{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,22]],"date-time":"2026-03-22T04:42:44Z","timestamp":1774154564042,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,1]],"date-time":"2020-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1585699200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,1]],"date-time":"2020-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1585699200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010877","name":"Science, Technology and Innovation Commission of Shenzhen Municipality","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010877","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Brain and Language"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,4]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2019.104740","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,23]],"date-time":"2020-01-23T05:00:24Z","timestamp":1579755624000},"page":"104740","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Earlier second language acquisition is associated with greater neural pattern dissimilarity between the first and second languages"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"203","author":[{"given":"Jian","family":"Ou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wenlong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9701-2918","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nizhuan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Min","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"02","key":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2019.104740_b0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1017\/S136672890100027X","article-title":"The bilingual brain as revealed by functional neuroimaging","volume":"4","author":"Abutalebi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Bilingualism: Language and cognition"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2019.104740_b0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1960-15.2016","article-title":"Effects of early and late bilingualism on resting-state functional connectivity","volume":"36","author":"Berken","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2019.104740_b0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2015.03.016","article-title":"Neural activation in speech production and reading aloud in native and non-native languages","volume":"112","author":"Berken","year":"2015","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2019.104740_b0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.neuro.25.112701.142946","article-title":"Functional MRI of language: New approaches to understanding the cortical organization of semantic processing","volume":"25","author":"Bookheimer","year":"2002","journal-title":"Annual Review of Neuroscience"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2019.104740_b0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1649","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_00414","article-title":"High proficiency in a second language is characterized by greater involvement of the first language network: Evidence from Chinese learners of English","volume":"25","author":"Cao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2019.104740_b0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.2001.0781","article-title":"Relative language proficiency modulates BOLD signal change when bilinguals perform semantic judgments","volume":"13","author":"Chee","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2019.104740_b0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2015.02.001","article-title":"The influence of orthographic depth on reading networks in simultaneous biliterate children","volume":"143","author":"Cherodath","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain and language"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2019.104740_b0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3709","article-title":"How does the bilingual experience sculpt the brain?","volume":"15","author":"Costa","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience"},{"issue":"5779","key":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2019.104740_b0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1537","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1127761","article-title":"Language control in the bilingual brain","volume":"312","author":"Crinion","year":"2006","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2019.104740_b0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1476","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.09.022","article-title":"Neuroimaging reveals dual routes to reading in simultaneous proficient readers of two orthographies","volume":"54","author":"Das","year":"2011","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2019.104740_b0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1017\/S0267190508080057","article-title":"Bilingual aphasia: Adapted language networks and their control","volume":"28","author":"Green","year":"2008","journal-title":"Annual Review of Applied Linguistics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2019.104740_b0060","series-title":"The bilingual brain","article-title":"Practice what you speak","author":"Hernandez","year":"2013"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2019.104740_b0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.133.4.638","article-title":"Age of acquisition: Its neural and computational mechanisms","volume":"133","author":"Hernandez","year":"2007","journal-title":"Psychological bulletin"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2019.104740_b0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1684","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awq106","article-title":"Developmental dyslexia in Chinese and English populations: Dissociating the effect of dyslexia from language differences","volume":"133","author":"Hu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2019.104740_b0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2017.04.003","article-title":"How does first language (L1) influence second language (L2) reading in the brain? Evidence from Korean-English and Chinese-English bilinguals","volume":"171","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain and Language"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2019.104740_b0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2015.11.068","article-title":"How does language distance between L1 and L2 affect the L2 brain network? An fMRI study of Korean\u2013Chinese\u2013English trilinguals","volume":"129","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"issue":"6638","key":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2019.104740_b0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1038\/40623","article-title":"Distinct cortical areas associated with native and second languages","volume":"388","author":"Kim","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2019.104740_b0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2013.06.007","article-title":"Representational geometry: Integrating cognition, computation, and the brain","volume":"17","author":"Kriegeskorte","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Sciences"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2019.104740_b0095","first-page":"4","article-title":"Representational similarity analysis-connecting the branches of systems neuroscience","volume":"2","author":"Kriegeskorte","year":"2008","journal-title":"Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2019.104740_b0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2014.05.001","article-title":"Neuroplasticity as a function of second language learning: Anatomical changes in the human brain","volume":"58","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2019.104740_b0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.24357","article-title":"Lexical learning in a new language leads to neural pattern similarity with word reading in native language","volume":"40","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Human Brain Mapping"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2019.104740_b0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03192770","article-title":"Language history questionnaire: A web-based interface for bilingual research","volume":"38","author":"Li","year":"2006","journal-title":"Behavior Research Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2019.104740_b0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2016.05.013","article-title":"L1 and L2 processing in the bilingual brain: A meta-analysis of neuroimaging studies","volume":"159","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain and Language"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2019.104740_b0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104654","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2019.104654","article-title":"Microstructural