{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T16:46:12Z","timestamp":1786121172285,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":122,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783555200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Autoimmunity Reviews"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104127","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T23:42:04Z","timestamp":1782949324000},"page":"104127","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Decoding gut microbiome alterations in celiac disease: Implications for pathogenesis and treatment"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Fotios","family":"Fousekis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georgios D.","family":"Lianos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisavet","family":"Stavropoulou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eleni","family":"Patrikiou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stergios","family":"Vradelis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dimitrios","family":"Cassimos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christina","family":"Tsigalou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"25","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104127_bb0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2419","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp1113994","article-title":"Clinical practice. Celiac disease","volume":"367","author":"Fasano","year":"2012","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104127_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2337","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2021-326257","article-title":"Immunopathogenesis and environmental triggers in coeliac disease","volume":"71","author":"Levescot","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gut"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104127_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9252","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-86612-5","article-title":"Potential impact of celiac disease genetic risk factors on T cell receptor signaling in gluten-specific CD4+ T cells","volume":"11","author":"Bakker","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104127_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2011.11.021","article-title":"T-cell response to gluten in patients with HLA-DQ2.2 reveals requirement of peptide-MHC stability in celiac disease","volume":"142","author":"Bodd","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"30","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104127_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15134","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1901561116","article-title":"Efficient T cell-B cell collaboration guides autoantibody epitope bias and onset of celiac disease","volume":"116","author":"Iversen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104127_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(03)01047-3","article-title":"Interleukin 15: a key to disrupted intraepithelial lymphocyte homeostasis and lymphomagenesis in celiac disease","volume":"125","author":"Mention","year":"2003","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104127_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.674313","article-title":"Interplay between gluten, HLA, innate and adaptive immunity orchestrates the development of coeliac disease","volume":"12","author":"Voisine","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104127_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2017.9730","article-title":"Celiac disease and nonceliac gluten sensitivity: a review","volume":"318","author":"Leonard","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104127_bb0045","first-page":"51","article-title":"Clinical presentation and Spectrum of gluten symptomatology in celiac disease","volume":"167","author":"Adams","year":"2024","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104127_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16142292","article-title":"Celiac disease: a forty-year analysis in an Italian referral center","volume":"16","author":"Lungaro","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"10344","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104127_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2413","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)00794-2","article-title":"Coeliac disease","volume":"399","author":"Catassi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104127_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24032075","article-title":"Celiac disease genetics, pathogenesis, and standard therapy for Japanese patients","volume":"24","author":"Tamai","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104127_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.ircmb.2020.09.009","article-title":"The HLA complex and coeliac disease","volume":"358","author":"Espino","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int Rev Cell Mol Biol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104127_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-020-01217-4","article-title":"HLA class II genes in precision-based care of childhood diseases: what we can learn from celiac disease","volume":"89","author":"Del Pozzo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104127_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1313977","article-title":"Risk of pediatric celiac disease according to HLA haplotype and country","volume":"371","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104127_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0212329","article-title":"Classical celiac disease is more frequent with a double dose of HLA-DQB1*02: a systematic review with meta-analysis","volume":"14","author":"Bajor","year":"2019","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104127_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1193","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.998","article-title":"Dense genotyping identifies and localizes multiple common and rare variant association signals in celiac disease","volume":"43","author":"Trynka","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104127_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.102","article-title":"Newly identified genetic risk variants for celiac disease related to the immune response","volume":"40","author":"Hunt","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104127_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0152476","article-title":"Identification of non-HLA genes associated with celiac disease and country-specific differences in a large, International