{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]],"date-time":"2026-07-04T07:22:40Z","timestamp":1783149760850,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003407","name":"Ministero dell\u2019Istruzione, dell\u2019Universit\u00e0 e della Ricerca","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2017MT3993"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017MT3993"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003407","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003407","name":"Ministero dell\u2019Istruzione, dell\u2019Universit\u00e0 e della Ricerca","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022CF5T45"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022CF5T45"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003407","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003407","name":"Ministero dell\u2019Istruzione, dell\u2019Universit\u00e0 e della Ricerca","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CUP I53D23004140006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CUP I53D23004140006"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003407","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003407","name":"Ministero dell\u2019Istruzione, dell\u2019Universit\u00e0 e della Ricerca","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CUP N. B83C22003930001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CUP N. B83C22003930001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003407","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Basis of Disease"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2026.168279","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T15:44:47Z","timestamp":1777563887000},"page":"168279","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["18 kDa TSPO-mediated neurosteroidogenesis controls cholesterol homeostasis in tuning microglia response to inflammatory stimulus"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"1872","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6122-7327","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elisa","family":"Angeloni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7318-7545","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Germelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2110-9481","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Marchetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4762-8949","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eleonora","family":"Da Pozzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5762-0003","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christian H.","family":"Wetzel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7897-7917","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Federico","family":"Da Settimo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8675-939X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sabrina","family":"Taliani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8124-977X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Letizia","family":"Trincavelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9379-3027","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudia","family":"Martini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7598-1275","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Barbara","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2026.168279_bb0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"033","DOI":"10.29328\/journal.jnnd.1001095","article-title":"Navigating neurodegenerative disorders: a comprehensive review of current and emerging therapies for neurodegenerative disorders","volume":"8","author":"Kharat","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Neurol. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2026.168279_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2022.106404","article-title":"Pharmacological targeting of microglia dynamics in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: preclinical and clinical evidence","volume":"184","author":"Yousefizadeh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2026.168279_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2022.12.032","article-title":"Hallmarks of neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"186","author":"Wilson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2026.168279_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-023-01588-0","article-title":"Microglia in neurodegenerative diseases: mechanism and potential therapeutic targets","volume":"8","author":"Gao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sig. Transduct. Target Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2026.168279_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2021.690372","article-title":"Cholesterol and Alzheimer\u2019s disease; from risk genes to pathological effects","volume":"13","author":"Feringa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2026.168279_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.01005","article-title":"Role of neuroinflammation in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: cellular mechanisms and therapeutic implications","volume":"8","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2026.168279_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-019-0566-1","article-title":"Lipid-droplet-accumulating microglia represent a dysfunctional and proinflammatory state in the aging brain","volume":"23","author":"Marschallinger","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2026.168279_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.115962","article-title":"TREM2 regulates microglial lipid droplet formation and represses post-ischemic brain injury","volume":"170","author":"Wei","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2026.168279_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3105","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines10123105","article-title":"Microglia and cholesterol handling: implications for Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"10","author":"Mu\u00f1oz Herrera","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2026.168279_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2023.166751","article-title":"The human microglial surveillant phenotype is preserved by de novo neurosteroidogenesis through the control of cholesterol homeostasis: crucial role of 18 kDa Translocator Protein","volume":"1869","author":"Angeloni","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta (BBA) - Mol. Basis Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2026.168279_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.105215","article-title":"Cholesterol homeostasis: researching a dialogue between the brain and peripheral tissues","volume":"163","author":"Gliozzi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2026.168279_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2239","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.R075630","article-title":"Cellular cholesterol homeostasis and Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"58","author":"Chang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2026.168279_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2007.04.011","article-title":"Neurosteroid regulation of central nervous system development","volume":"116","author":"Mellon","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2026.168279_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-53630-3.00008-7","article-title":"Neurosteroids: endogenous role in the human brian and therapeutic potentials","volume":"186","author":"Reddy","year":"2010","journal-title":"Prog. Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2026.168279_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2024.105916","article-title":"Neurosteroids and Translocator Protein (TSPO) in neuroinflammation","volume":"182","author":"Angeloni","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neurochem. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2026.168279_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yfrne.2019.100788","article-title":"Neurosteroids as regulators of neuroinflammation","volume":"55","author":"Yilmaz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Neuroendocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2026.168279_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2011.04.010","article-title":"Neurosteroid and GABA-A receptor alterations in Alzheimer\u2019s disease, Parkinson\u2019s disease and multiple sclerosis","volume":"191","author":"Luchetti","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2026.168279_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2013.05.010","article-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s disease: review of hormone therapy trials and implications for treatment and prevention after menopause","volume":"142","author":"Henderson","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2026.168279_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000052994.54660.58","article-title":"DHEA treatment of Alzheimer\u2019s disease: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study","volume":"60","author":"Wolkowitz","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2026.168279_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2004.12.012","article-title":"A 20-week randomized controlled trial of estradiol replacement therapy for women aged 70 years and older: effect on mood, cognition and quality of life","volume":"27","author":"Almeida","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2026.168279_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2020.114015","article-title":"18-kDa translocator protein association complexes in the brain: from structure to function","volume":"177","author":"Costa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2026.168279_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbalip.2009.03.001","article-title":"Cholesterol transport in steroid biosynthesis: role of protein-protein interactions and implications in disease states","volume":"1791","author":"Rone","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2026.168279_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-190127","article-title":"TSPO ligands boost mitochondrial function and pregnenolone synthesis","volume":"72","author":"Lejri","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Alzheimer\u2019s Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2026.168279_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4831","DOI":"10.2174\/0929867329666220415120820","article-title":"Translocator protein 18-kDa: a promising target to treat neuroinflammation-related degenerative diseases","volume":"29","author":"Tremolanti","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2026.168279_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2023.1210205","article-title":"Translocator protein in the rise and fall of central nervous system neurons","volume":"17","author":"Cheung","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2026.168279_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6081","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jmedchem.5b00689","article-title":"Deepening the topology of the translocator protein binding site by novel N,N-dialkyl-2-arylindol-3-ylglyoxylamides","volume":"58","author":"Barresi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2026.168279_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1007\/s13365-016-0499-3","article-title":"Immortalization of primary microglia: a new platform to study HIV regulation in the central nervous system","volume":"23","author":"Garcia-Mesa","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neurovirol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2026.168279_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3359","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20133359","article-title":"CRISPR-Cas9 mediated TSPO gene knockout alters respiration and cellular metabolism in human primary microglia cells","volume":"20","author":"Milenkovic","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2026.168279_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21563","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1902790116","article-title":"Fast-diffusing p75NTR monomers support apoptosis and growth cone collapse by neurotrophin ligands","volume":"116","author":"Marchetti","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2026.168279_bb0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-2550-6_27","article-title":"Western blotting using in-gel protein labeling as a normalization control: stain-free technology","volume":"1295","author":"Gilda","year":"2015","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2026.168279_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3791\/50948-v","article-title":"V3 stain-free workflow for a practical, convenient, and reliable total protein loading control in Western blotting","author":"Posch","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Vis. Exp."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2026.168279_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1576","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-01747-8","article-title":"Characterizing microglia activation: a spatial statistics approach to maximize information extraction","volume":"7","author":"Davis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2026.168279_bb0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3115","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22063115","article-title":"De novo neurosteroidogenesis in human microglia: involvement of the 18 kDa translocator protein","volume":"22","author":"Germelli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2026.168279_bb0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23127","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.2c00816","article-title":"Human microglia extracellular vesicles derived from different microglia cell lines: similarities and differences","volume":"7","author":"Ceccarelli","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2026.168279_bb0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-024-05544-1","article-title":"18 kDa TSPO targeting drives polarized human microglia towards a protective and restorative neurosteroidome profile","volume":"82","author":"Germelli","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2026.168279_bb0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20184467","article-title":"Microglial pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory phenotypes are modulated by translocator protein