{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T21:03:51Z","timestamp":1780607031771,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":110,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002402","name":"Sun Yat-sen University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ZSQYBRJH0023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZSQYBRJH0023"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002402","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100021171","name":"Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation of Guangdong Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024A1515013092"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024A1515013092"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100021171","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012151","name":"Sanming Project of Medicine in Shenzen Municipality","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SZSM202311017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SZSM202311017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012151","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100017610","name":"Shenzhen Science and Technology Innovation Program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JCYJ20240813150443056"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JCYJ20240813150443056"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100017610","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82473130"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82473130"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82203859"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82203859"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Reviews on Cancer"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbcan.2026.189585","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]],"date-time":"2026-04-07T16:23:06Z","timestamp":1775578986000},"page":"189585","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Galectin-9 in cancer: Unraveling its diverse roles beyond immune regulation"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"1881","author":[{"given":"Jia","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yun","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhi-Jie","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.bbcan.2026.189585_bb0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1038\/s41573-023-00636-2","article-title":"Targeting galectin-driven regulatory circuits in cancer and fibrosis","volume":"22","author":"Marino","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.bbcan.2026.189585_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2018.02.008","article-title":"Untangling galectin-driven regulatory circuits in autoimmune inflammation","volume":"24","author":"Toscano","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends Mol. Med."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.bbcan.2026.189585_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-022-00829-7","article-title":"The role of galectins in immunity and infection","volume":"23","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.bbcan.2026.189585_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2366","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gendis.2022.05.020","article-title":"A new emerging target in cancer immunotherapy: Galectin-9 (LGALS9)","volume":"10","author":"Lv","year":"2023","journal-title":"Genes Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbcan.2026.189585_bb0025","article-title":"Galectin-9 in cancer therapy: from immune checkpoint ligand to promising therapeutic target","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.bbcan.2026.189585_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20112634","article-title":"Galectin-9 induces mitochondria-mediated apoptosis of esophageal cancer in vitro and in vivo in a xenograft mouse model","volume":"20","author":"Chiyo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bbcan.2026.189585_bb0035","first-page":"407","article-title":"MicroRNA profiles during galectin-9-induced apoptosis of pancreatic cancer cells","volume":"15","author":"Okura","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oncol. Lett."},{"issue":"27","key":"10.1016\/j.bbcan.2026.189585_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abl5165","article-title":"Interrogating glioma-M2 macrophage interactions identifies Gal-9\/Tim-3 as a viable target against PTEN-null glioblastoma","volume":"8","author":"Ni","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbcan.2026.189585_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1395714","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1395714","article-title":"The role of galectins in mediating the adhesion of circulating cells to vascular endothelium","volume":"15","author":"Souchak","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.bbcan.2026.189585_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.70661","article-title":"Myeloid-derived LGALS9-P4HB immune interaction promotes metastasis in gastric cancer through enhanced cell proliferation and lipid metabolism","volume":"29","author":"Zhu","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Cell. Mol. Med."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.bbcan.2026.189585_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1158\/2326-6066.CIR-18-0651","article-title":"Accumulation of circulating CCR7(+) natural killer cells marks melanoma evolution and reveals a CCL19-dependent metastatic pathway","volume":"7","author":"Cristiani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol. Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bbcan.2026.189585_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41408-024-01041-7","article-title":"Patient-derived follicular lymphoma spheroids recapitulate lymph node signaling and immune profile uncovering galectin-9 as a novel immunotherapeutic target","volume":"14","author":"Dobano-Lopez","year":"2024","journal-title":"Blood Cancer J."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bbcan.2026.189585_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5183","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-49495-4","article-title":"Cholesterol efflux from C1QB-expressing macrophages is associated with resistance to chimeric antigen receptor t cell therapy in primary refractory diffuse large b cell lymphoma","volume":"15","author":"Yan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.bbcan.2026.189585_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2053","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2022008405","article-title":"TIM-3 signaling hijacks the canonical wnt\/beta-catenin pathway to maintain cancer stemness in acute myeloid leukemia","volume":"7","author":"Sakoda","year":"2023","journal-title":"Blood Adv."},{"issue":"20","key":"10.1016\/j.bbcan.2026.189585_bb0075","article-title":"The dual role of the NFATc2\/galectin-9 axis in modulating tumor-initiating cell phenotypes and immune suppression in lung adenocarcinoma","volume":"11","author":"Xiao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Sci. (Weinh)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbcan.2026.189585_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1267578","article-title":"TIM-3\/Gal-9 interaction affects glucose and lipid metabolism in acute myeloid leukemia cell lines","volume":"14","author":"Rezaei","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bbcan.2026.189585_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4259","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-59605-5","article-title":"Autophagy-independent role of ATG9A vesicles as carriers for galectin-9 secretion","volume":"16","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.bbcan.2026.189585_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/jev2.12390","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles derived from nasopharyngeal carcinoma induce the emergence of mature regulatory dendritic cells using a galectin-9 dependent mechanism","volume":"12","author":"Lefebvre","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Extracell. Vesicles"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.bbcan.2026.189585_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0202512","article-title":"Characterization of neutralizing antibodies reacting with the 213-224 amino-acid segment of human galectin-9","volume":"13","author":"Lhuillier","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.bbcan.2026.189585_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.ads8351","article-title":"Genome-wide CRISPR screen identifies IRF1 and TFAP4 as transcriptional regulators of galectin-9 in t cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia","volume":"11","author":"Wiggers","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"issue":"50","key":"10.1016\/j.bbcan.2026.189585_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3619","DOI":"10.1038\/s41388-024-03194-y","article-title":"MAZ promotes tumor proliferation and immune evasion in lung adenocarcinoma","volume":"43","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.bbcan.2026.189585_bb0110","article-title":"Lnc-H19-derived protein shapes the immunosuppressive microenvironment of glioblastoma","volume":"6","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Rep Med."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.bbcan.2026.189585_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2024-010926","article-title":"Anti-galectin-9 therapy synergizes with EGFR inhibition to reprogram the tumor microenvironment and overcome immune evasion","volume":"13","author":"Linghu","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Immunother. Cancer"},{"issue":"23","key":"10.1016\/j.bbcan.2026.189585_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23478","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.202343","article-title":"Transforming growth factor beta type 1 (TGF-beta) and hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) transcription complex as master regulators of the immunosuppressive protein galectin-9 expression in human cancer and embryonic cells","volume":"12","author":"Selno","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aging (Albany NY)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbcan.2026.189585_bb0125","article-title":"P01.17 Tim-3\/Galectin-9 pathway controls the ability of malignant cells to escape host immune surveillance. Regulatory mechanisms and therapeutic targets","volume":"8","author":"Sumbayev","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Immunother. Cancer"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bbcan.2026.189585_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2012.1125","article-title":"Galectin-9 promotes TGF-beta1-dependent induction of regulatory t cells via the TGF-beta\/Smad signaling pathway","volume":"7","author":"Lv","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.bbcan.2026.189585_bb0135","first-page":"2655","article-title":"Crosstalk between histone modification and DNA methylation orchestrates the epigenetic regulation of the costimulatory factors, tim-3 and galectin-9, in cervical cancer","volume":"42","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Oncol. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbcan.2026.189585_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1186\/s12935-020-01380-y","article-title":"SUV39H1-DNMT3A-mediated epigenetic regulation of tim-3 and galectin-9 in the cervical cancer","volume":"20","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer Cell Int."