{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T23:55:35Z","timestamp":1791158135236,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,1]],"date-time":"2015-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1438387200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000005","name":"DOD","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DAMD 17-01-1-0741"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DAMD 17-01-1-0741"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000005","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UL1RR024982 and P50NS32352"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1RR024982 and P50NS32352"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Brain and Cognition"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2015.05.005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,23]],"date-time":"2015-06-23T23:45:47Z","timestamp":1435103147000},"page":"65-73","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Word-finding impairment in veterans of the 1991 Persian Gulf War"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"98","author":[{"given":"Kristin","family":"Moffett","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruce","family":"Crosson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey S.","family":"Spence","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kimberly","family":"Case","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ilana","family":"Levy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaundinya","family":"Gopinath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Parina","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aman","family":"Goyal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard W.","family":"Briggs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"Jr.","given":"John","family":"Hart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Moore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert W.","family":"Haley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2015.05.005_b0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ne.09.030186.002041","article-title":"Parallel organization of functionally segregated circuits linking basal ganglia and cortex","volume":"9","author":"Alexander","year":"1986","journal-title":"Annual Review of Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2015.05.005_b0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2011.03.007","article-title":"Deterioration in brain and heart functions following a single sub-lethal (0.8 LCt50) inhalation exposure of rats to sarin vapor: A putative mechanism of the long term toxicity","volume":"253","author":"Allon","year":"2011","journal-title":"Toxicology & Applied Pharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2015.05.005_b0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617799533031","article-title":"Neurobehavioral deficits in Persian Gulf veterans: Evidence from a population-based study","volume":"5","author":"Anger","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2015.05.005_b0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2001.tb05833.x","article-title":"Central nervous system effects from a peripherally acting cholinesterase inhibiting agent: Interaction with stress or genetics","volume":"933","author":"Beck","year":"2001","journal-title":"Annals New York Academy of Sciences"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2015.05.005_b0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000001276","article-title":"Pulvinar: Associative role in cortical function and clinical correlations","volume":"84","author":"Benarroch","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2015.05.005_b0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x","article-title":"Controlling the false discovery rate: A practical and powerful approach to multiple testing","volume":"57","author":"Benjamini","year":"1995","journal-title":"Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series B"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2015.05.005_b0040","unstructured":"Binns, J. H., Golomb, B. A., Graves, J. C., Haley, R. W., Know, M. L., Meggs, W. J., et al. (2004). Scientific Progress in Understanding Gulf War Veterans\u2019 Illnesses: Report and Recommendations, Research Advisory Committee on Gulf War Veterans\u2019 Illnesses. Washington: U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2015.05.005_b0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.2490080106","article-title":"The development of a clinician-administered PTSD scale","volume":"8","author":"Blake","year":"1995","journal-title":"Journal of Traumatic Stress"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2015.05.005_b9000","unstructured":"Bohsali, A., & Crosson, B. (in press). The basal ganglia and language: A tale of two loops. In J.-J. Soghomonian (Ed.), The Basal Ganglia: Novel Perspectives on Motor and Cognitive Functions. New York: Springer."},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2015.05.005_b0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1007\/s11682-010-9103-2","article-title":"The neuroanatomic correlates of semantic memory deficits in patients with Gulf War illnesses: A pilot study","volume":"4","author":"Calley","year":"2010","journal-title":"Brain Imaging and Behavior"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2015.05.005_b0055","series-title":"Geostatistics: Modeling spatial uncertainty","author":"Chil\u00e8s","year":"1999"},{"issue":"403","key":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2015.05.005_b0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1988.10478639","article-title":"Locally weighted regression: An approach to regression analysis by local fitting","volume":"83","author":"Cleveland","year":"1988","journal-title":"Journal of the American Statistical Association"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2015.05.005_b0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.318.7179.290","article-title":"Clinical findings for the first 1000 Gulf war veterans in the Ministry of Defence\u2019s medical assessment programme","volume":"318","author":"Coker","year":"1999","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2015.05.005_b0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1037\/0894-4105.14.3.379","article-title":"Processing lexical ambiguities in word triplets: Evidence of lexical-semantic deficits following dominant nonthalamic subcortical lesions","volume":"14","author":"Copland","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neuropsychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2015.05.005_b0080","series-title":"Statistics