{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T04:08:19Z","timestamp":1791950899240,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":121,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,1]],"date-time":"2013-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1359676800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,1]],"date-time":"2013-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1359676800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Brain, Behavior, and Immunity"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,2]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2012.07.012","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,2]],"date-time":"2012-08-02T21:34:36Z","timestamp":1343943276000},"page":"1-13","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":169,"special_numbering":"C","title":["At the extreme end of the psychoneuroimmunological spectrum: Delirium as a maladaptive sickness behaviour response"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Colm","family":"Cunningham","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alasdair M.J.","family":"MacLullich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2012.07.012_b0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e318236f62d","article-title":"The association of the kynurenine pathway of tryptophan metabolism with acute brain dysfunction during critical illness","volume":"40","author":"Adams Wilson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2012.07.012_b0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2648","article-title":"Stress signalling pathways that impair prefrontal cortex structure and function","volume":"10","author":"Arnsten","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2012.07.012_b0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-007-0287-3","article-title":"Prevalence and predictive features of bacteremic urinary tract infection in emergency department patients","volume":"26","author":"Bahagon","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2012.07.012_b0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)61349-9","article-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"377","author":"Ballard","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2012.07.012_b0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1671","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000170192.54682.C1","article-title":"Long-term cognitive impairment in sepsis survivors","volume":"33","author":"Barichello","year":"2005","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2012.07.012_b0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2005.03.010","article-title":"Peripheral infection and aging interact to impair hippocampal memory consolidation","volume":"27","author":"Barrientos","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2012.07.012_b0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.20914","article-title":"Is the urothelium intelligent?","volume":"29","author":"Birder","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurourol. Urodyn."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2012.07.012_b0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1692","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2011.03575.x","article-title":"Cortisol, insulin, and glucose and the risk of delirium in older adults with hip fracture","volume":"59","author":"Bisschop","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2012.07.012_b0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.2009.215","article-title":"Sepsis-associated encephalopathy: a magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy study","volume":"30","author":"Bozza","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2012.07.012_b0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archger.2010.03.005","article-title":"Differential effects of delirium on fluid and crystallized cognitive abilities","volume":"52","author":"Brown","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch. Gerontol. Geriatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2012.07.012_b0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1334","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2010.208827","article-title":"Detecting deficits of sustained visual attention in delirium","volume":"82","author":"Brown","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2012.07.012_b0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1097\/00006842-200105000-00007","article-title":"Timing and specificity of the cognitive changes induced by interleukin-2 and interferon-alpha treatments in cancer patients","volume":"63","author":"Capuron","year":"2001","journal-title":"Psychosom. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2012.07.012_b0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2007.08.014","article-title":"Neuroinflammation and disruption in working memory in aged mice after acute stimulation of the peripheral innate immune system","volume":"22","author":"Chen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2012.07.012_b0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2012.11060976","article-title":"Neural network functional connectivity during and after an episode of delirium","volume":"169","author":"Choi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2012.07.012_b0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.22082","article-title":"Role of interleukin-1beta in postoperative cognitive dysfunction","volume":"68","author":"Cibelli","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2012.07.012_b0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4522(02)00030-1","article-title":"Peripheral infection evokes exaggerated sickness behaviour in pre-clinical murine prion disease","volume":"112","author":"Combrinck","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2012.07.012_b0605","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cunningham, C. (2012) Microglia in neurodegeneration: role of systemic inflammation. Glia. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1002\/glia.22350. [Epub ahead of print].","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.22350"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2012.07.012_b0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2008.07.024","article-title":"Systemic inflammation induces acute behavioral and cognitive changes and accelerates neurodegenerative disease","volume":"65","author":"Cunningham","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2012.07.012_b0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2147","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1460-9568.2003.02662.x","article-title":"Synaptic changes characterize early behavioural changes in the ME7 model of murine prion disease","volume":"17","author":"Cunningham","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2012.07.012_b0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2004.08.015","article-title":"Neuropathologically distinct prion strains give rise to similar temporal profiles of behavioral deficits","volume":"18","author":"Cunningham","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2012.07.012_b0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2008.05.007","article-title":"Malaise in the water maze: untangling the effects of LPS and IL-1beta on learning and memory","volume":"22","author":"Cunningham","year":"2008","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2012.07.012_b0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9275","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2614-05.2005","article-title":"Central and systemic endotoxin challenges exacerbate the local inflammatory response and increase neuronal death during chronic neurodegeneration","volume":"25","author":"Cunningham","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2012.07.012_b0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2297","article-title":"From inflammation to sickness and depression: when the immune system subjugates the brain","volume":"9","author":"Dantzer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2012.07.012_b0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Davis, D., Terrera, G., Keage, H., Rahkonen, T., Oinas, M., Mathews, F., Cunningham, C., Polvikoski, T., Sulkava, R., MacLullich, A., Brayne, C. (2012) Delirium is a strong risk factor for dementia in the oldest old: a population-based cohort study. Brain. