{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T16:46:44Z","timestamp":1786121204030,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":142,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82301264"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82301264"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Autoimmunity Reviews"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104123","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T23:32:25Z","timestamp":1781911945000},"page":"104123","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The role of short-chain fatty acids as key mediators of gut microbiota - host crosstalk in thyroid diseases"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Shuyan","family":"Shen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juzhong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Qi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104123_bb0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2016.89","article-title":"\u00c9lie Metchnikoff (1845-1916): celebrating 100 years of cellular immunology and beyond","volume":"16","author":"Underhill","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104123_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.12765","article-title":"Intestinal dysbiosis and probiotic applications in autoimmune diseases","volume":"152","author":"de Oliveira","year":"2017","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104123_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14122456","article-title":"How diet and physical activity modulate gut microbiota: evidence, and perspectives","volume":"14","author":"Campaniello","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104123_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2515","article-title":"The gut microbiota shapes intestinal immune responses during health and disease","volume":"9","author":"Round","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104123_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1042\/BST20190686","article-title":"Gut microbiota and metabolites in the pathogenesis of endocrine disease","volume":"48","author":"Fenneman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biochem Soc Trans"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104123_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1159\/000455217","article-title":"Microbiota and obesity","volume":"88","author":"Isolauri","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nestle Nutr Inst Workshop Ser"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104123_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2015-310746","article-title":"Fungal microbiota dysbiosis in IBD","volume":"66","author":"Sokol","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104123_bb0040","first-page":"238","article-title":"Graves\u2019 disease patients with iron deficiency anemia: serologic evidence of co-existent autoimmune gastritis","volume":"11","author":"Gianoukakis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Blood Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104123_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.2147\/RMHP.S442062","article-title":"Prevalence and associated factors of thyroid nodules among 52,003 Chinese \u201chealthy\u201d individuals in Beijing: a retrospective cross-sectional study","volume":"17","author":"Xu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Risk Manag Healthc Policy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104123_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2023.110861","article-title":"An updated overview on the relationship between human gut microbiome dysbiosis and psychiatric and psychological disorders","volume":"128","author":"Borrego-Ruiz","year":"2024","journal-title":"Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104123_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.663131","article-title":"Alterations of gut microbiota in patients with graves\u2019 disease","volume":"11","author":"Chang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104123_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2020.00495","article-title":"Relation of gut microbes and L-thyroxine through altered thyroxine metabolism in subclinical hypothyroidism subjects","volume":"10","author":"Yao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104123_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2021.112352","article-title":"Dual role of microbiota-derived short-chain fatty acids on host and pathogen","volume":"145","author":"Mirzaei","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomed Pharmacother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104123_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2022.108983","article-title":"The emerging role of microbiota-derived short-chain fatty acids in immunometabolism","volume":"110","author":"Abdalkareem Jasim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104123_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.5483\/BMBRep.2014.47.3.272","article-title":"Perspectives on the therapeutic potential of short-chain fatty acid receptors","volume":"47","author":"Kim","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMB Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104123_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nuab059","article-title":"Short-chain fatty acids as anti-inflammatory agents in overweight and obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"80","author":"Eslick","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutr Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104123_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8040483","article-title":"Beyond just bacteria: functional biomes in the gut ecosystem including virome, mycobiome, archaeome and helminths","volume":"8","author":"Vemuri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104123_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.mi.31.100177.000543","article-title":"Microbial ecology of the gastrointestinal tract","volume":"31","author":"Savage","year":"1977","journal-title":"Annu Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104123_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.1002533","article-title":"Revised estimates for the number of human and Bacteria cells in the body","volume":"14","author":"Sender","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Biol"},{"issue":"Suppl. 