{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T22:36:00Z","timestamp":1792794960618,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,1,1]],"date-time":"2007-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1167609600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,1,1]],"date-time":"2007-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1167609600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Brain, Behavior, and Immunity"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2006.02.005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,4,18]],"date-time":"2006-04-18T15:19:35Z","timestamp":1145373575000},"page":"86-91","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":52,"title":["Acute psychotic symptoms in HIV-1 infected patients are associated with increased levels of kynurenic acid in cerebrospinal fluid"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Ann","family":"Atlas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Magnus","family":"Gissl\u00e9n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Conny","family":"Nordin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leif","family":"Lindstr\u00f6m","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lilly","family":"Schwieler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2006.02.005_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2769","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI116518","article-title":"Quantitation of human immunodeficiency virus, immune activation factors, and quinolinic acid in AIDS brains","volume":"91","author":"Achim","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2006.02.005_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.1996.66030996.x","article-title":"Regulation of the kynurenine metabolic pathway by interferon-gamma in murine cloned macrophages and microglial cells","volume":"66","author":"Alberati-Giani","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2006.02.005_bib3","first-page":"229","article-title":"New-onset delusions and hallucinations in patients infected with HIV","volume":"26","author":"Alciati","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Psychiatry Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2006.02.005_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1002\/1096-9071(200009)62:1<9::AID-JMV2>3.0.CO;2-D","article-title":"Higher HIV-1 RNA cutoff level required in cerebrospinal fluid than in blood to predict positive HIV-1 isolation","volume":"62","author":"Andersson","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2006.02.005_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1007\/s007020070026","article-title":"Kynurenic acid metabolism in the brain of HIV-1 infected patients","volume":"107","author":"Baran","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Neural Transm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2006.02.005_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-2999(88)90367-6","article-title":"Kynurenic acid antagonises responses to NMDA via an action at the strychnine-insensitive glycine receptor","volume":"154","author":"Birch","year":"1988","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2006.02.005_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.pharmtox.41.1.237","article-title":"Interactions between monoamines, glutamate, and GABA in schizophrenia: new evidence","volume":"41","author":"Carlsson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2006.02.005_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.157.4.608","article-title":"Delusional misidentification, AIDS and the right hemisphere","volume":"157","author":"Crichton","year":"1990","journal-title":"Brit. J. Psychiat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2006.02.005_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.2190\/PLGX-N48F-RBHJ-UF8K","article-title":"Development of acute psychotic disorders and HIV-1 infection","volume":"30","author":"De Ronchi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int. Psychiatry Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2006.02.005_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5274","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.85.14.5274","article-title":"Drugs abused by humans preferentially increase synaptic dopamine concentrations in the mesolimbic system of freely moving rats","volume":"85","author":"Di Chiara","year":"1988","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2006.02.005_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3940(01)02242-X","article-title":"Kynurenic acid levels are elevated in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with schizophrenia","volume":"13","author":"Erhardt","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2006.02.005_bib12","first-page":"353","article-title":"Pharmacological elevation of endogenous kynurenic acid levels activates nigral dopamine neurons","volume":"20","author":"Erhardt","year":"2001","journal-title":"Naunyn- Schmiedeberg\u2019s Arch. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2006.02.005_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-201X.2002.00962.x","article-title":"Increased phasic activity of dopaminergic neurons in the rat ventral tegmental area following pharmacologically elevated levels of endogenous kynurenic acid","volume":"175","author":"Erhardt","year":"2002","journal-title":"Acta Physiol. Scand."