{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T09:56:16Z","timestamp":1791453376872,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768780800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":18,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Brain and Spine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.bas.2026.105946","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]],"date-time":"2026-01-20T00:28:02Z","timestamp":1768868882000},"page":"105946","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Ethical issues in neurosurgery \u2013 A scoping review from the EANS Ethico-legal committee"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-0866-735X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emilia","family":"Westarp","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tim Jonas","family":"Hallenberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Massimiliano","family":"Visocchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6703-8095","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikolaos","family":"Syrmos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marike L.D.","family":"Broekman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7841-6837","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicol\u00e0s","family":"Sampr\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3854-8795","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kayode","family":"Agboola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ulrika","family":"Sandvik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2395-0004","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Naci","family":"Balak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ciaran","family":"Bolger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9463-1919","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tiit","family":"Mathiesen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mario","family":"Ganau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jehuda","family":"Soleman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.bas.2026.105946_bib1","article-title":"Identifying barriers and facilitators to the improvement of healthcare delivery and ethics in two Cameroonian neurosurgical centers","volume":"8","author":"Ankeambom","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Surg."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bas.2026.105946_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1007\/s10143-024-02774-6","article-title":"AI-Augmented neurosurgery: a new era of ethical challenges","volume":"47","author":"Asif","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neurosurg. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bas.2026.105946_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/frhs.2022.860266","article-title":"The crucial role of ethical hospital administration in neurosurgery education","volume":"2","author":"Balak","year":"2022","journal-title":"Frontiers in Health Service"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bas.2026.105946_bib4","series-title":"Ethics and Values in Social Work","author":"Banks","year":"2012"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.bas.2026.105946_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1080\/15265161.2019.1665402","article-title":"Principles of biomedical ethics: marking its fortieth anniversary","volume":"19","author":"Beauchamp","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Bioeth."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.bas.2026.105946_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2011.05.033","article-title":"Deep brain stimulation and ethics: perspectives from a multisite qualitative study of Canadian neurosurgical centers","volume":"76","author":"Bell","year":"2011","journal-title":"World Neurosurg."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bas.2026.105946_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.2004.100.1.0002","article-title":"Surgical innovation or surgical evolution: an ethical and practical guide to handling novel neurosurgical procedures","volume":"100","author":"Bernstein","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.bas.2026.105946_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1448","DOI":"10.1093\/bjs\/znab336","article-title":"Death following pulmonary complications of surgery before and during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic","volume":"108","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br. J. Surg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bas.2026.105946_bib9","series-title":"Professional Ethics and Civic Morals","author":"Durkheim","year":"2018"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.bas.2026.105946_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1136\/jme.200X.013151","article-title":"Stimulating debate: ethics in a multidisciplinary functional neurosurgery committee","volume":"32","author":"Ford","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Med. Ethics"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.bas.2026.105946_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00735726","article-title":"Hospital ethics committees: a pediatric neurosurgical perspective","volume":"1","author":"Gallo","year":"1985","journal-title":"Childs Nerv. Syst."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.bas.2026.105946_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00057722","article-title":"Hospital ethics committees revisited: a pediatric neurosurgical perspective","volume":"3","author":"Gallo","year":"1991","journal-title":"HEC Forum : an interdisciplinary journal on hospitals' ethical and legal issues"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.bas.2026.105946_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1777","DOI":"10.1007\/s00701-020-04360-3","article-title":"Neurosurgeons and the fight with COVID-19: a position statement from the EANS individual membership committee","volume":"162","author":"Ganau","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.bas.2026.105946_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0043-1771278","article-title":"Clinical course after end-of-life decisions on a neurosurgical ward: much to learn and improve","volume":"85","author":"Hautmann","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Surg. Cent. Eur. Neurosurg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bas.2026.105946_bib15","series-title":"Ethical and Clinical Aspects of Restraint in Neurosurgical Care","author":"Holmgren","year":"2023"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.bas.2026.105946_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.23736\/S0390-5616.18.04509-5","article-title":"Long-term outcome following severe traumatic brain injury: ethical considerations","volume":"62","author":"Honeybul","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bas.2026.105946_bib17","series-title":"Ethical Challenges in the Decision-Making of Ugandan Neurosurgical Care Providers","author":"Hughes","year":"2022"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.bas.2026.105946_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1485","DOI":"10.1007\/s00701-020-04375-w","article-title":"Ethical triage during the COVID-19 pandemic: a toolkit for neurosurgical resource allocation","volume":"162","author":"Hulsbergen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bas.2026.105946_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1001\/virtualmentor.2015.17.01.pfor1-1501","article-title":"Models of neurosurgery international aid and their potential ethical pitfalls","volume":"17","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2015","journal-title":"The virtual mentor : VM"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bas.2026.105946_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.04.067","article-title":"Medical ethics and artificial intelligence in neurosurgery-how should we prepare?","volume":"187","author":"Lee","year":"2024","journal-title":"World Neurosurg."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.bas.2026.105946_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E9","DOI":"10.3171\/2010.4.FOCUS09327","article-title":"Criteria for the ethical conduct of psychiatric neurosurgery clinical trials","volume":"29","author":"Lipsman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurosurg. Focus"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.bas.2026.105946_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1274","DOI":"10.1093\/bjs\/znab183","article-title":"Machine learning risk prediction of mortality for patients undergoing surgery with perioperative SARS-CoV-2: the COVIDSurg mortality score","volume":"108","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br. J. Surg."