plasticity in the bilingual brain","volume":"196","author":"Luo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain and Language"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2019.104740_b0125","series-title":"The handbook of bilingualism","article-title":"The bilingual child","author":"Meisel","year":"2006"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2019.104740_b0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2016.08.053","article-title":"Functional activity and white matter microstructure reveal the independent effects of age of acquisition and proficiency on second-language learning","volume":"143","author":"Nichols","year":"2016","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2019.104740_b0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1003553","article-title":"A toolbox for representational similarity analysis","volume":"10","author":"Nili","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLOS Computational Biology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2019.104740_b0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3932(71)90067-4","article-title":"The assessment and analysis of handedness: The Edinburgh inventory","volume":"9","author":"Oldfield","year":"1971","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2019.104740_b0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/13.2.155","article-title":"Brain imaging of language plasticity in adopted adults: Can a second language replace the first?","volume":"13","author":"Pallier","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cerebral cortex"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2019.104740_b0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2005.03.007","article-title":"The neural basis of first and second language processing","volume":"15","author":"Perani","year":"2005","journal-title":"Current Opinion in Neurobiology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2019.104740_b0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.10110","article-title":"The role of age of acquisition and language usage in early, high-proficient bilinguals: An fMRI study during verbal fluency","volume":"19","author":"Perani","year":"2003","journal-title":"Human Brain Mapping"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2019.104740_b0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1841","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/121.10.1841","article-title":"The bilingual brain. Proficiency and age of acquisition of the second language","volume":"121","author":"Perani","year":"1998","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2019.104740_b0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1080\/10888438.2012.689786","article-title":"Specialization and universals in the development of reading skill: How Chinese research informs a universal science of reading","volume":"17","author":"Perfetti","year":"2013","journal-title":"Scientific Studies of Reading"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2019.104740_b0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1017\/S1366728907002891","article-title":"Reading in two writing systems: Accommodation and assimilation of the brain's reading network","volume":"10","author":"Perfetti","year":"2007","journal-title":"Bilingualism: Language and Cognition"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2019.104740_b0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms10073","article-title":"Past experience shapes ongoing neural patterns for language","volume":"6","author":"Pierce","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature Communications"},{"issue":"48","key":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2019.104740_b0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17314","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1409411111","article-title":"Mapping the unconscious maintenance of a lost first language","volume":"111","author":"Pierce","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2019.104740_b0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2012.04.062","article-title":"A review and synthesis of the first 20years of PET and fMRI studies of heard speech, spoken language and reading","volume":"62","author":"Price","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"6875","key":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2019.104740_b0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1026","DOI":"10.1038\/4151026a","article-title":"Brain potential and functional MRI evidence for how to handle two languages with one brain","volume":"415","author":"Rodriguez-Fornells","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2019.104740_b0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2008.08.007","article-title":"Word order processing in the bilingual brain","volume":"47","author":"Saur","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"issue":"7004","key":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2019.104740_b0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02865","article-title":"Biological abnormality of impaired reading is constrained by culture","volume":"431","author":"Siok","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2019.104740_b0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2540","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0909623108","article-title":"Activity levels in the left hemisphere caudate-fusiform circuit predict how well a second language will be learned","volume":"108","author":"Tan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2019.104740_b0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.20134","article-title":"Neuroanatomical correlates of phonological processing of Chinese characters and alphabetic words: A meta analysis","volume":"25","author":"Tan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Human Brain Mapping"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2019.104740_b0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.10089","article-title":"Neural systems of second language reading are shaped by native language","volume":"18","author":"Tan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Human Brain Mapping"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2019.104740_b0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2005.06.057","article-title":"Phonological processing in Chinese-English bilingual biscriptals: An fMRI study","volume":"28","author":"Tham","year":"2005","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2019.104740_b0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2013.01.002","article-title":"The role of age of acquisition on past tense generation in Spanish-English bilinguals: An fMRI study","volume":"125","author":"Waldron","year":"2013","journal-title":"Brain and language"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2019.104740_b0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(02)01150-9","article-title":"Early setting of grammatical processing in the bilingual brain","volume":"37","author":"Wartenburger","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2019.104740_b0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1603309","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.1603309","article-title":"Distinct distributed patterns of neural activity are associated with two languages in the bilingual brain","volume":"3","author":"Xu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Science Advances"},{"issue":"6000","key":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2019.104740_b0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1193125","article-title":"Greater neural pattern similarity across repetitions is associated with better memory","volume":"330","author":"Xue","year":"2010","journal-title":"Science"}],"container-title":["Brain and Language"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0093934X19303566?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0093934X19303566?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]],"date-time":"2025-09-25T13:02:46Z","timestamp":1758805366000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0093934X19303566"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,4]]},"references-count":48,"alternative-id":["S0093934X19303566"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bandl.2019.104740","relation":{},"ISSN":["0093-934X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0093-934X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Earlier second language acquisition is associated with greater neural pattern dissimilarity between the first and second languages","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Brain and Language","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bandl.2019.104740","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2019 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"104740"}}