activation","volume":"20","author":"Pozzo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2026.168279_bb0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1128190","article-title":"Cause or consequence? The role of IL-1 family cytokines and receptors in neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"14","author":"Boraschi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2026.168279_bb0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-2094-11-3","article-title":"Translocator protein (18 kDa) (TSPO) is expressed in reactive retinal microglia and modulates microglial inflammation and phagocytosis","volume":"11","author":"Karlstetter","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2026.168279_bb0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2583","DOI":"10.1021\/bi602407r","article-title":"The C-terminal lipid-binding domain of apolipoprotein E is a highly efficient mediator of ABCA1-dependent cholesterol efflux that promotes the assembly of high-density lipoproteins","volume":"46","author":"Vedhachalam","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2026.168279_bb0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.M300418-JLR200","article-title":"Molecular interactions between apoE and ABCA1: impact on apoE lipidation","volume":"45","author":"Krimbou","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2026.168279_bb0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1515\/hsz-2018-0284","article-title":"Characterization of the cholesterol efflux of apolipoprotein E-containing high-density lipoprotein in THP-1 cells","volume":"400","author":"Horiuchi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2026.168279_bb0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.steroids.2024.109521","article-title":"Expression of pregnenolone-synthesizing enzymes CYP11A1 and CYP1B1 in the human, rat, and mouse brain","volume":"212","author":"Lin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Steroids"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2026.168279_bb0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2023.105035","article-title":"Mitochondrial cytochrome P450 1B1 is involved in pregnenolone synthesis in human brain cells","volume":"299","author":"Lin","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2026.168279_bb0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2008.04.010","article-title":"ApoE promotes the proteolytic degradation of Abeta","volume":"58","author":"Jiang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2026.168279_bb0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2032","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M111.295451","article-title":"Apolipoprotein E promotes \u03b2-amyloid trafficking and degradation by modulating microglial cholesterol levels","volume":"287","author":"Lee","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2026.168279_bb0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1210\/me.2015-1282","article-title":"Impaired 17,20-lyase activity in male mice lacking cytochrome b5 in Leydig cells","volume":"30","author":"Sondhi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2026.168279_bb0235","series-title":"Advances in Molecular and Cell Biology","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1016\/S1569-2558(03)31024-0","article-title":"Non-neuronal cells in the nervous system: sources and targets of neuroactive steroids","author":"Melcangi","year":"2003"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2026.168279_bb0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12040963","article-title":"Human microglia synthesize neurosteroids to cope with rotenone-induced oxidative stress","volume":"12","author":"Lucchi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Antioxidants (Basel)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2026.168279_bb0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-018-1246-x","article-title":"The novel estrogenic receptor GPR30 alleviates ischemic injury by inhibiting TLR4-mediated microglial inflammation","volume":"15","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2026.168279_bb0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10030698","article-title":"Microglial cell morphology and phagocytic activity are critically regulated by the neurosteroid allopregnanolone: a possible role in neuroprotection","volume":"10","author":"Jolivel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2026.168279_bb0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1186\/s13041-014-0085-7","article-title":"Statin treatment affects cytokine release and phagocytic activity in primary cultured microglia through two separable mechanisms","volume":"7","author":"Churchward","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2026.168279_bb0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2020.00393","article-title":"Lipid and lipoprotein metabolism in microglia","volume":"11","author":"Loving","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2026.168279_bb0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2091","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9092091","article-title":"BV-2 microglial cells respond to rotenone toxic insult by modifying pregnenolone, 5\u03b1-dihydroprogesterone and pregnanolone levels","volume":"9","author":"Avallone","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2026.168279_bb0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1111\/andr.12733","article-title":"Cholesterol accumulation, lipid droplet formation, and steroid production in Leydig cells: role of translocator protein (18-kDa)","volume":"8","author":"Chung","year":"2020","journal-title":"Andrology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2026.168279_bb0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexcr.2015.11.024","article-title":"Lipid droplets and steroidogenic cells","volume":"340","author":"Shen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Exp. Cell Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2026.168279_bb0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2006.06.005","article-title":"Translocator protein (18kDa): new nomenclature for the peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptor based on its structure and molecular function","volume":"27","author":"Papadopoulos","year":"2006","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2026.168279_bb0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/jne.12500","article-title":"Translocator protein (18 kDa): an update on its function in steroidogenesis","volume":"30","author":"Papadopoulos","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neuroendocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2026.168279_bb0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7261","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1502670112","article-title":"Conditional steroidogenic cell-targeted deletion of TSPO unveils a crucial role in viability and hormone-dependent steroid formation","volume":"112","author":"Fan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2026.168279_bb0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1042\/BCJ20170645","article-title":"Steroidogenic abnormalities in translocator protein knockout mice and significance in the aging male","volume":"475","author":"Barron","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2026.168279_bb0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1832","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI29160","article-title":"Liver