Pediatric Cohort","volume":"11","author":"Sharma","year":"2016","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104127_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.543","article-title":"Multiple common variants for celiac disease influencing immune gene expression","volume":"42","author":"Dubois","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104127_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2009.05.040","article-title":"Analysis of HLA and non-HLA alleles can identify individuals at high risk for celiac disease","volume":"137","author":"Romanos","year":"2009","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104127_bb0110","article-title":"Interaction between gut microbiota and immunity in health and intestinal disease","volume":"16","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"7837","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104127_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2971-8","article-title":"The gut microbiota is associated with immune cell dynamics in humans","volume":"588","author":"Schluter","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104127_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12050793","article-title":"Gut-microbiota-derived metabolites maintain gut and systemic immune homeostasis","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cells"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104127_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26062503","article-title":"Gut microbiota serves as a crucial independent biomarker in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)","volume":"26","author":"Sharma","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104127_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11102369","article-title":"Gut dysbiosis in irritable bowel syndrome: a narrative review on correlation with disease subtypes and novel therapeutic implications","volume":"11","author":"Napolitano","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"issue":"24","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104127_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms262411870","article-title":"The role of gut microbiota in colorectal cancer pathogenesis: a comprehensive literature review","volume":"26","author":"Paduraru","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104127_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1042\/BSR20203850","article-title":"The role of the microbiome in gastrointestinal inflammation","volume":"41","author":"Sanders","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biosci Rep"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104127_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1823","DOI":"10.1042\/BCJ20160510","article-title":"Introduction to the human gut microbiota","volume":"474","author":"Thursby","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biochem J"},{"issue":"1S","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104127_bb0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S2","DOI":"10.14309\/ajg.0000000000002583","article-title":"The gut microbiome: a primer for the clinician","volume":"119","author":"Aroniadis","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"24","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104127_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2369","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1600266","article-title":"The human intestinal microbiome in health and disease","volume":"375","author":"Lynch","year":"2016","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104127_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1264\/jsme2.ME17017","article-title":"Microbial ecology along the gastrointestinal tract","volume":"32","author":"Hillman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microb Environ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104127_bb0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymeth.2017.08.009","article-title":"A cytometric approach to follow variation and dynamics of the salivary microbiota","volume":"134-135","author":"van Gelder","year":"2018","journal-title":"Methods"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104127_bb0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2025.8283","article-title":"Oral microbiome profile of the US population","volume":"8","author":"Chaturvedi","year":"2025","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104127_bb0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034520926126","article-title":"Inflammatory networks linking Oral microbiome with systemic health and disease","volume":"99","author":"Kleinstein","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Dent Res"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104127_bb0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0013264","article-title":"Discovery of a novel and rich source of gluten-degrading microbial enzymes in the oral cavity","volume":"5","author":"Helmerhorst","year":"2010","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104127_bb0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1007\/s00248-013-0192-5","article-title":"Microbiological survey of the human gastric ecosystem using culturing and pyrosequencing methods","volume":"65","author":"Delgado","year":"2013","journal-title":"Microb Ecol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104127_bb0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(16)30108-X","article-title":"A microbiota-centric view of diseases of the upper gastrointestinal tract","volume":"2","author":"Nardone","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104127_bb0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.15650","article-title":"Systematic review: gastric microbiota in health and disease","volume":"51","author":"Rajilic-Stojanovic","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104127_bb0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"970","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2024.02.013","article-title":"Small intestinal microbiota: from taxonomic composition to metabolism","volume":"32","author":"Yersin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104127_bb0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1242242","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1242242","article-title":"Diversity of the microbiota communities found in the various regions of the intestinal tract in healthy individuals and inflammatory bowel diseases","volume":"14","author":"Lawal","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104127_bb0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2023.2201155","article-title":"The emerging role of the small intestinal