1","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104123_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4578","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1000081107","article-title":"Succession of microbial consortia in the developing infant gut microbiome","volume":"108","author":"Koenig","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104123_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1038\/ismej.2009.128","article-title":"Exposure of different bacterial inocula to newborn chicken affects gut microbiota development and ileum gene expression","volume":"4","author":"Yin","year":"2010","journal-title":"ISME J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104123_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12567","article-title":"Gut microbiota: role in pathogen colonization, immune responses, and inflammatory disease","volume":"279","author":"Pickard","year":"2017","journal-title":"Immunol Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104123_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13030886","article-title":"The interplay between the gut microbiome and the immune system in the context of infectious diseases throughout life and the role of nutrition in optimizing treatment strategies","volume":"13","author":"Wiertsema","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104123_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms231911245","article-title":"The microbiota-gut-brain Axis in psychiatric disorders","volume":"23","author":"G\u00f3ralczyk-Bi\u0144kowska","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104123_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-017-0802-6","article-title":"Microbiota-brain-gut Axis and neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"17","author":"Quigley","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104123_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R52","DOI":"10.1530\/EC-17-0021","article-title":"Gut-thyroid axis and celiac disease","volume":"6","author":"Lerner","year":"2017","journal-title":"Endocr Connect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104123_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2017.01.053","article-title":"\u201cWith a little help from my friends\u201d - the role of microbiota in thyroid hormone metabolism and enterohepatic recycling","volume":"458","author":"Virili","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol Cell Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104123_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3393","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24043393","article-title":"Selenium, iodine and Iron-essential trace elements for thyroid hormone synthesis and metabolism","volume":"24","author":"K\u00f6hrle","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104123_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1024\/0300-9831\/a000262","article-title":"The role of zinc in thyroid hormones metabolism","volume":"89","author":"Severo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Vitam Nutr Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104123_bb0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/131.4.1135","article-title":"Actions and interactions of thyroid hormone and zinc status in growing rats","volume":"131","author":"Freake","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104123_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1769","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12061769","article-title":"Thyroid-gut-Axis: how does the microbiota influence thyroid function?","volume":"12","author":"Knezevic","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104123_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2019.05.008","article-title":"Microbiota and thyroid interaction in health and disease","volume":"30","author":"Fr\u00f6hlich","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104123_bb0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-physiol-022516-034125","article-title":"The sodium\/iodide symporter (NIS): molecular physiology and preclinical and clinical applications","volume":"79","author":"Ravera","year":"2017","journal-title":"Annu Rev Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104123_bb0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1846","DOI":"10.1210\/me.2010-0102","article-title":"NF-kappaB p65 subunit mediates lipopolysaccharide-induced Na(+)\/I(\u2212) symporter gene expression by involving functional interaction with the paired domain transcription factor Pax8","volume":"24","author":"Nicola","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol Endocrinol Baltim Md"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104123_bb0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1192216","article-title":"Gut microbiota short-chain fatty acids and their impact on the host thyroid function and diseases","volume":"14","author":"Mendoza-Le\u00f3n","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104123_bb0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1241165","article-title":"The microbial metabolites, short-chain fatty acids, regulate colonic Treg cell homeostasis","volume":"341","author":"Smith","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104123_bb0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12726","article-title":"Metabolites produced by commensal bacteria promote peripheral regulatory T-cell generation","volume":"504","author":"Arpaia","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104123_bb0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2025.103780","article-title":"The conspiring role of gut microbiota as primer of autoimmune thyroid diseases: a scoping focus","volume":"24","author":"Sessa","year":"2025","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104123_bb0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2017.07.001","article-title":"The microbiota and autoimmunity: their role in thyroid autoimmune diseases","volume":"183","author":"K\u00f6hling","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104123_bb0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.3920\/BM2010.0011","article-title":"The role of components of Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus in pathogenesis and serologic diagnosis of autoimmune thyroid diseases","volume":"2","author":"Kiseleva","year":"2011","journal-title":"Benef Microbes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104123_bb0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2024.1465928","article-title":"Recent advances in gut microbiota and thyroid disease: pathogenesis and therapeutics in autoimmune, neoplastic, and nodular conditions","volume":"14","author":"Fang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104123_bb0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.796212","article-title":"Elevated levels of circulating biomarkers related to leaky gut syndrome and bacterial translocation are associated with graves\u2019 disease","volume":"12","author":"Zheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104123_bb0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.2001.81.3.1031","article-title":"Short-chain fatty acids and human colonic function: roles of resistant starch and nonstarch polysaccharides","volume":"81","author":"Topping","year":"2001","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104123_bb0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.28.10.1221","article-title":"Short chain fatty acids in human large intestine, portal, hepatic and venous blood","volume":"28","author":"Cummings","year":"1987","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104123_bb0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2015.1134082","article-title":"Formation of short chain fatty acids by the gut microbiota and their impact on human metabolism","volume":"7","author":"Morrison","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104123_bb0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aninu.2021.11.005","article-title":"Gut microbiota-derived short chain fatty acids are potential mediators in gut inflammation","volume":"8","author":"Akhtar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anim Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104123_bb0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2013.11.034","article-title":"Impact of oral vancomycin on gut microbiota, bile acid metabolism, and insulin sensitivity","volume":"60","author":"Vrieze","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104123_bb0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2325","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.R036012","article-title":"The role of short-chain fatty acids in the interplay between diet, gut microbiota, and host energy metabolism","volume":"54","author":"den Besten","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Lipid Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104123_bb0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1002\/j.2040-4603.2018.tb00009.x","article-title":"Short-chain fatty acid transporters: role in colonic homeostasis","volume":"8","author":"Sivaprakasam","year":"2017","journal-title":"Compr Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104123_bb0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-800100-4.00003-9","article-title":"The role of short-chain fatty acids in health and disease","volume":"121","author":"Tan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104123_bb0255","article-title":"Regulation of short-chain fatty acids in the immune system","volume":"14","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104123_bb0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-023-00987-1","article-title":"Complex regulatory effects of gut microbial short-chain fatty acids on immune tolerance and autoimmunity","volume":"20","author":"Kim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Mol Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104123_bb0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-024-01014-8","article-title":"Short-chain fatty acids: linking diet, the microbiome and immunity","volume":"24","author":"Mann","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104123_bb0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2014.44","article-title":"Short-chain fatty acids induce both effector and regulatory T cells by suppression of histone deacetylases and regulation of the mTOR-S6K pathway","volume":"8","author":"Park","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104123_bb0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3126","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-012-2259-4","article-title":"Butyrate enhances intestinal epithelial barrier function via up-regulation of tight junction protein Claudin-1 transcription","volume":"57","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104123_bb0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2013.12.007","article-title":"Activation of Gpr109a, receptor for niacin and the commensal metabolite butyrate, suppresses colonic inflammation and carcinogenesis","volume":"40","author":"Singh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104123_bb0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2012.00111","article-title":"Short-chain free fatty acid receptors FFA2\/GPR43 and FFA3\/GPR41 as new potential therapeutic targets","volume":"3","author":"Ulven","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104123_bb0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1002\/j.2040-4603.2018.tb00038.x","article-title":"Role of short chain fatty acid receptors in intestinal physiology and pathophysiology","volume":"8","author":"Priyadarshini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Compr Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104123_bb0295","unstructured":"The role of beta-arrestins in the termination and transduction of G-protein-coupled receptor signals - PubMed n.d. https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/11861753\/ (accessed June 13, 2026)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104123_bb0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1754","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.b13-00312","article-title":"\u0392-Arrestin 2 mediates G protein-coupled receptor 43 signals to nuclear factor-\u03baB","volume":"36","author":"Lee","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biol Pharm Bull"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104123_bb0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2020.00025","article-title":"The