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.bas.2026.105946_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.3171\/2010.6.PEDS1031","article-title":"Care of pediatric neurosurgical patients in Iraq in 2007: clinical and ethical experience of a field hospital clinical article","volume":"6","author":"Martin","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg. Pediatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bas.2026.105946_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bas.2022.100899","article-title":"Ethico-legal regional differences in European neurosurgical practice: part 1-pre-COVID-19 era","volume":"2","author":"Mathiesen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain and Spine"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.bas.2026.105946_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1366","DOI":"10.1227\/neu.0000000000002598","article-title":"Exploring the intersection of artificial intelligence and neurosurgery: let us be cautious with ChatGPT","volume":"93","author":"Mishra","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.bas.2026.105946_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1431","DOI":"10.1007\/s10389-020-01434-5","article-title":"Clinical and ethical perspective of neurosurgical care in patients from beyond the southern border of Turkey: challenges of patients in war","volume":"30","author":"Ozisik","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Pub. Health-Heidelberg"},{"issue":"S2","key":"10.1016\/j.bas.2026.105946_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S40","DOI":"10.1017\/cjn.2017.190","article-title":"Ethics education in neurosurgical training-a survey of North American program directors","volume":"44","author":"Rajmohamed","year":"2017","journal-title":"Can. J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bas.2026.105946_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fsurg.2021.749399","article-title":"Unequal impact of COVID-19 on private and academic neurosurgical workforce: results of an international survey","volume":"8","author":"Ridwan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Surg."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.bas.2026.105946_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000004985","article-title":"Technologies to optimize the care of severe COVID-19 patients for health care providers challenged by limited resources","volume":"131","author":"Rubulotta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anesth. Analg."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.bas.2026.105946_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1338","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-6576.2007.01452.x","article-title":"Decision making in a life-threatening cerebral condition:: a comparative study of the ethical reasoning of intensive care unit physicians and neurosurgeons","volume":"51","author":"Rydvall","year":"2007","journal-title":"Acta Anaesthesiol. Scand."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.bas.2026.105946_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1136\/medethics-2018-104831","article-title":"Ethics rounds: affecting ethics quality at all organisational levels","volume":"44","author":"Schmitz","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Med. Ethics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bas.2026.105946_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E769","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.04.165","article-title":"Ethical incorporation of artificial intelligence into neurosurgery: a generative pretrained transformer Chatbot-based, human-modified approach","volume":"187","author":"Shlobin","year":"2024","journal-title":"World Neurosurg."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.bas.2026.105946_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1007\/s12152-016-9278-3","article-title":"Ethical theories used by neurosurgery residents to make decisions in challenging cases of medical ethics","volume":"9","author":"Sobhani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuroethics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bas.2026.105946_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bas.2024.102765","article-title":"Can AI pass the written European Board Examination in neurological surgery? - ethical and practical issues","volume":"4","author":"Stengel","year":"2024","journal-title":"Brain Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bas.2026.105946_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bas.2025.104375","article-title":"The age of artificial intelligence in neurosurgical practice and educational paradigms - considerations from the EANS Ethico-legal and young neurosurgeons' committees","volume":"5","author":"Stengel","year":"2025","journal-title":"Brain Spine"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.bas.2026.105946_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/gpsych-2021-100523","article-title":"Cut it out or wait it out? Case series of middle fossa arachnoid cysts presenting with psychiatric symptoms and a discussion of the ethics of neurosurgical management","volume":"34","author":"Steyn","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gen. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.bas.2026.105946_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E14","DOI":"10.3171\/2020.8.FOCUS20597","article-title":"The ethical and legal status of neurosurgical guidelines: the neurosurgeon's golden fleece or Achilles' heel?","volume":"49","author":"Tewarie","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurosurg. Focus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bas.2026.105946_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.11.162","article-title":"Prognostic analysis of emergency decompressive craniectomy for patients with severe traumatic brain injury with bilateral fixed dilated pupils","volume":"146","author":"Tian","year":"2021","journal-title":"World Neurosurg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bas.2026.105946_bib39","series-title":"Ethics in Neurosurgical Practice","first-page":"54","article-title":"Surgical training","author":"Tisell","year":"2020"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.bas.2026.105946_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.7326\/M18-0850","article-title":"PRISMA extension for scoping reviews (PRISMA-ScR): checklist and explanation","volume":"169","author":"Tricco","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bas.2026.105946_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.05.108","article-title":"Challenges to neurosurgery during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic","volume":"139","author":"Tsermoulas","year":"2020","journal-title":"World Neurosurg."},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"10.1016\/j.bas.2026.105946_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2011.06.001","article-title":"Statement of ethics in neurosurgery of the world Federation of neurosurgical societies","volume":"76","author":"Umansky","year":"2011","journal-title":"World Neurosurg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bas.2026.105946_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bas.2022.100925","article-title":"Ethical attitudes in neurosurgery at the height of the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"2","author":"Van der Straeten","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain and Spine"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.bas.2026.105946_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1007\/s007010050379","article-title":"World Federation of neurosurgical societies and European association of neurosurgical societies (final version: august 1998). Good practice: a guide for neurosurgeons","volume":"141","year":"1999","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir."}],"container-title":["Brain and Spine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2772529426000226?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2772529426000226?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T09:46:40Z","timestamp":1791452800000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2772529426000226"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":44,"alternative-id":["S2772529426000226"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bas.2026.105946","relation":{},"ISSN":["2772-5294"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2772-5294","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Ethical issues in neurosurgery \u2013 A scoping review from the EANS Ethico-legal committee","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Brain and Spine","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bas.2026.105946","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of EANS, the European Association of Neurosurgical Societies, EUROSPINE, the Spine Society of Europe.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"105946"}}