microbiota in human health and disease","volume":"15","author":"Ruigrok","year":"2023","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104127_bb0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.689653","article-title":"Microbial composition in the duodenum and ileum of yellow broilers with high and low feed efficiency","volume":"12","author":"Lv","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104127_bb0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/foods14030492","article-title":"The role of the gut microbiota in health, diet, and disease with a focus on obesity","volume":"14","author":"Ma","year":"2025","journal-title":"Foods"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104127_bb0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms7010014","article-title":"What is the healthy gut microbiota composition? A changing ecosystem across age, environment, diet, and diseases","volume":"7","author":"Rinninella","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104127_bb0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-9-123","article-title":"The Firmicutes\/Bacteroidetes ratio of the human microbiota changes with age","volume":"9","author":"Mariat","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol"},{"issue":"18","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104127_bb0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e36742","article-title":"Methanobrevibacter smithii cell variants in human physiology and pathology: a review","volume":"10","author":"Malat","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104127_bb0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.05.041","article-title":"From dietary Fiber to host physiology: short-chain fatty acids as key bacterial metabolites","volume":"165","author":"Koh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104127_bb0245","article-title":"Short-chain fatty acids and human health: from metabolic pathways to current therapeutic implications","volume":"14","author":"Facchin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Life (Basel)"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104127_bb0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resmic.2017.04.008","article-title":"Gluten-degrading bacteria are present in the human small intestine of healthy volunteers and celiac patients","volume":"168","author":"Herran","year":"2017","journal-title":"Res Microbiol"},{"issue":"20","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104127_bb0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21207696","article-title":"The human digestive tract is capable of degrading gluten from birth","volume":"21","author":"Fernandez-Perez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104127_bb0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1111\/1574-6941.12295","article-title":"Diversity of the cultivable human gut microbiome involved in gluten metabolism: isolation of microorganisms with potential interest for coeliac disease","volume":"88","author":"Caminero","year":"2014","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol Ecol"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104127_bb0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0024455","article-title":"Identification of Rothia bacteria as gluten-degrading natural colonizers of the upper gastro-intestinal tract","volume":"6","author":"Zamakhchari","year":"2011","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104127_bb0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E386","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-0691.12249","article-title":"The cultivable human oral gluten-degrading microbiome and its potential implications in coeliac disease and gluten sensitivity","volume":"19","author":"Fernandez-Feo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104127_bb0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25074013","article-title":"Modeling dynamics of human gut microbiota derived from gluten metabolism: obtention, maintenance and characterization of complex microbial communities","volume":"25","author":"Carnicero-Mayo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104127_bb0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2016.06.041","article-title":"Duodenal bacteria from patients with celiac disease and healthy subjects distinctly affect gluten breakdown and immunogenicity","volume":"151","author":"Caminero","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104127_bb0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00376-17","article-title":"Selected probiotic lactobacilli have the capacity to hydrolyze gluten peptides during simulated gastrointestinal digestion","volume":"83","author":"Francavilla","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104127_bb0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.03330-16","article-title":"Salivary gluten degradation and oral microbial profiles in healthy individuals and celiac disease patients","volume":"83","author":"Tian","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104127_bb0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1797","DOI":"10.1080\/07853890.2021.1990392","article-title":"Gastrointestinal microbiome and gluten in celiac disease","volume":"53","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104127_bb0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12123724","article-title":"Commensal bacterium Rothia aeria degrades and detoxifies gluten via a highly effective subtilisin enzyme","volume":"12","author":"Wei","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104127_bb0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1198","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-09037-9","article-title":"Duodenal bacterial proteolytic activity determines sensitivity to dietary antigen through protease-activated receptor-2","volume":"10","author":"Caminero","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"29","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104127_bb0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2020322118","article-title":"Microbiome signatures of progression toward celiac disease onset in at-risk children in a longitudinal prospective cohort study","volume":"118","author":"Leonard","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104127_bb0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0282739","article-title":"Cohort profile: celiac disease genomic, environmental, microbiome and metabolome study; a prospective longitudinal birth cohort study of children at-risk for celiac disease","volume":"18","author":"Leonard","year":"2023","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104127_bb0320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1020","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2021-326789","article-title":"Gut