role of short-chain fatty acids from gut microbiota in gut-brain communication","volume":"11","author":"Silva","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104123_bb0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2905","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1701625","article-title":"Gpr109a limits microbiota-induced IL-23 production to constrain ILC3-mediated colonic inflammation","volume":"200","author":"Bhatt","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104123_bb0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1429","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.01429","article-title":"Butyrate conditions human dendritic cells to prime type 1 regulatory T cells via both histone deacetylase inhibition and G protein-coupled receptor 109A signaling","volume":"8","author":"Kaisar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104123_bb0325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12721","article-title":"Commensal microbe-derived butyrate induces the differentiation of colonic regulatory T cells","volume":"504","author":"Furusawa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104123_bb0330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-018-0037-z","article-title":"Histone deacetylase function in CD4+ T cells","volume":"18","author":"Ellmeier","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104123_bb0335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2020.579674","article-title":"Sodium butyrate alleviates lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory responses by Down-regulation of NF-\u03baB, NLRP3 signaling pathway, and activating histone acetylation in bovine macrophages","volume":"7","author":"Jiang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104123_bb0340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2247","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1322269111","article-title":"The microbial metabolite butyrate regulates intestinal macrophage function via histone deacetylase inhibition","volume":"111","author":"Chang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104123_bb0345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1676","DOI":"10.1007\/s10753-012-9484-z","article-title":"Short-chain fatty acids suppress lipopolysaccharide-induced production of nitric oxide and proinflammatory cytokines through inhibition of NF-\u03baB pathway in RAW264.7 cells","volume":"35","author":"Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Inflammation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104123_bb0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymgme.2017.10.002","article-title":"Propionyl-CoA carboxylase - a review","volume":"122","author":"Wongkittichote","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol Genet Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104123_bb0355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2011.02.018","article-title":"The microbiome and butyrate regulate energy metabolism and autophagy in the mammalian colon","volume":"13","author":"Donohoe","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104123_bb0360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1102","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1063518","article-title":"Mammalian TOR: a homeostatic ATP sensor","volume":"294","author":"Dennis","year":"2001","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104123_bb0365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2009.04.014","article-title":"The mTOR kinase differentially regulates effector and regulatory T cell lineage commitment","volume":"30","author":"Delgoffe","year":"2009","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104123_bb0370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2009.11.022","article-title":"Histone acetyltransferases interact with and acetylate p70 ribosomal S6 kinases in vitro and in vivo","volume":"42","author":"Fenton","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Biochem Cell Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104123_bb0375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/17562848221134396","article-title":"The role of the gut microbiome in colonization resistance and recurrent Clostridioides difficile infection","volume":"15","author":"Seekatz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Therap Adv Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104123_bb0380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09646","article-title":"Bifidobacteria can protect from enteropathogenic infection through production of acetate","volume":"469","author":"Fukuda","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104123_bb0385","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2017.11.003","article-title":"Fiber-mediated nourishment of gut microbiota protects against diet-induced obesity by restoring IL-22-mediated colonic health","volume":"23","author":"Zou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104123_bb0390","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2013-1055","article-title":"Breaking tolerance to thyroid antigens: changing concepts in thyroid autoimmunity","volume":"35","author":"McLachlan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104123_bb0395","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-024-01016-5","article-title":"Graves disease: latest understanding of pathogenesis and treatment options","volume":"20","author":"Lanzolla","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104123_bb0400","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2014.01.007","article-title":"Hashimoto thyroiditis: clinical and diagnostic criteria","volume":"13","author":"Caturegli","year":"2014","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104123_bb0405","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1530\/ETJ-21-0024","article-title":"Cellular and molecular basis of thyroid autoimmunity","volume":"11","author":"Bogus\u0142awska","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur Thyroid J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104123_bb0410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2017.11.026","article-title":"Autoimmune thyroid diseases and Th17\/Treg lymphocytes","volume":"192","author":"Shao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104123_bb0415","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms252010918","article-title":"Unveiling