for spatial data","author":"Cressie","year":"1993"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2015.05.005_b0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2012.06.011","article-title":"Thalamic mechanisms in language: A reconsideration based on recent findings and concepts","volume":"126","author":"Crosson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Brain and Language"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2015.05.005_b0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1017\/S135561770397010X","article-title":"Left and right basal ganglia and frontal activity during language generation: Contributions to lexical, semantic, and phonological processes","volume":"9","author":"Crosson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2015.05.005_b9010","series-title":"Neural Basis of Semantic Memory","first-page":"219","article-title":"Role of the basal ganglia in language and semantics: Supporting cast","author":"Crosson","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2015.05.005_b0095","series-title":"Delis Kaplan executive function system","author":"Delis","year":"2001"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2015.05.005_b0100","series-title":"Structured clinical interview for DSM-IV-TR Axis I disorders, Research Version, Non-patient Edition with Psychotic Screen. (SCID-I\/NP W\/PSY SCREEN)","author":"First","year":"2007"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2015.05.005_b0105","first-page":"1","article-title":"Broca\u2019s area and its striatal and thalamic connections: A diffusion-MRI tractography study","volume":"7","author":"Ford","year":"2013","journal-title":"Frontiers in Neuroanatomy"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2015.05.005_b0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.280.11.981","article-title":"Chronic multisymptom illness affecting Air Force veterans of the Gulf War","volume":"280","author":"Fukuda","year":"1998","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2015.05.005_b0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/155.11.1033","article-title":"Self-reported symptoms and medical conditions among 11,868 Gulf War-era veterans: The Seabee Health Study","volume":"155","author":"Gray","year":"2002","journal-title":"American Journal of Epidemiology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2015.05.005_b0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1997.03540270057027","article-title":"Self-reported exposure to neurotoxic chemical combinations in the Gulf War: A cross-sectional epidemiologic study","volume":"277","author":"Haley","year":"1997","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2015.05.005_b0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1997.03540270041025","article-title":"Is there a Gulf War Syndrome? Searching for syndromes by factor analysis of symptoms","volume":"277","author":"Haley","year":"1997","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2015.05.005_b0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-1781(01)00241-4","article-title":"Use of structural equation modeling to test the construct validity of a case definition of gulf war syndrome: Invariance over developmental and validation samples, service branches and publicity","volume":"102","author":"Haley","year":"2001","journal-title":"Psychiatry Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2015.05.005_b0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.92.1.46","article-title":"Severely reduced functional status in veterans fitting a case definition of Gulf War syndrome","volume":"92","author":"Haley","year":"2002","journal-title":"American Journal of Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2015.05.005_b0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.215.3.r00jn48807","article-title":"Brain abnormalities in Gulf War syndrome: Evaluation with 1H-MR spectroscopy","volume":"215","author":"Haley","year":"2000","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2015.05.005_b0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2008.05.004","article-title":"Abnormal brain response to cholinergic challenge in chronic encephalopathy from the 1991 Gulf War","volume":"171","author":"Haley","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychiatry Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2015.05.005_b0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1159\/000345124","article-title":"Epidemiological evidence of health effects from long-distance transit of chemical weapons fallout from bombing early in the 1991 Persian Gulf War","volume":"40","author":"Haley","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuroepidemiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2015.05.005_b0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1006\/taap.2002.9495","article-title":"Response of rats to low levels of sarin","volume":"184","author":"Henderson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2015.05.005_b0165","first-page":"284","article-title":"Verbal fluency deficits in Parkinson\u2019s disease: A meta-analysis","volume":"18","author":"Henry","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2015.05.005_b0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1093\/arclin\/12.6.531","article-title":"Neuropsychological correlates of Gulf War syndrome","volume":"12","author":"Hom","year":"1997","journal-title":"Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2015.05.005_b0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1159\/000331478","article-title":"Validation of a research case definition of Gulf War illness in the 1991 U.S. military population","volume":"37","author":"Iannacchione","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuroepidemiology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2015.05.005_b0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1076\/jcen.23.2.240.1208","article-title":"Cognitive functioning in Gulf War illness","volume":"23","author":"Lange","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2015.05.005_b0185","first-page":"3635","article-title":"Verification of chronic hippocampus perfusion abnormalities in ill Gulf War veterans from a representative national sample","volume":"20","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proceedings of the International Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2015.05.005_b0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.11101715","article-title":"Hippocampal dysfunction in Gulf War veterans: Investigation with ASL perfusion MR imaging and physostigmine