microbiome and health: mechanistic insights","volume":"71","author":"de Vos","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104127_bb0325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.859467","article-title":"How metabolomics provides novel insights on celiac disease and gluten-free diet: a narrative review","volume":"13","author":"Vacca","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104127_bb0330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/iid3.1354","article-title":"The role of tryptophan metabolism and tolerogenic dendritic cells in maintaining immune tolerance: insights into celiac disease pathogenesis","volume":"12","author":"Asgari","year":"2024","journal-title":"Immun Inflamm Dis"},{"issue":"566","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104127_bb0335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aba0624","article-title":"Aryl hydrocarbon receptor ligand production by the gut microbiota is decreased in celiac disease leading to intestinal inflammation","volume":"12","author":"Lamas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104127_bb0340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12060823","article-title":"Interaction between gut microbiota and celiac disease: from pathogenesis to treatment","volume":"12","author":"Rossi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104127_bb0345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.956119","article-title":"A comprehensive map of microbial biomarkers along the gastrointestinal tract for celiac disease patients","volume":"13","author":"Arcila-Galvis","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104127_bb0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4432","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-016-0004-2","article-title":"The role of the microbial metabolites including tryptophan catabolites and short chain fatty acids in the pathophysiology of immune-inflammatory and neuroimmune disease","volume":"54","author":"Morris","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol Neurobiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104127_bb0355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102713","article-title":"Diet-derived microbial metabolites as regulators of immune function","volume":"98","author":"Siracusa","year":"2026","journal-title":"Curr Opin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104127_bb0360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1636007","article-title":"Integrated analysis of fecal microbiota and metabolomics reveals unique characteristics of asymptomatic and classic celiac disease","volume":"16","author":"Yao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104127_bb0365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1799","DOI":"10.1007\/s00248-023-02188-9","article-title":"Distinguishable influence of the delivery mode, feeding pattern, and infant sex on dynamic alterations in the intestinal microbiota in the first year of life","volume":"86","author":"Ma","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microb Ecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104127_bb0370","article-title":"Comparison of the gut microbiota in healthy infants with different delivery modes and feeding types: a cohort study","volume":"13","author":"Ma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104127_bb0375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2020.110812","article-title":"Factors affecting early-life intestinal microbiota development","volume":"78","author":"Vandenplas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104127_bb0380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1082862","article-title":"Two-sample mendelian randomization detects bidirectional causality between gut microbiota and celiac disease in individuals with high genetic risk","volume":"14","author":"Gonzalez-Garcia","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104127_bb0385","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12051420","article-title":"A two-sample mendelian randomization analysis investigates associations between gut microbiota and celiac disease","volume":"12","author":"Garcia-Santisteban","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104127_bb0390","article-title":"Assessment of causal associations among gut microbiota, metabolites, and celiac disease: a bidirectional mendelian randomization study","volume":"14","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104127_bb0395","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1525","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2024.11.006","article-title":"One year of gluten-free diet impacts gut function and microbiome in celiac disease","volume":"23","author":"Costigan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104127_bb0400","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14102083","article-title":"Influence of gluten-free diet on gut microbiota composition in patients with coeliac disease: a systematic review","volume":"14","author":"Kaliciak","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104127_bb0405","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1139\/cjm-2014-0472","article-title":"Decrease in lactobacilli in the intestinal microbiota of celiac children with a gluten-free diet, and selection of potentially probiotic strains","volume":"61","author":"Lorenzo Pisarello","year":"2015","journal-title":"Can J Microbiol"},{"issue":"Pt 12","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104127_bb0410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1669","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.47410-0","article-title":"Imbalance in the composition of the duodenal microbiota of children with coeliac disease","volume":"56","author":"Nadal","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104127_bb0415","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2021.652208","article-title":"Fecal and duodenal microbiota in Pediatric celiac disease","volume":"9","author":"Abdukhakimova","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Pediatr"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104127_bb0420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9041109","article-title":"Comparative study of salivary, duodenal, and fecal microbiota composition across adult celiac disease","volume":"9","author":"Panelli","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104127_bb0425","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.1097\/MIB.0b013e31828029a9","article-title":"The duodenal microbiota composition of adult celiac disease patients