the role of gut microbiota and metabolites in autoimmune thyroid diseases: emerging perspectives","volume":"25","author":"Yan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104123_bb0420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15092211","article-title":"Short-chain fatty-acid-producing bacteria: key components of the human gut microbiota","volume":"15","author":"Fusco","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104123_bb0425","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3399","DOI":"10.1038\/s41396-021-01016-7","article-title":"Compositional and genetic alterations in graves\u2019 disease gut microbiome reveal specific diagnostic biomarkers","volume":"15","author":"Zhu","year":"2021","journal-title":"ISME J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104123_bb0430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2065","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgad030","article-title":"Gut microbiome associated with graves disease and graves Orbitopathy: the INDIGO multicenter European study","volume":"108","author":"Biscarini","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104123_bb0435","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1111\/ceo.14291","article-title":"Changes in the gut microbiota of patients with graves\u2019 orbitopathy according to severity grade","volume":"51","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104123_bb0440","article-title":"Preliminary observation of the changes in the intestinal Flora of patients with graves\u2019 disease before and after Methimazole treatment","volume":"12","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104123_bb0445","article-title":"A cause-effect relationship between graves\u2019 disease and the gut microbiome contributes to the thyroid-gut axis: a bidirectional two-sample Mendelian randomization study","volume":"14","author":"Cao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104123_bb0450","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2017.0395","article-title":"Alterations of the gut microbiota in Hashimoto\u2019s thyroiditis patients","volume":"28","author":"Zhao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104123_bb0455","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-022-02739-z","article-title":"Analysis of gut microbiota diversity in Hashimoto\u2019s thyroiditis patients","volume":"22","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104123_bb0460","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/5036959","article-title":"The composition of gut microbiota in patients bearing Hashimoto\u2019s thyroiditis with Euthyroidism and hypothyroidism","volume":"2020","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104123_bb0465","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8040573","article-title":"The controversial role of human gut Lachnospiraceae","volume":"8","author":"Vacca","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104123_bb0470","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.00979","article-title":"Bifidobacteria and butyrate-producing Colon Bacteria: importance and strategies for their stimulation in the human gut","volume":"7","author":"Rivi\u00e8re","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104123_bb0475","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2020.0193","article-title":"Gut microbiota may play a significant role in the pathogenesis of graves\u2019 disease","volume":"31","author":"Jiang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104123_bb0480","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/ijcp.14038","article-title":"Study of gut microbiome in Egyptian patients with autoimmune thyroid diseases","volume":"75","author":"El-Zawawy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Clin Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104123_bb0485","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1007\/s10238-024-01304-4","article-title":"Intestinal microbiota regulates the gut-thyroid axis: the new dawn of improving Hashimoto thyroiditis","volume":"24","author":"Zhu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin Exp Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104123_bb0490","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-021-02587-z","article-title":"Probiotic Bifidobacterium longum supplied with methimazole improved the thyroid function of graves\u2019 disease patients through the gut-thyroid axis","volume":"4","author":"Huo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Commun Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104123_bb0495","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1007\/s00284-014-0640-6","article-title":"Gut microbe analysis between hyperthyroid and healthy individuals","volume":"69","author":"Zhou","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104123_bb0500","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm10040192","article-title":"Differential microbial pattern description in subjects with autoimmune-based thyroid diseases: a pilot study","volume":"10","author":"Cornejo-Pareja","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Pers Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104123_bb0505","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2023.107188","article-title":"Correlation between gut microbiota and the development of graves\u2019 disease: a prospective study","volume":"26","author":"Deng","year":"2023","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104123_bb0510","article-title":"Decreased Treg cell and TCR expansion are involved in long-lasting graves\u2019 disease","volume":"12","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104123_bb0515","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/srep17702","article-title":"The long noncoding RNA IFNG-AS1 promotes T helper type 1 cells response in patients with Hashimoto\u2019s thyroiditis","volume":"5","author":"Peng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104123_bb0520","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21674","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms151221674","article-title":"Th17\/Treg cells imbalance and GITRL profile in patients with Hashimoto\u2019s