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bbcan.2026.189585_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8609","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-52981-4","article-title":"Human papillomavirus-encoded circular RNA circE7 promotes immune evasion in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma","volume":"15","author":"Ge","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bbcan.2026.189585_bb0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-019-1123-y","article-title":"A novel IFNalpha-induced long noncoding RNA negatively regulates immunosuppression by interrupting H3K27 acetylation in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma","volume":"19","author":"Ma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbcan.2026.189585_bb0155","article-title":"439 dual modes of action for anti-TIM-3 antibody MBG453 in myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML): preclinical evidence for immune-mediated and anti-leukemic activity","volume":"8","author":"Sabatos-Peyton","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Immunother. Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbcan.2026.189585_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2024.111927","article-title":"Single-cell sequencing unveils t-cell characteristic in acute myeloid leukemia","volume":"132","author":"Zhu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbcan.2026.189585_bb0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.580557","article-title":"Ligand-receptor interactions of galectin-9 and VISTA suppress human t lymphocyte cytotoxic activity","volume":"11","author":"Yasinska","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bbcan.2026.189585_bb0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-21099-2","article-title":"Galectin-9 interacts with PD-1 and TIM-3 to regulate t cell death and is a target for cancer immunotherapy","volume":"12","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbcan.2026.189585_bb0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1495907","article-title":"It\u2019s about TIME - gal-9 as a potential immunotherapeutic target in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma","volume":"16","author":"Knickmeier","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbcan.2026.189585_bb0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2025.217581","article-title":"Intracellular and extracellular activities of v-domain ig-containing suppressor of t cell activation (VISTA) modulated by immunosuppressive factors of tumour microenvironment","volume":"616","author":"Abooali","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cancer Lett."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.bbcan.2026.189585_bb0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.4314","article-title":"Dectin 1 activation on macrophages by galectin 9 promotes pancreatic carcinoma and peritumoral immune tolerance","volume":"23","author":"Daley","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.bbcan.2026.189585_bb0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1002\/path.5093","article-title":"CD206-positive myeloid cells bind galectin-9 and promote a tumor-supportive microenvironment","volume":"245","author":"Enninga","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Pathol."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.bbcan.2026.189585_bb0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1813","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-023-01634-7","article-title":"The ligation between ERMAP, galectin-9 and dectin-2 promotes kupffer cell phagocytosis and antitumor immunity","volume":"24","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bbcan.2026.189585_bb0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1097\/HEP.0000000000001138","article-title":"The co-location of MARCO+ tumor-associated macrophages and CTSE+ tumor cells determined the poor prognosis in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma","volume":"82","author":"Fan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbcan.2026.189585_bb0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/10732748241251580","article-title":"Comprehensive analysis of the immunosuppressive function of regulatory t cells in human hepatocellular carcinoma tissues","volume":"31","author":"Ge","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancer Control"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.bbcan.2026.189585_bb0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/ctm2.70054","article-title":"Single-cell characterization of differentiation trajectories and drug resistance features in gastric cancer with peritoneal metastasis","volume":"14","author":"Peng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin. Transl. Med."},{"issue":"42","key":"10.1016\/j.bbcan.2026.189585_bb0215","article-title":"Abnormal cellular populations shape thymic epithelial tumor heterogeneity and anti-tumor by blocking metabolic interactions in organoids","volume":"11","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Sci. (Weinh.)"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.bbcan.2026.189585_bb0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1649","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-24-1561","article-title":"Single-cell eQTL mapping reveals cell subtype-specific genetic control and mechanism in malignant transformation of colorectal cancer","volume":"15","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cancer Discov."