is associated with the clinical manifestation of the disease","volume":"19","author":"Wacklin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104127_bb0430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.15183","article-title":"Gut microbiota signatures and clinical manifestations in celiac disease children at onset: a pilot study","volume":"36","author":"Di Biase","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"18","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104127_bb0435","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5472","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00869-13","article-title":"Duodenal-mucosal bacteria associated with celiac disease in children","volume":"79","author":"Sanchez","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104127_bb0440","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14122452","article-title":"Adherence to gluten-free diet restores alpha diversity in celiac people but the microbiome composition is different to healthy people","volume":"14","author":"Palmieri","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104127_bb0445","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.1020977","article-title":"Characteristics of gut microbiota and fecal metabolomes in patients with celiac disease in Northwest China","volume":"13","author":"Shi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104127_bb0450","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1351","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2022.06.088","article-title":"Biogeographic variation and functional pathways of the gut microbiota in celiac disease","volume":"163","author":"Constante","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104127_bb0455","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"972","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2021.02.019","article-title":"Relationship between duodenal microbiota composition, clinical features at diagnosis, and persistent symptoms in adult coeliac disease","volume":"53","author":"Schiepatti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dig Liver Dis"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104127_bb0460","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1933","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2014.355","article-title":"Altered duodenal microbiota composition in celiac disease patients suffering from persistent symptoms on a long-term gluten-free diet","volume":"109","author":"Wacklin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104127_bb0465","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/msystems.00143-25","article-title":"Microbiome gut community structure and functionality are associated with symptom severity in non-responsive celiac disease patients undergoing a gluten-free diet","volume":"10","author":"Marcos-Zambrano","year":"2025","journal-title":"mSystems"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104127_bb0470","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0187526","article-title":"Younger age at diagnosis predisposes to mucosal recovery in celiac disease on a gluten-free diet: a meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"Szakacs","year":"2017","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104127_bb0475","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.14309\/ajg.0000000000002075","article-title":"American College of Gastroenterology guidelines update: diagnosis and management of celiac disease","volume":"118","author":"Rubio-Tapia","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104127_bb0480","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17152389","article-title":"A low-gluten diet reduces the abundance of potentially beneficial bacteria in healthy adult gut microbiota","volume":"17","author":"Delmas","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104127_bb0485","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1154","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114509371767","article-title":"Effects of a gluten-free diet on gut microbiota and immune function in healthy adult human subjects","volume":"102","author":"De Palma","year":"2009","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104127_bb0490","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.4161\/gmic.1.3.11868","article-title":"Effects of a gluten-free diet on gut microbiota and immune function in healthy adult humans","volume":"1","author":"Sanz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Gut Microb"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104127_bb0495","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4630","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-07019-x","article-title":"A low-gluten diet induces changes in the intestinal microbiome of healthy Danish adults","volume":"9","author":"Hansen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104127_bb0500","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fmedt.2024.1413637","article-title":"Celiac disease gut microbiome studies in the third millennium: reviewing the findings and gaps of available literature","volume":"6","author":"Luz","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Med Technol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104127_bb0505","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2016.07.025","article-title":"Salivary and fecal microbiota and metabolome of celiac children under gluten-free diet","volume":"239","author":"De Angelis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Food Microbiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104127_bb0510","article-title":"Dietary effects on microbiota-new trends with gluten-free or paleo diet","volume":"6","author":"Zopf","year":"2018","journal-title":"Med Sci (Basel)"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104127_bb0515","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2039","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.08.007","article-title":"Alterations in intestinal microbiota of children with celiac disease at the time of diagnosis and on a gluten-free diet","volume":"159","author":"Zafeiropoulou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104127_bb0520","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12092674","article-title":"Probiotics, prebiotics and other dietary supplements for gut microbiota modulation in celiac disease patients","volume":"12","author":"Marasco","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104127_bb0525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16121882","article-title":"How the microbiota may affect celiac disease and what we can