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1093\/brain\/aws190. [E-pub ahead of print].","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/aws190"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2012.07.012_b0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2008.05.006","article-title":"Posttraumatic stress disorder in general intensive care unit survivors: a systematic review","volume":"30","author":"Davydow","year":"2008","journal-title":"Gen. Hosp. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2012.07.012_b0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(88)92855-3","article-title":"Abnormal cortisol response in Alzheimer\u2019s disease linked to hippocampal atrophy","volume":"2","author":"de Leon","year":"1988","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2012.07.012_b0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5709","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0802-06.2006","article-title":"Stress increases vulnerability to inflammation in the rat prefrontal cortex","volume":"26","author":"de Pablos","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2012.07.012_b0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psym.2011.12.007","article-title":"The neuropsychiatric complications of glucocorticoid use: steroid psychosis revisited","volume":"53","author":"Dubovsky","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychosomatics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2012.07.012_b0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1384","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2011.04.005","article-title":"Acute amygdaloid response to systemic inflammation","volume":"25","author":"Engler","year":"2011","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2012.07.012_b0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6288","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4673-11.2012","article-title":"Prior pathology in the basal forebrain cholinergic system predisposes to inflammation induced working memory deficits: reconciling inflammatory and cholinergic hypotheses of delirium","volume":"32","author":"Field","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2012.07.012_b0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2009.24","article-title":"Delirium in elderly adults: diagnosis, prevention and treatment","volume":"5","author":"Fong","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2012.07.012_b0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2009.10.005","article-title":"IL-1RA blocks E. coli-induced suppression of Arc and long-term memory in aged F344xBN F1 rats","volume":"24","author":"Frank","year":"2010","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2012.07.012_b0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2011.10.005","article-title":"Glucocorticoids mediate stress-induced priming of microglial pro-inflammatory responses","volume":"26","author":"Frank","year":"2012","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2012.07.012_b0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coph.2008.12.010","article-title":"Roles of prostaglandin E receptors in stress responses","volume":"9","author":"Furuyashiki","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2012.07.012_b0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2006.10.084","article-title":"Organization of immune-responsive medullary projections to the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, central amygdala, and paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus: evidence for parallel viscerosensory pathways in the rat brain","volume":"1130","author":"Gaykema","year":"2007","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2012.07.012_b0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2004.02.015","article-title":"Predictors of outcome in geriatric patients with urinary tract infections","volume":"27","author":"Ginde","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2012.07.012_b0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1329","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.05-3776fje","article-title":"Exaggerated neuroinflammation and sickness behavior in aged mice following activation of the peripheral innate immune system","volume":"19","author":"Godbout","year":"2005","journal-title":"Faseb J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2012.07.012_b0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2341","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.npp.1301649","article-title":"Aging exacerbates depressive-like behavior in mice in response to activation of the peripheral innate immune system","volume":"33","author":"Godbout","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2012.07.012_b0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4787","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.16-15-04787.1996","article-title":"Role of the amygdala in the coordination of behavioral, neuroendocrine, and prefrontal cortical monoamine responses to psychological stress in the rat","volume":"16","author":"Goldstein","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2012.07.012_b0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0b013e31819b5ba6","article-title":"Measures of executive function and depression identify patients at risk for postoperative delirium","volume":"110","author":"Greene","year":"2009","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2012.07.012_b0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e28330","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0028330","article-title":"Dose-dependent effects of endotoxin on neurobehavioral functions in humans","volume":"6","author":"Grigoleit","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2012.07.012_b0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2010.09.011","article-title":"Lipopolysaccharide-induced experimental immune activation does not impair memory functions in humans","volume":"94","author":"Grigoleit","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Learn. Mem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2012.07.012_b0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2009.03.015","article-title":"Inflammation causes mood changes through alterations in subgenual cingulate activity and mesolimbic connectivity","volume":"66","author":"Harrison","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2012.07.012_b0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2009.03.007","article-title":"Neural