","volume":"34","author":"Benvenga","year":"2020","journal-title":"Best Pract. Res. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2025.103955_bb0515","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27196613","article-title":"Selenium: an antioxidant with a critical role in anti-aging","volume":"27","author":"Bjorklund","year":"2022","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2025.103955_bb0520","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3094","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.03094","article-title":"Environmental exposures and autoimmune diseases: contribution of gut microbiome","volume":"10","author":"Khan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."}],"container-title":["Autoimmunity Reviews"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1568997225002162?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1568997225002162?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,30]],"date-time":"2025-12-30T13:06:52Z","timestamp":1767100012000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1568997225002162"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"references-count":104,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["S1568997225002162"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.autrev.2025.103955","relation":{},"ISSN":["1568-9972"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1568-9972","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Environmental toxins and toxic metals in autoimmune diseases: Sex differences, hormonal influences, and immune dysregulation","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Autoimmunity Reviews","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.autrev.2025.103955","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"103955"}}