do","volume":"16","author":"Matera","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104127_bb0530","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.5402\/2013\/481651","article-title":"Health benefits of probiotics: a review","volume":"2013","author":"Kechagia","year":"2013","journal-title":"ISRN Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104127_bb0535","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1216674","article-title":"Probiotics: mechanism of action, health benefits and their application in food industries","volume":"14","author":"Latif","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104127_bb0540","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/nu8100660","article-title":"Effect of Bifidobacterium breve on the intestinal microbiota of coeliac children on a gluten free diet: a pilot study","volume":"8","author":"Quagliariello","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104127_bb0545","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114514000609","article-title":"Double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled intervention trial to evaluate the effects of Bifidobacterium longum CECT 7347 in children with newly diagnosed coeliac disease","volume":"112","author":"Olivares","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104127_bb0550","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1097\/MCG.0b013e31827759ac","article-title":"Exploratory, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study on the effects of Bifidobacterium infantis natren life start strain super strain in active celiac disease","volume":"47","author":"Smecuol","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Clin Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104127_bb0555","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e117","DOI":"10.1097\/MCG.0000000000001023","article-title":"Clinical and microbiological effect of a multispecies probiotic supplementation in celiac patients with persistent IBS-type symptoms: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial","volume":"53","author":"Francavilla","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Clin Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104127_bb0560","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-026-01311-0","article-title":"Next-generation probiotics: an outlook into current applications and future developments","author":"Kern","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104127_bb0565","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-020-0721-1","article-title":"Moving from probiotics to precision probiotics","volume":"5","author":"Veiga","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104127_bb0570","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjnph-2024-001100","article-title":"Coeliac disease and microbiota: is it time for personalised biotics intervention? A scoping review","volume":"8","author":"Valitutti","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMJ Nutr Prev Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104127_bb0575","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1254","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-023-02960-0","article-title":"Novel Bacteroides Vulgatus strain protects against gluten-induced break of human celiac gut epithelial homeostasis: a pre-clinical proof-of-concept study","volume":"95","author":"Tran","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104127_bb0580","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25094834","article-title":"The role of prebiotics in modulating gut microbiota: implications for human health","volume":"25","author":"Yoo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104127_bb0585","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12061736","article-title":"Intestinal permeability in children with celiac disease after the administration of Oligofructose-Enriched Inulin into a gluten-free diet-results of a randomized, placebo-controlled, pilot trial","volume":"12","author":"Drabinska","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104127_bb0590","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2024.114909","article-title":"Cassava (Manihot esculenta) Brazilian cultivars have different chemical compositions, present prebiotic potential, and beneficial effects on the colonic microbiota of celiac individuals","volume":"195","author":"Mafaldo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Res Int"},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104127_bb0595","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms231911748","article-title":"Celiac disease and possible dietary interventions: from enzymes and probiotics to postbiotics and viruses","volume":"23","author":"Wagh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104127_bb0600","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-021-00440-6","article-title":"The international scientific Association of Probiotics and Prebiotics (ISAPP) consensus statement on the definition and scope of postbiotics","volume":"18","author":"Salminen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104127_bb0605","article-title":"The protective role of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG postbiotic on the alteration of autophagy and inflammation pathways induced by gliadin in intestinal models","volume":"10","author":"Furone","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104127_bb0610","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23073655","article-title":"Gliadin peptide P31-43 induces mTOR\/NFkbeta activation and reduces autophagy: the role of Lactobacillus paracasei CBA L74 postbiotc","volume":"23","author":"Conte","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"}],"container-title":["Autoimmunity Reviews"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1568997226001412?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1568997226001412?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T03:00:50Z","timestamp":1786071650000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1568997226001412"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"references-count":122,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["S1568997226001412"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104127","relation":{},"ISSN":["1568-9972"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1568-9972","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Decoding gut microbiome alterations in celiac disease: Implications for pathogenesis and treatment","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Autoimmunity Reviews","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.autrev.2026.104127","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"104127"}}