origins of human sickness in interoceptive responses to inflammation","volume":"66","author":"Harrison","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2012.07.012_b0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/S0149-7634(88)80004-6","article-title":"Biological basis of the behavior of sick animals","volume":"12","author":"Hart","year":"1988","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2012.07.012_b0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2007.10.003","article-title":"Prostaglandins are necessary and sufficient to induce contextual fear learning impairments after interleukin-1 beta injections into the dorsal hippocampus","volume":"150","author":"Hein","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2012.07.012_b0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2008.09.002","article-title":"Peripheral lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge promotes microglial hyperactivity in aged mice that is associated with exaggerated induction of both pro-inflammatory IL-1beta and anti-inflammatory IL-10 cytokines","volume":"23","author":"Henry","year":"2009","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2012.07.012_b0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e318225ae07","article-title":"Proinflammatory cytokines, sickness behavior, and Alzheimer disease","volume":"77","author":"Holmes","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2012.07.012_b0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3181b6bb95","article-title":"Systemic inflammation and disease progression in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"73","author":"Holmes","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2012.07.012_b0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2011.04.063","article-title":"Interleukin-1beta causes long-term potentiation deficiency in a mouse model of septic encephalopathy","volume":"187","author":"Imamura","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2012.07.012_b0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2011.10.090","article-title":"Inflammation selectively enhances amygdala activity to socially threatening images","volume":"59","author":"Inagaki","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2012.07.012_b0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1787","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2010.1553","article-title":"Long-term cognitive impairment and functional disability among survivors of severe sepsis","volume":"304","author":"Iwashyna","year":"2010","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2012.07.012_b0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3958","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.6389-11.2012","article-title":"Influenza infection induces neuroinflammation, alters hippocampal neuron morphology, and impairs cognition in adult mice","volume":"32","author":"Jurgens","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2012.07.012_b0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-5728(01)00486-6","article-title":"Effects of staphylococcal enterotoxin A on pituitary-adrenal activation and neophobic behavior in the C57BL\/6 mouse","volume":"123","author":"Kawashima","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2012.07.012_b0275","first-page":"S256","article-title":"Biomarkers for delirium\u2013a review","volume":"59","author":"Khan","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2012.07.012_b0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1329","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2009.06921.x","article-title":"Influence of age on behavioral, immune and endocrine responses to the T-cell superantigen staphylococcal enterotoxin A","volume":"30","author":"Kohman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2012.07.012_b0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4434","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0953-816X.2000.01319.x","article-title":"The vagus nerve mediates behavioural depression, but not fever, in response to peripheral immune signals; a functional anatomical analysis","volume":"12","author":"Konsman","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2012.07.012_b0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2499","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2008.06549.x","article-title":"Central nervous action of interleukin-1 mediates activation of limbic structures and behavioural depression in response to peripheral administration of bacterial lipopolysaccharide","volume":"28","author":"Konsman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2012.07.012_b0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1949","article-title":"EP3 prostaglandin receptors in the median preoptic nucleus are critical for fever responses","volume":"10","author":"Lazarus","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2012.07.012_b0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1159\/000245156","article-title":"Peripheral cytokines and chemokines in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"28","author":"Lee","year":"2009","journal-title":"Dement. Geriatr. Cogn. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2012.07.012_b0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1080\/09540260802675031","article-title":"Delirium and long-term cognitive impairment","volume":"21","author":"MacLullich","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int Rev Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2012.07.012_b0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2011.03428.x","article-title":"Cerebrospinal Fluid Interleukin-8 Levels Are Higher in People with Hip Fracture with Perioperative Delirium Than in Controls","volume":"59","author":"MacLullich","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2012.07.012_b0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2008.05.019","article-title":"Unravelling the pathophysiology of delirium: a focus on the role of aberrant stress responses","volume":"65","author":"MacLullich","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Psychosom. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2012.07.012_b0320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afr062","article-title":"Who understands delirium?","volume":"40","author":"MacLullich","year":"2011","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2012.07.012_b0325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03327435","article-title":"Stress and dementia: the role of the hypothalamicpituitary-adrenal axis","volume":"18","author":"Magri","year":"2006","journal-title":"Aging Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2012.07.012_b0330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1186\/cc10101","article-title":"Glucocorticoids in sepsis: dissecting facts from fiction","volume":"15","author":"Marik","year":"2011","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2012.07.012_b0335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.111.095273","article-title":"Features of subsyndromal and persistent delirium","volume":"200","author":"Meagher","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2012.07.012_b0340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2011.06.001","article-title":"A longitudinal study of motor subtypes in delirium: relationship with other phenomenology, etiology, medication exposure and prognosis","volume":"71","author":"Meagher","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Psychosom. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2012.07.012_b0345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R238","DOI":"10.1186\/cc9393","article-title":"High serum cortisol level is associated with increased risk of delirium after coronary artery bypass graft surgery: a prospective cohort study","volume":"14","author":"Mu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2012.07.012_b0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3813","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4398-05.2006","article-title":"Chronic unpredictable stress exacerbates lipopolysaccharide-induced activation of nuclear factor-kappaB in the frontal cortex and hippocampus via glucocorticoid secretion","volume":"26","author":"Munhoz","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2012.07.012_b0355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1325","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.93.3.1325","article-title":"Increased dopamine turnover in the prefrontal cortex impairs spatial working memory performance in rats and monkeys","volume":"93","author":"Murphy","year":"1996","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2012.07.012_b0360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2010.04.002","article-title":"Systemic inflammation induces acute working memory deficits in the primed brain: relevance for delirium","volume":"33","author":"Murray","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurobiol Aging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2012.07.012_b0365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3137","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2005.04515.x","article-title":"Direct pyrogenic input from prostaglandin EP3 receptor-expressing preoptic neurons to the dorsomedial hypothalamus","volume":"22","author":"Nakamura","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2012.07.012_b0370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/28.2.115","article-title":"Clinical significance of delirium subtypes in older people","volume":"28","author":"O\u2019Keeffe","year":"1999","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2012.07.012_b0375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3565(24)37351-3","article-title":"Bladder instillation and intraperitoneal injection of Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide up-regulate cytokines and iNOS in rat urinary bladder","volume":"284","author":"Olsson","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2012.07.012_b0380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1573","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.23.11.1573","article-title":"Abnormalities at different levels of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis early after stroke","volume":"23","author":"Olsson","year":"1992","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2012.07.012_b0385","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2004.06.002","article-title":"A meta-analysis of cortisol response to challenge in human aging: importance of gender","volume":"30","author":"Otte","year":"2005","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2012.07.012_b0390","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2008.05.001","article-title":"How does immune challenge inhibit ingestion of palatable food? Evidence that systemic lipopolysaccharide treatment modulates key nodal points of feeding neurocircuitry","volume":"22","author":"Park","year":"2008","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2012.07.012_b0395","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-0500-3-33","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid cortisol levels are higher in patients with delirium versus controls","volume":"3","author":"Pearson","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMC Res. Notes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2012.07.012_b0400","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1006\/brcg.1995.1255","article-title":"Acetylcholine and hallucinations: disease-related compared to drug-induced alterations in human consciousness","volume":"28","author":"Perry","year":"1995","journal-title":"Brain Cogn."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2012.07.012_b0405","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2005.00621.x","article-title":"Delirium and its motoric subtypes: a study of 614 critically ill patients","volume":"54","author":"Peterson","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2012.07.012_b0410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R63","DOI":"10.1186\/cc6891","article-title":"Cerebral perfusion in sepsis-associated delirium","volume":"12","author":"Pfister","year":"2008","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2012.07.012_b0415","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2081","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-010-2004-4","article-title":"Early postoperative delirium after open-heart cardiac surgery is associated with decreased bispectral EEG and increased cortisol and interleukin-6","volume":"36","author":"Plaschke","year":"2010","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2012.07.012_b0420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1006\/brbi.1998.0524","article-title":"Selective effects of peripheral lipopolysaccharide administration on contextual and auditory-cue fear conditioning","volume":"12","author":"Pugh","year":"1998","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2012.07.012_b0425","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.58.5.445","article-title":"Cytokine-associated emotional and cognitive disturbances in humans","volume":"58","author":"Reichenberg","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2012.07.012_b0430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1097\/00004850-200101000-00005","article-title":"Hyperactivity in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in demented patients with delirium","volume":"16","author":"Robertsson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int. Clin. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2012.07.012_b0435","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2008.07.007","article-title":"Low tryptophan levels are associated with postoperative delirium in the elderly","volume":"196","author":"Robinson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Surg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2012.07.012_b0440","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2007.02.026","article-title":"Independent vascular and cognitive risk factors for postoperative delirium","volume":"120","author":"Rudolph","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2012.07.012_b0445","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/0197-4580(86)90159-4","article-title":"The adrenocortical axis in the aged rat: impaired sensitivity to both fast and delayed feedback inhibition","volume":"7","author":"Sapolsky","year":"1986","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2012.07.012_b0450","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2007.01.003","article-title":"Long-term cognitive impairment, neuronal loss and reduced cortical cholinergic innervation after recovery from sepsis in a rodent