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2006.02.005_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-0135-0_18","article-title":"Kynurenic acid and schizophrenia","volume":"527","author":"Erhardt","year":"2003","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2006.02.005_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(84)90050-8","article-title":"Kynurenic acid blocks neurotoxicity and seizures induced in rats by the related brain metabolite quinolinic acid","volume":"48","author":"Foster","year":"1984","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2006.02.005_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1002\/syn.890130203","article-title":"MK-801, phencyclidine (PCP), and PCP-like drugs increase burst firing in rat A10 dopamine neurons: comparison to competitive NMDA antagonists","volume":"13","author":"French","year":"1993","journal-title":"Synapse"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2006.02.005_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/0892-0362(94)90023-X","article-title":"Phencyclidine and the midbrain dopamine system: electrophysiology and behavior","volume":"16","author":"French","year":"1994","journal-title":"Neurotoxicol. Teratol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2006.02.005_bib18","first-page":"158","article-title":"Inteferon-\u03b3 concentrations are increased in sera from individuals infected with HIV-1","volume":"2","author":"Fuchs","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2006.02.005_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1089\/jir.1990.10.599","article-title":"Immune activation and decreased tryptophan in patients with HIV-1 infection","volume":"10","author":"Fuchs","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Interferon Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2006.02.005_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3565(25)38782-3","article-title":"Kynurenic acid and quinolinic acid act at N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors in the rat hippocampus","volume":"236","author":"Ganong","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2006.02.005_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1097\/00126334-199908010-00003","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid viral load, intrathecal immunoactivation, and cerebrospinal fluid monocytic cell count in HIV-1 infection","volume":"21","author":"Gisslen","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2006.02.005_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.2001.00498.x","article-title":"Kynurenine pathway metabolism in human astrocytes: a paradox for neuronal protection","volume":"78","author":"Guillemin","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2006.02.005_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410260215","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid quinolinic acid concentrations are increased in acquired immune deficiency syndrome","volume":"26","author":"Heyes","year":"1989","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2006.02.005_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-4347(00)82308-7","article-title":"Quantification of kynurenic acid in cerebrospinal fluid: effects of systemic and central L-kynurenine administration","volume":"530","author":"Heyes","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2006.02.005_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-5728(92)90214-6","article-title":"Inter-relationships between quinolinic acid, neuroactive kynurenines, neopterin and beta 2-microglobulin in cerebrospinal fluid and serum of HIV-1-infected patients","volume":"40","author":"Heyes","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2006.02.005_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1249","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/115.5.1249","article-title":"Quinolinic acid and kynurenine pathway metabolism in inflammatory and non-inflammatory neurological disease","volume":"115","author":"Heyes","year":"1992","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2006.02.005_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Heyes, M.P., Ellis, R.J., Ryan, L., Childers, M.E., Grant, I., Wolfson, T., Archibald, S., Jernigand, T.L., HNRC group., 2001. Elevated cerebrospinal fluid quinolinic acid levels are associated with region-specific cerebral volyme loss in HIV infection. Brain 124, 1033\u20131042.","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/124.5.1033"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2006.02.005_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7463","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.21-19-07463.2001","article-title":"The brain metabolite kynurenic acid inhibits alpha7 nicotinic receptor activity and increases non-alpha7 nicotinic receptor expression: physiopathological implications","volume":"21","author":"Hilmas","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2006.02.005_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/S0893-133X(98)00060-8","article-title":"The neuropsychopharmacology of phencyclidine: from NMDA receptor hypofunction to the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia","volume":"20","author":"Jentsch","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2006.02.005_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-002-0770-z","article-title":"Kynurenate production by cultured human astrocytes","volume":"110","author":"Kiss","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Neural Transm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2006.02.005_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1319","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1989.tb01881.x","article-title":"A glycine site associated with N-methyl-d-aspartic acid receptors: characterization and identification of a new class of antagonists","volume":"52","author":"Kessler","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2006.02.005_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1080\/13550280290167948","article-title":"Psychiatric complications in human immunodeficiency virus infection","volume":"8","author":"Koutsilieri","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Neurovirol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2006.02.005_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199005000-00001","article-title":"Non-organic psychiatric and psychosocial syndromes associated with HIV-1 infection and disease","volume":"4","author":"Miller","year":"1990","journal-title":"AIDS res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2006.02.005_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1711.2003.t01-1-01177.x","article-title":"Tryptophan and the immune response","volume":"81","author":"Moffet","year":"2003","journal-title":"Immunol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2006.02.005_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-2236(03)00237-6","article-title":"New roles for