thyroiditis","volume":"15","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104123_bb0525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.5603\/EP.2014.0021","article-title":"The role of the immune system and cytokines involved in the pathogenesis of autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD)","volume":"65","author":"Miko\u015b","year":"2014","journal-title":"Endokrynol Pol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104123_bb0530","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1521","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20200475","article-title":"Gut dysbiosis is associated with primary hypothyroidism with interaction on gut-thyroid axis","volume":"134","author":"Su","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104123_bb0535","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-024-05813-6","article-title":"Effects of iodine intake on gut microbiota and gut metabolites in Hashimoto thyroiditis-diseased humans and mice","volume":"7","author":"Gong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Commun Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104123_bb0540","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-13603-6","article-title":"B cell-intrinsic epigenetic modulation of antibody responses by dietary fiber-derived short-chain fatty acids","volume":"11","author":"Sanchez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104123_bb0545","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2018.12.018","article-title":"The short chain fatty acid butyrate imprints an antimicrobial program in macrophages","volume":"50","author":"Schulthess","year":"2019","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104123_bb0550","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/srep16148","article-title":"The effect of short-chain fatty acids on human monocyte-derived dendritic cells","volume":"5","author":"Nastasi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104123_bb0555","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2016.07.001","article-title":"Gut microbial metabolites fuel host antibody responses","volume":"20","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104123_bb0560","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2024.2393270","article-title":"The interplay between gut microbiota, short-chain fatty acids, and implications for host health and disease","volume":"16","author":"Hays","year":"2024","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104123_bb0565","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph182312836","article-title":"Intestinal barrier in human health and disease","volume":"18","author":"Di Tommaso","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104123_bb0570","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1007\/s11739-023-03374-w","article-title":"Gut microbiota, intestinal permeability, and systemic inflammation: a narrative review","volume":"19","author":"Di Vincenzo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Intern Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104123_bb0575","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.2147\/RMHP.S410964","article-title":"Prevalence of thyroid nodules and associated clinical characteristics: findings from a large sample of people undergoing health checkups at a University Hospital in Vietnam","volume":"16","author":"Tran","year":"2023","journal-title":"Risk Manag Healthc Policy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104123_bb0580","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2783","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)30172-6","article-title":"Thyroid cancer","volume":"388","author":"Cabanillas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104123_bb0585","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2015.0020","article-title":"American Thyroid Association management guidelines for adult patients with thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid Cancer: the American Thyroid Association guidelines task force on thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid Cancer","volume":"26","author":"Haugen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104123_bb0590","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-025-04427-0","article-title":"Characterization of microbiota dysbiosis in papillary thyroid carcinoma and benign thyroid nodules: low abundance of intestinal butyrate-producing bacteria","volume":"25","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104123_bb0595","article-title":"Gut microbiome alterations in patients with thyroid nodules","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104123_bb0600","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1210\/endocr\/bqad184","article-title":"Interactive association between gut microbiota and thyroid cancer","volume":"165","author":"Hou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104123_bb0605","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1688","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-025-14986-0","article-title":"Microbial biomarkers and sex-associated gut microbiota characteristics of thyroid cancer","volume":"25","author":"Gou","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104123_bb0610","article-title":"Alterations of gut microbiome and metabolite profiles associated with anabatic lipid Dysmetabolism in thyroid Cancer","volume":"13","author":"Lu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104123_bb0615","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jare.2021.04.001","article-title":"Gut microbiota changes and its potential relations with thyroid carcinoma","volume":"35","author":"Yu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Adv Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104123_bb0620","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40624","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-24397-7","article-title":"Gut microbiota and metabolite profiles in thyroid cancer lymph node metastasis: a multi-omics analysis","volume":"15","author":"Xu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104123_bb0625","article-title":"Tumor microbial communities and thyroid cancer development-the protective role of antioxidant nutrients: application strategies and future directions","volume":"12","author":"Gorini","year":"2023","journal-title":"Antioxidants (Basel)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104123_bb0630","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2021.103293","article-title":"Short chain fatty acids and its producing organisms: An overlooked therapy for IBD?","volume":"66","author":"Deleu","year":"2021","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104123_bb0635","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12964-023-01219-9","article-title":"Short-chain fatty acids in diseases","volume":"21","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Commun Signal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104123_bb0640","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2012.08.033","article-title":"The Warburg effect dictates the mechanism of butyrate-mediated histone acetylation and cell proliferation","volume":"48","author":"Donohoe","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104123_bb0645","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2485S","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/133.7.2485S","article-title":"Inhibition of histone deacetylase activity by butyrate","volume":"133","author":"Davie","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104123_bb0650","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.3892\/ijo.2024.5632","article-title":"Butyrate as a promising therapeutic target in cancer: from pathogenesis to clinic (review)","volume":"64","author":"Sun","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104123_bb0655","article-title":"Cellular differentiation: potential insight into butyrate paradox?","volume":"5","author":"Ryu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol Cell Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104123_bb0660","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1299","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1652","article-title":"Deacetylase inhibition promotes the generation and function of regulatory T cells","volume":"13","author":"Tao","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104123_bb0665","article-title":"Investigating causal associations among gut microbiota, metabolites and autoimmune hypothyroidism: a univariable and multivariable Mendelian randomization study","volume":"14","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104123_bb0670","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-020-00952-4","article-title":"Modulating gut microbiota in a mouse model of Graves\u2019 orbitopathy and its impact on induced disease","volume":"9","author":"Moshkelgosha","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104123_bb0675","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Su X, Yin X, Liu Y, Yan X, Zhang S, Wang X, et al. Gut dysbiosis contributes to the imbalance of Treg and Th17 cells in Graves' disease patients by propionic acid. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2020;105:dgaa511. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/clinem\/dgaa511.","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgaa511"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104123_bb0680","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.114763","article-title":"Short chain fatty acids, a possible treatment option for autoimmune diseases","volume":"163","author":"Golpour","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomed Pharmacother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104123_bb0685","first-page":"CD005573","article-title":"Probiotics for induction of remission in ulcerative colitis","volume":"3","author":"Kaur","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104123_bb0690","article-title":"Probiotics for the treatment of ulcerative colitis: a review of experimental research from 2018 to 2022","volume":"14","author":"Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104123_bb0695","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.02.035","article-title":"Propionic acid shapes the multiple sclerosis disease course by an immunomodulatory mechanism","volume":"180","author":"Duscha","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104123_bb0700","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.676016","article-title":"Review: the nutritional management of multiple sclerosis with propionate","volume":"12","author":"Tobin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104123_bb0705","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.66.3.5","article-title":"Butyrate ameliorates graves\u2019 Orbitopathy through regulating orbital fibroblast phenotypes and gut microbiota","volume":"66","author":"Ouyang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104123_bb0710","article-title":"Randomized clinical trial: probiotics alleviated Oral-gut microbiota Dysbiosis and thyroid hormone withdrawal-related complications in thyroid Cancer patients before radioiodine therapy following thyroidectomy","volume":"13","author":"Lin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104123_bb0715","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgad588","article-title":"Gut microecology may be involved in the pathogenesis of Hashimoto thyroiditis by reducing production of hydrogen sulfide","volume":"109","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"}],"container-title":["Autoimmunity Reviews"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1568997226001370?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1568997226001370?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T03:05:31Z","timestamp":1786071931000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1568997226001370"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"references-count":142,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["S1568997226001370"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104123","relation":{},"ISSN":["1568-9972"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1568-9972","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"The role of short-chain fatty acids as key mediators of gut microbiota - host crosstalk in thyroid diseases","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Autoimmunity Reviews","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104123","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier B.V. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"104123"}}