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbcan.2026.189585_bb0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.64557","article-title":"Galectin-9 regulates the threshold of b cell activation and autoimmunity","volume":"10","author":"Smith","year":"2021","journal-title":"Elife"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bbcan.2026.189585_bb0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2288481","DOI":"10.1080\/16078454.2023.2288481","article-title":"Activated Tim-3\/Galectin-9 participated in the development of multiple myeloma by negatively regulating CD4 t cells","volume":"29","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Hematology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbcan.2026.189585_bb0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.01594","article-title":"The Tim-3-Galectin-9 pathway and its regulatory mechanisms in human breast cancer","volume":"10","author":"Yasinska","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.bbcan.2026.189585_bb0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1007\/s12022-024-09832-1","article-title":"Unravelling the reasons behind limited response to anti-PD therapy in ATC: a comprehensive evaluation of tumor-infiltrating immune cells and checkpoints","volume":"35","author":"Boruah","year":"2024","journal-title":"Endocr. Pathol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.bbcan.2026.189585_bb0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2020-001849","article-title":"Galectin-9 expression defines exhausted t cells and impaired cytotoxic NK cells in patients with virus-associated solid tumors","volume":"8","author":"Okoye","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Immunother. Cancer"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.bbcan.2026.189585_bb0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-23-1448","article-title":"Spatial and single-cell transcriptomics reveal a Cancer-associated fibroblast subset in HNSCC that restricts infiltration and antitumor activity of CD8+ t cells","volume":"84","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.bbcan.2026.189585_bb0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-024-01253-8","article-title":"Cell-associated galectin 9 interacts with cytotoxic t cells confers resistance to tumor killing in nasopharyngeal carcinoma through autophagy activation","volume":"22","author":"Kam","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Immunol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.bbcan.2026.189585_bb0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.06.011","article-title":"Galectin-9-CD44 interaction enhances stability and function of adaptive regulatory t cells","volume":"41","author":"Wu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.bbcan.2026.189585_bb0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/biom11081066","article-title":"Influence of galectin-9 treatment on the phenotype and function of NK-92MI cells in the presence of different serum supplements","volume":"11","author":"Meggyes","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bbcan.2026.189585_bb0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1038\/s41375-023-02074-w","article-title":"Single-cell analysis of immune recognition in chronic myeloid leukemia patients following tyrosine kinase inhibitor discontinuation","volume":"38","author":"Huuhtanen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.bbcan.2026.189585_bb0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0152599","article-title":"Reduced expression of galectin-9 contributes to a poor outcome in colon cancer by inhibiting NK cell chemotaxis partially through the rho\/ROCK1 signaling pathway","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bbcan.2026.189585_bb0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2024-010618","article-title":"Differential impact of TIM-3 ligands on NK cell function","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Immunother. Cancer"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bbcan.2026.189585_bb0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.04932-22","article-title":"Galectin-9 facilitates Epstein-Barr virus latent infection and lymphomagenesis in human b cells","volume":"11","author":"Xu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectrum"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.bbcan.2026.189585_bb0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2023-007854","article-title":"Epithelium\/imcDC2 axis facilitates the resistance of neoadjuvant anti-PD-1 in human NSCLC","volume":"12","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Immunother. Cancer"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bbcan.2026.189585_bb0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12935-025-03642-z","article-title":"Predictive value of dendritic cell-related genes for prognosis and immunotherapy response in lung adenocarcinoma","volume":"25","author":"Sun","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cancer Cell Int."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.bbcan.2026.189585_bb0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-020-03042-3","article-title":"Exosomal LGALS9 in the cerebrospinal fluid of glioblastoma patients suppressed dendritic cell antigen presentation and cytotoxic t-cell immunity","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.bbcan.2026.189585_bb0305","article-title":"Intratumoral erythroblastic islands restrain anti-tumor immunity in hepatoblastoma","volume":"4","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Rep Med."