challenge","volume":"261","author":"Li","year":"2011","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2015.05.005_b0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2010.12.004","article-title":"Perfusion deficit to cholinergic challenge in veterans with Gulf War illness","volume":"32","author":"Liu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2015.05.005_b0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1992.68.3.653","article-title":"A motor area rostral to the supplementary motor area (presupplementary motor area) in the monkey: Neuronal activity during a learned motor task","volume":"68","author":"Matsuzaka","year":"1992","journal-title":"Journal of Neurophysiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2015.05.005_b0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2010.06.020","article-title":"Impact of changed positive and negative task-related functional activity on word-retrieval in aging","volume":"33","author":"Meinzer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurobiology of Aging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2015.05.005_b0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2007","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.2009.21219","article-title":"Neural signatures of semantic and phonemic fluency in young and old adults","volume":"21","author":"Meinzer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2015.05.005_b0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2004.02.063","article-title":"Hippocampal dysfunction in Gulf War Syndrome. A proton MR spectroscopy study","volume":"1009","author":"Menon","year":"2004","journal-title":"Brain Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2015.05.005_b0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1006\/brcg.1999.1099","article-title":"Basal ganglia output and cognition: Evidence from anatomical, behavioral, and clinical studies","volume":"42","author":"Middleton","year":"2000","journal-title":"Brain and Cognition"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2015.05.005_b0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1037\/0894-4105.8.1.25","article-title":"A comparison of category and letter fluency in Alzheimer\u2019s disease and Huntington\u2019s disease","volume":"8","author":"Monsch","year":"1994","journal-title":"Neuropsychology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2015.05.005_b0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1006\/brln.1997.1707","article-title":"Subcortical aphasia","volume":"58","author":"Nadeau","year":"1997","journal-title":"Brain and Language"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2015.05.005_b9020","series-title":"Carpenter's Human Neuroanatomy","author":"Parent","year":"1996"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2015.05.005_b0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/S0959-4388(01)00266-5","article-title":"Imaging the premotor areas","volume":"11","author":"Picard","year":"2001","journal-title":"Current Opinion in Neurobiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2015.05.005_b0240","unstructured":"R Core Team (2012). R: A language and environment for statistical computing [computer software]. Vienna, Austria. <http:\/\/www.R-project.org>."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2015.05.005_b9025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000152156.90779.89","article-title":"FMRI reveals two distinct cerebral networks subserving speech motor control","volume":"64","author":"Riecker","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2015.05.005_b9035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2004.07.007","article-title":"An fMRI investigation of covertly and overtly produced mono- and multisyllabic words","volume":"93","author":"Shuster","year":"2005","journal-title":"Brain and Language"},{"issue":"478","key":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2015.05.005_b0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1198\/016214506000001284","article-title":"Accounting for spatial dependence in the analysis of SPECTbrain imaging data","volume":"102","author":"Spence","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of the American Statistical Association"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2015.05.005_b0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1159\/000345123","article-title":"Meteorological and intelligence evidence of long-distance transit of chemical weapons fallout from bombing early in the 1991 Persian Gulf War","volume":"40","author":"Tuite","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuroepidemiology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2015.05.005_b0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1002\/da.1029","article-title":"Clinician-administered PTSD scale: a review of the first ten years of research","volume":"13","author":"Weathers","year":"2001","journal-title":"Depression and Anxiety"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2015.05.005_b0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1037\/1040-3590.11.2.124","article-title":"Psychometric properties of nine scoring rules for the Clinician-Administered Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Scale","volume":"11","author":"Weathers","year":"1999","journal-title":"Psychological Assessment"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2015.05.005_b0265","unstructured":"Wright, S. P. (1998). Multivariate analysis using the MIXED procedure. In Proceedings of the 23rd annual SAS users group international (pp. 229\u2013234), Nashville, TN. March 22\u201325. <http:\/\/www2.sas.com\/proceedings\/sugi23\/Stats\/p229.pdf> Accessed 12.18.14."}],"container-title":["Brain and Cognition"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0278262615000615?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0278262615000615?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,9]],"date-time":"2024-06-09T17:40:35Z","timestamp":1717954835000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0278262615000615"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,8]]},"references-count":55,"alternative-id":["S0278262615000615"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bandc.2015.05.005","relation":{},"ISSN":["0278-2626"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0278-2626","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Word-finding impairment in veterans of the 1991 Persian Gulf War","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Brain and Cognition","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bandc.2015.05.005","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2015 Elsevier Inc. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}