X receptor opens a new gateway to StAR and to steroid hormones","volume":"116","author":"Jefcoate","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2026.168279_bb0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2111","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.R016675","article-title":"Early steps in steroidogenesis: intracellular cholesterol trafficking: thematic review series: genetics of human lipid diseases","volume":"52","author":"Miller","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2026.168279_bb0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E5685","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1611424113","article-title":"SCAP\/SREBP pathway is required for the full steroidogenic response to cyclic AMP","volume":"113","author":"Shimizu-Albergine","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2026.168279_bb0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1525","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.142.4.8075","article-title":"Sterol regulatory element binding protein-1a regulation of the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein gene","volume":"142","author":"Shea-Eaton","year":"2001","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2026.168279_bb0320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3139","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.M042473","article-title":"Hormonal modulators of glial ABCA1 and apoE levels","volume":"54","author":"Fan","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2026.168279_bb0325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2014.00203","article-title":"Frontiers in therapeutic development of allopregnanolone for Alzheimer\u2019s disease and other neurological disorders","volume":"8","author":"Irwin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2026.168279_bb0330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2091","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2275(20)32432-9","article-title":"Regulation of the rat neutral cytosolic cholesteryl ester hydrolase promoter by hormones and sterols: a role for nuclear factor-Y in the sterol-mediated response","volume":"40","author":"Natarajan","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2026.168279_bb0335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1006\/exnr.1996.6360","article-title":"Astrocytes and microglia respond to estrogen with increased apoE mRNA in vivo and in vitro","volume":"143","author":"Stone","year":"1997","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2026.168279_bb0340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1237","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2007.04831.x","article-title":"Important differences between human and mouse APOE gene promoters: limitation of mouse APOE model in studying Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"103","author":"Maloney","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2026.168279_bb0345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1225","DOI":"10.1210\/mend.13.8.0333","article-title":"The promoter of the rat 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase gene contains a tissue-specific estrogen-responsive region","volume":"13","author":"Di Croce","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2026.168279_bb0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-023-01651-w","article-title":"Transcriptional co-activators: emerging roles in signaling pathways and potential therapeutic targets for diseases","volume":"8","author":"Talukdar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sig. Transduct. Target Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2026.168279_bb0355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1744","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-022-02737-2","article-title":"Translocator protein ligand PIGA1138 reduces disease symptoms and severity in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis model of primary progressive multiple sclerosis","volume":"59","author":"Tremolanti","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2026.168279_bb0360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2020.615543","article-title":"The TSPO-specific ligand PK11195 protects against LPS-induced cognitive dysfunction by inhibiting cellular autophagy","volume":"11","author":"Lan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2026.168279_bb0365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2016.02.001","article-title":"TSPO ligand PK11195 alleviates neuroinflammation and beta-amyloid generation induced by systemic LPS administration","volume":"121","author":"Ma","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain Res. Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2026.168279_bb0370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1363","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1248725","article-title":"Structure of the mitochondrial translocator protein in complex with a diagnostic ligand","volume":"343","author":"Jaremko","year":"2014","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2026.168279_bb0375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/srep18164","article-title":"TSPO ligand residence time: a new parameter to predict compound neurosteroidogenic efficacy","volume":"6","author":"Costa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2026.168279_bb0380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2022.102110","article-title":"The neurosteroid pregnenolone is synthesized by a mitochondrial P450 enzyme other than CYP11A1 in human glial cells","volume":"298","author":"Lin","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2026.168279_bb0385","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2017.03.007","article-title":"Potential role of CYP1B1 in the development and treatment of metabolic diseases","volume":"178","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2026.168279_bb0390","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2016-1007","article-title":"Estrogens, neuroinflammation, and neurodegeneration","volume":"37","author":"Villa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."}],"container-title":["Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Basis of Disease"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0925443926001420?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0925443926001420?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]],"date-time":"2026-07-04T07:13:23Z","timestamp":1783149203000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0925443926001420"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"references-count":78,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["S0925443926001420"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbadis.2026.168279","relation":{},"ISSN":["0925-4439"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0925-4439","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"18 kDa TSPO-mediated neurosteroidogenesis controls cholesterol homeostasis in tuning microglia response to inflammatory stimulus","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Basis of Disease","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbadis.2026.168279","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"168279"}}