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.bbcan.2026.189585_bb0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2024-009404","article-title":"Identification of siglec-10 as a new dendritic cell checkpoint for cervical cancer immunotherapy","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Immunother. Cancer"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.bbcan.2026.189585_bb0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-023-04954-x","article-title":"Galectin-9 interacts with vamp-3 to regulate cytokine secretion in dendritic cells","volume":"80","author":"Santalla Mendez","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bbcan.2026.189585_bb0320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-024-05002-3","article-title":"Diffuse large b-cell lymphoma: the significance of CD8(+) tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes exhaustion mediated by TIM3\/Galectin-9 pathway","volume":"22","author":"Zhu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.bbcan.2026.189585_bb0325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3102","DOI":"10.1038\/s41388-020-1186-7","article-title":"Detection of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma with galectin-9 serum levels","volume":"39","author":"Seifert","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"issue":"Suppl. 3","key":"10.1016\/j.bbcan.2026.189585_bb0330","article-title":"756\u00a0assessment of the immune checkpoint landscape in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma by single-cell RNA sequencing and multispectral imaging","volume":"8","author":"Vujanovic","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Immunother. Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbcan.2026.189585_bb0335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2024.149184","article-title":"Serum galectin-9 mirrors immune-evasive microenvironment and predicts early recurrence in hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"942","author":"Wenjing","year":"2025","journal-title":"Gene"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bbcan.2026.189585_bb0340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines10010066","article-title":"Galectin-9 triggers neutrophil-mediated anticancer immunity","volume":"10","author":"Ustyanovska Avtenyuk","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bbcan.2026.189585_bb0345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1186\/s12876-025-03920-0","article-title":"Unveiling the heterogeneity and immunotherapy potency of tumor-associated neutrophils in the tumor microenvironment of gastric cancer","volume":"25","author":"Qi","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Gastroenterol."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.bbcan.2026.189585_bb0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1038\/s41389-020-00248-0","article-title":"Galectin-9 promotes a suppressive microenvironment in human cancer by enhancing STING degradation","volume":"9","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oncogenesis"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.bbcan.2026.189585_bb0355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1383","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0903275","article-title":"Tim-3\/galectin-9 pathway: regulation of th1 immunity through promotion of CD11b+Ly-6G+ myeloid cells","volume":"185","author":"Dardalhon","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.bbcan.2026.189585_bb0360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1038\/s41388-024-03247-2","article-title":"LGALS9B stabilizes EEF1D protein and activates the PI3K\/AKT signaling pathway to promote gastric cancer occurrence and metastasis","volume":"44","author":"Feng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.bbcan.2026.189585_bb0365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23042028","article-title":"Association of Tim-3\/Gal-9 axis with NLRC4 inflammasome in glioma malignancy: Tim-3\/Gal-9 induce the NLRC4 inflammasome","volume":"23","author":"Sim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.bbcan.2026.189585_bb0370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5137","DOI":"10.1097\/JS9.0000000000002634","article-title":"Comprehensive multi-omics approach reveals critical genes and immunometabolic networks in glioblastoma","volume":"111","author":"Yi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Surg."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.bbcan.2026.189585_bb0375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/iid3.1022","article-title":"The CD2-CD58 axis: a novel marker predicting poor prognosis in patients with low-grade gliomas and potential therapeutic approaches","volume":"11","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Immun Inflamm Dis."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bbcan.2026.189585_bb0380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2020-000832","article-title":"Skin dendritic cells in melanoma are key for successful checkpoint blockade therapy","volume":"9","author":"Prokopi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Immunother. Cancer"},{"issue":"22","key":"10.1016\/j.bbcan.2026.189585_bb0385","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3788","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-23-3878","article-title":"Galectin-9 mediates the functions of microglia in the hypoxic brain tumor microenvironment","volume":"84","author":"Lee","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"issue":"17","key":"10.1016\/j.bbcan.2026.189585_bb0390","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15561","DOI":"10.1007\/s00432-023-05287-9","article-title":"Machine learning and single-cell sequencing reveal the potential regulatory factors of mitochondrial autophagy in the progression of gastric cancer","volume":"149","author":"Wei","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbcan.2026.189585_bb0395","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hill CN, Maita G, Cabrolier C, Vega-Letter AM, Gonzalez P, Kalergis AM, et al. Galectin-9 and tim-3 in gastric cancer: a checkpoint axis driving t cell exhaustion and Treg-mediated immunosuppression independently of anti-PD-1 blockade. Front. Immunol. 