astrocytes: regulation of synaptic transmission","volume":"10","author":"Newman","year":"2003","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2006.02.005_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2005.07.013","article-title":"Elevated levels of kynurenic acid in the cerebrospinal fluid of male patients with schizophrenia","volume":"80","author":"Nilsson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2006.02.005_bib37","article-title":"Subchronic treatment with kynurenine and probenecid: effects on prepulse inhibition and firing of midbrain dopamine neurons","author":"Nilsson","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Neural Transm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2006.02.005_bib38","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid kynurenic acid in male and female healthy controls\u2014Correlation with monoamine metabolites and influence of confounding factors","author":"Nilsson","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2006.02.005_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1264","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3565(24)37160-5","article-title":"Novel systemically active antagonists of the glycine site of the N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor: electrophysiological, biochemical and behavioral characterization","volume":"283","author":"Parsons","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2006.02.005_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.81.3.908","article-title":"Interferon gamma blocks the growth of Toxoplasma gondii in human fibroblasts by inducing the host cells to degrade tryptophan","volume":"81","author":"Pfefferkorn","year":"1984","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2006.02.005_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(98)00577-0","article-title":"Systemic d-amphetamine administration causes a reduction of kynurenic acid levels in rat brain","volume":"802","author":"Rassoulpour","year":"1998","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2006.02.005_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-440X(93)90041-2","article-title":"Psychopathology in human immunodeficiency virus infection: lifetime and current assessment","volume":"34","author":"Rosenberger","year":"1993","journal-title":"Compr. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2006.02.005_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(95)11324-P","article-title":"Frontal cortex indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase activity is increased in HIV-1-associated dementia","volume":"187","author":"Sardar","year":"1995","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2006.02.005_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1126\/science.6849138","article-title":"Quinolinic acid: an endogenous metabolite that produces axon-sparing lesions in rat brain","volume":"219","author":"Schwarcz","year":"1983","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2006.02.005_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(01)01078-2","article-title":"Increased cortical kynurenate content in schizophrenia","volume":"50","author":"Schwarcz","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2006.02.005_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1002\/syn.20241","article-title":"Effects of COX-1 and COX-2 inhibitors on the firing of rat midbrain dopaminergic neurons\u2014possible involvement of endogenous kynurenic acid","volume":"59","author":"Schwieler","year":"2006","journal-title":"Synapse"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2006.02.005_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.151.2.237","article-title":"HIV-associated psychosis: a study of 20 cases. San Diego HIV Neurobehavioural Research Center Group","volume":"151","author":"Sewell","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2006.02.005_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/22.3.465","article-title":"Schizophrenia and HIV","volume":"22","author":"Sewell","year":"1996","journal-title":"Schizophr. Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2006.02.005_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.154.6.864","article-title":"HIV infection among young adults with psychotic disorders","volume":"154","author":"Susser","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2006.02.005_bib50","first-page":"204","article-title":"Endogenous excitotoxic agents","volume":"126","author":"Stone","year":"1987","journal-title":"Ciba Found. Symp."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2006.02.005_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2041","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)77982-4","article-title":"Mechanism of interferon-gamma action. Characterization of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase in cultured human cells induced by interferon-gamma and evaluation of the enzyme-mediated tryptophan degradation in its anticellular activity","volume":"263","author":"Takikawa","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."}],"container-title":["Brain, Behavior, and Immunity"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0889159106000377?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0889159106000377?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:16:38Z","timestamp":1760166998000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0889159106000377"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2007,1]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,1]]}},"alternative-id":["S0889159106000377"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbi.2006.02.005","relation":{},"ISSN":["0889-1591"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0889-1591","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2007,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Acute psychotic symptoms in HIV-1 infected patients are associated with increased levels of kynurenic acid in cerebrospinal fluid","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Brain, Behavior, and Immunity","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbi.2006.02.005","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}