{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T00:54:51Z","timestamp":1790902491032,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,1]],"date-time":"2024-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704067200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,1]],"date-time":"2024-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704067200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,12]],"date-time":"2024-02-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1707696000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":42,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Brain and Spine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.bas.2024.102765","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,13]],"date-time":"2024-02-13T12:32:34Z","timestamp":1707827554000},"page":"102765","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Can AI pass the written European Board Examination in Neurological Surgery? - Ethical and practical issues"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"4","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-0415-3923","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Felix C.","family":"Stengel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6417-1787","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin N.","family":"Stienen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3016-8931","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcel","family":"Ivanov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda L.","family":"Gand\u00eda-Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8623-4964","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovanni","family":"Raffa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8676-1147","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mario","family":"Ganau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0566-1820","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter","family":"Whitfield","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1950-9168","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefan","family":"Motov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.bas.2024.102765_bib1","series-title":"ChatGPT-A Double-Edged Sword for Healthcare Education? Implications for Assessments of Dental Students","author":"Ali","year":"2023"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.bas.2024.102765_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2196\/32507","article-title":"Assessing the performance of a new artificial intelligence-driven diagnostic support tool using medical board exam simulations: clinical vignette study","volume":"9","author":"Ben-Shabat","year":"2021","journal-title":"JMIR Med Inform"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bas.2024.102765_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-023-04752-w","article-title":"Advantages and pitfalls in utilizing artificial intelligence for crafting medical examinations: a medical education pilot study with GPT-4","volume":"23","author":"E","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Med. Educ."},{"issue":"6433","key":"10.1016\/j.bas.2024.102765_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1287","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaw4399","article-title":"Adversarial attacks on medical machine learning","volume":"363","author":"Finlayson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bas.2024.102765_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2196\/45312","article-title":"How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment","volume":"9","author":"Gilson","year":"2023","journal-title":"JMIR Med Educ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bas.2024.102765_bib7","series-title":"GPT-4 Artificial Intelligence Model Outperforms ChatGPT, Medical Students, and Neurosurgery Residents on Neurosurgery Written Board-like Questions","author":"Guerra","year":"2023"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.bas.2024.102765_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1080\/0142159X.2023.2198094","article-title":"Harnessing the power of ChatGPT in medical education","volume":"45","author":"Guo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Med. Teach."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bas.2024.102765_bib9","series-title":"Assessing the Accuracy and Reliability of AI-Generated Medical Responses: an Evaluation of the Chat-GPT Model","author":"Johnson","year":"2023"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.bas.2024.102765_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pdig.0000198","article-title":"Performance of ChatGPT on USMLE: potential for AI-assisted medical education using large language models","volume":"2","author":"Kung","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLOS Digit Health"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.bas.2024.102765_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1237","DOI":"10.1093\/jamia\/ocad072","article-title":"Using AI-generated suggestions from ChatGPT to optimize clinical decision support","volume":"30","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Inf. Assoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bas.2024.102765_bib12","series-title":"Large Language Model-Based Neurosurgical Evaluation Matrix: A Novel Scoring Criteria to Assess the Efficacy of ChatGPT as an Educational Tool for Neurosurgery Board Preparation","author":"Mannam","year":"2023"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.bas.2024.102765_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surge.2023.07.001","article-title":"Assessing ChatGPT's ability to pass the FRCS orthopaedic part A exam: a critical analysis","volume":"21","author":"Saad","year":"2023","journal-title":"Surgeon"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.bas.2024.102765_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9505","DOI":"10.1007\/s00432-023-04824-w","article-title":"Large language models for oncological applications","volume":"149","author":"Sorin","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bas.2024.102765_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bas.2022.100929","article-title":"Transformation of neurosurgical training from \"see one, do one, teach one\" to AR\/VR & simulation - a survey by the EANS Young Neurosurgeons","volume":"2","author":"Stengel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Spine"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.bas.2024.102765_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1823","DOI":"10.1007\/s00701-016-2917-y","article-title":"Residency program trainee-satisfaction correlate with results of the European board examination in neurosurgery","volume":"158","author":"Stienen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.bas.2024.102765_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1007\/s00701-016-3042-7","article-title":"eLearning resources to supplement postgraduate neurosurgery training","volume":"159","author":"Stienen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.bas.2024.102765_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2303","DOI":"10.1007\/s00701-020-04513-4","article-title":"Procedures performed during neurosurgery residency in Europe","volume":"162","author":"Stienen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bas.2024.102765_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bas.2023.101744","article-title":"European training requirements in neurological surgery: a new outcomes-based 3 stage UEMS curriculum","volume":"3","author":"Whitfield","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain Spine"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.bas.2024.102765_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.23736\/S0390-5616.22.05802-7","article-title":"The EANS young neurosurgeons committee's vision of the future of European neurosurgery","volume":"66","author":"Zoia","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg. Sci."}],"container-title":["Brain and Spine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2772529424000213?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2772529424000213?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T00:18:32Z","timestamp":1790900312000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2772529424000213"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"references-count":19,"alternative-id":["S2772529424000213"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bas.2024.102765","relation":{},"ISSN":["2772-5294"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2772-5294","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Can AI pass the written European Board Examination in Neurological Surgery? - Ethical and practical issues","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Brain and Spine","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bas.2024.102765","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of EUROSPINE, the Spine Society of Europe, EANS, the European Association of Neurosurgical Societies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"102765"}}