2025;16-2025.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1600792"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbcan.2026.189585_bb0400","article-title":"Single-cell RNA-seq reveals the promoting role of ferroptosis tendency during lung adenocarcinoma EMT progression","volume":"9","author":"Yao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.bbcan.2026.189585_bb0405","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.111843","article-title":"Single-cell transcriptomics reveals the multidimensional dynamic heterogeneity from primary to metastatic gastric cancer","volume":"28","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"iScience"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bbcan.2026.189585_bb0410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-28839-y","article-title":"Obesity-induced galectin-9 is a therapeutic target in b-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia","volume":"13","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.bbcan.2026.189585_bb0415","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.79852","article-title":"Galectin-9 blockade synergizes with ATM inhibition to induce potent anti-tumor immunity","volume":"19","author":"Zheng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Sci."},{"issue":"22","key":"10.1016\/j.bbcan.2026.189585_bb0420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2599","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2024025440","article-title":"A TIM-3-fc decoy secreted by engineered t cells improves CD19 CAR t-cell therapy in b-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia","volume":"145","author":"Falgas","year":"2025","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bbcan.2026.189585_bb0425","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.35107","article-title":"Enhanced expression of galectin-9 in triple negative breast cancer cells following radiotherapy: implications for targeted therapy","volume":"156","author":"Lereverend","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.bbcan.2026.189585_bb0430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2015.07.011","article-title":"A TIM-3\/Gal-9 autocrine stimulatory loop drives self-renewal of human myeloid leukemia stem cells and leukemic progression","volume":"17","author":"Kikushige","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bbcan.2026.189585_bb0435","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1038\/s41420-023-01515-w","article-title":"Galectin-9 has non-apoptotic cytotoxic activity toward acute myeloid leukemia independent of cytarabine resistance","volume":"9","author":"Choukrani","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Death Discov."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.bbcan.2026.189585_bb0440","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1038\/leu.2010.25","article-title":"Galectin-9 exhibits anti-myeloma activity through JNK and p38 MAP kinase pathways","volume":"24","author":"Kobayashi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbcan.2026.189585_bb0445","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2025.1601235","article-title":"Galectin-9 treatment is cytotoxic for b cell lymphoma by disrupting autophagy","volume":"16","author":"Koll","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbcan.2026.189585_bb0450","article-title":"A novel prognostic risk model for cervical cancer based on immune checkpoint HLA-G-driven differentially expressed genes","volume":"13","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.bbcan.2026.189585_bb0455","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25136907","article-title":"Expression of intracellular galectin-8 and -9 in endometrial cancer","volume":"25","author":"Beyer","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"issue":"20","key":"10.1016\/j.bbcan.2026.189585_bb0460","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms252011221","article-title":"TGFB2 mRNA levels prognostically interact with interferon-alpha receptor activation of IRF9 and IFI27, and an immune checkpoint LGALS9 to impact overall survival in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma","volume":"25","author":"Qazi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.bbcan.2026.189585_bb0465","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1879","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.203909","article-title":"Galectin-9 expression predicts poor prognosis in hepatitis b virus-associated hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"14","author":"Jiao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Aging (Albany NY)"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.bbcan.2026.189585_bb0470","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2041","DOI":"10.1007\/s00262-020-02608-6","article-title":"Galectin-9 expression as a poor prognostic factor in patients with renal cell carcinoma","volume":"69","author":"Jikuya","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol. Immunother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbcan.2026.189585_bb0475","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abstract LB-350: robust correlation of Galectin-9 expression with immunological tumor features and outcome in multiple tumor types establishes it as both a novel therapeutic target and a biomarker. Cancer Res.80(16_Supple):350.","DOI":"10.1158\/1538-7445.AM2020-LB-350"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bbcan.2026.189585_bb0480","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s13046-025-03337-3","article-title":"A blood-based liquid biopsy analyzing soluble immune checkpoints and cytokines identifies distinct neuroendocrine tumors","volume":"44","author":"Mata-Martinez","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Exp. Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbcan.2026.189585_bb0485","article-title":"Subtype cluster analysis unveiled the correlation between m6A- and cuproptosis-related lncRNAs and the prognosis, immune microenvironment, and treatment sensitivity of esophageal cancer","volume":"16","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.bbcan.2026.189585_bb0490","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24032042","article-title":"The variations\u2019 in genes encoding TIM-3 and its ligand, galectin-9, influence on ccRCC risk and prognosis","volume":"24","author":"Andrzejczak","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.bbcan.2026.189585_bb0495","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2022.11.009","article-title":"Outcomes stratification of head and neck cancer using pre- and post-treatment DNA methylation from peripheral blood","volume":"115","author":"Qian","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys."},{"issue":"16_Supple","key":"10.1016\/j.bbcan.2026.189585_bb0500","article-title":"Abstract 6532: HFB9-2: a novel gal-9 neutralizing antibody to reverse immune suppression in the tumor microenvironment","volume":"80","author":"Margall","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"issue":"Supple 1","key":"10.1016\/j.bbcan.2026.189585_bb0505","article-title":"A phase i dose escalation and expansion trial of lyt-200 (a first-in-class anti-Galectin-9 antibody) alone and in combination with Venetoclax\/HMA in relapsed\/refractory AML\/MDS","volume":"144","author":"Fathi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.bbcan.2026.189585_bb0510","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2022.101821","article-title":"Development and characterization of anti-galectin-9 antibodies that protect t cells from galectin-9-induced cell death","volume":"298","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"issue":"Supple 1","key":"10.1016\/j.bbcan.2026.189585_bb0515","article-title":"Combinatorial inhibition of galectin-9 and CHK1 represent a novel treatment strategy for T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia","volume":"138","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"Suppl. 2","key":"10.1016\/j.bbcan.2026.189585_bb0520","article-title":"482 phase1\/2 study of an anti-galectin-9 antibody, LYT-200, in patients with metastatic solid tumors","volume":"9","author":"Filipovic","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Immunother. Cancer"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.bbcan.2026.189585_bb0525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/biom13060902","article-title":"Chimera and tandem-repeat type galectins: the new targets for cancer immunotherapy","volume":"13","author":"Ko","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"issue":"22","key":"10.1016\/j.bbcan.2026.189585_bb0530","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2538","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2025028491","article-title":"It\u2019s high TIM-3 for armored CAR-T therapy for B-ALL","volume":"145","author":"Rampotas","year":"2025","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bbcan.2026.189585_bb0535","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1038\/s41540-023-00320-6","article-title":"An integrated study to decipher immunosuppressive cellular communication in the PDAC environment","volume":"9","author":"Avsar","year":"2023","journal-title":"NPJ Syst. Biol. Appl."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bbcan.2026.189585_bb0540","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-025-03511-x","article-title":"Genetically engineered t cell membrane-camouflaged nanoparticles triggered cuproptosis for synergistic bladder cancer photothermal-immunotherapy","volume":"23","author":"Deng","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Nanobiotechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbcan.2026.189585_bb0545","article-title":"Nanoparticles-mediated intratumoral gene editing targeting PD-L1 and galectin-9 for improved cancer immunotherapy","volume":"324","author":"Fang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.bbcan.2026.189585_bb0550","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1002\/jso.27758","article-title":"Circulating levels of galectin-9 are a potential biomarker of survival in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer","volume":"130","author":"Filho","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Surg. Oncol."}],"container-title":["Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Reviews on Cancer"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0304419X26000570?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0304419X26000570?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T20:36:53Z","timestamp":1780605413000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0304419X26000570"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"references-count":110,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["S0304419X26000570"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbcan.2026.189585","relation":{},"ISSN":["0304-419X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0304-419X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Galectin-9 in cancer: Unraveling its diverse roles beyond immune regulation","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Reviews on Cancer","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbcan.2026.189585","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier B.V. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"189585"}}