model","volume":"204","author":"Semmler","year":"2007","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2012.07.012_b0455","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-2094-5-38","article-title":"Sepsis causes neuroinflammation and concomitant decrease of cerebral metabolism","volume":"5","author":"Semmler","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2012.07.012_b0460","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchemneu.2005.07.003","article-title":"Systemic inflammation induces apoptosis with variable vulnerability of different brain regions","volume":"30","author":"Semmler","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Chem. Neuroanat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2012.07.012_b0465","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(99)01396-7","article-title":"Sepsis facilitates brain serotonin activity and impairs learning ability in rats","volume":"830","author":"Shimizu","year":"1999","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2012.07.012_b0470","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00262-10","article-title":"Dissemination and systemic colonization of uropathogenic Escherichia coli in a murine model of bacteremia","volume":"1","author":"Smith","year":"2010","journal-title":"MBio"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2012.07.012_b0475","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2008.05.021","article-title":"Neuroimaging studies of delirium: a systematic review","volume":"65","author":"Soiza","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Psychosom. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2012.07.012_b0480","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mp.4001462","article-title":"Ethyl-eicosapentaenoic acid ingestion prevents corticosterone-mediated memory impairment induced by central administration of interleukin-1beta in rats","volume":"9","author":"Song","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2012.07.012_b0485","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10709","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3376-06.2006","article-title":"Interleukin-6 facilitates lipopolysaccharide-induced disruption in working memory and expression of other proinflammatory cytokines in hippocampal neuronal cell layers","volume":"26","author":"Sparkman","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2012.07.012_b0490","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.102.036640","article-title":"Distinct Roles for Cyclooxygenases 1 and 2 in Interleukin-1-Induced Behavioral Changes","volume":"302","author":"Swiergiel","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2012.07.012_b0495","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291700031986","article-title":"Plasma cortisol levels in depression and other psychiatric disorders: a study of newly admitted psychiatric patients","volume":"9","author":"Swigar","year":"1979","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2012.07.012_b0500","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2009.06524.x","article-title":"Reductions of acetylcholine release and nerve growth factor expression are correlated with memory impairment induced by interleukin-1beta administrations: effects of omega-3 fatty acid EPA treatment","volume":"112","author":"Taepavarapruk","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2012.07.012_b0505","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2009.11.006","article-title":"The effect of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents on behavioural changes and cytokine production following systemic inflammation: Implications for a role of COX-1","volume":"24","author":"Teeling","year":"2010","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2012.07.012_b0510","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20518","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1014557107","article-title":"Tumor necrosis factor-alpha triggers a cytokine cascade yielding postoperative cognitive decline","volume":"107","author":"Terrando","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2012.07.012_b0515","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2005.05.024","article-title":"Systemic administration of lipopolysaccharide and interleukin-1beta have different effects on memory consolidation","volume":"67","author":"Thomson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Brain Res. Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2012.07.012_b0520","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI30555","article-title":"Physiology and immunology of the cholinergic antiinflammatory pathway","volume":"117","author":"Tracey","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2012.07.012_b0525","first-page":"132","article-title":"Is there a final common neural pathway in delirium? Focus on acetylcholine and dopamine","volume":"5","author":"Trzepacz","year":"2000","journal-title":"Semin. Clin. Neuropsy."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2012.07.012_b0530","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1016\/S0033-3182(92)71945-8","article-title":"An animal model for delirium","volume":"33","author":"Trzepacz","year":"1992","journal-title":"Psychosomatics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2012.07.012_b0535","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(81)90994-6","article-title":"Association of postoperative delirium with raised serum levels of anticholinergic drugs","volume":"2","author":"Tune","year":"1981","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2012.07.012_b0540","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R297","DOI":"10.1186\/cc10598","article-title":"Biomarkers associated with delirium in critically ill patients and their relation with long-term subjective cognitive dysfunction; indications for different pathways governing delirium in inflamed and noninflamed patients","volume":"15","author":"van den Boogaard","year":"2011","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2012.07.012_b0610","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2011.11.016","article-title":"Incidence and short-term consequences of delirium in critically ill patients: a prospective observational cohort study","volume":"49","author":"van den Boogaard","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Nurs Stud."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2012.07.012_b0550","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(91)91504-N","article-title":"Is postoperative delirium related to reduced plasma tryptophan?","volume":"338","author":"van der Mast","year":"1991","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2012.07.012_b0555","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1829","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)61855-7","article-title":"Effect of rivastigmine as an adjunct to usual care with haloperidol on duration of delirium and mortality in critically ill patients: a multicentre, double-blind, placebo-controlled randomised trial","volume":"376","author":"van Eijk","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2012.07.012_b0560","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)61158-2","article-title":"Systemic infection and delirium: when cytokines and acetylcholine collide","volume":"375","author":"van Gool","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2012.07.012_b0565","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1089\/rej.2011.1185","article-title":"Neuroinflammation in delirium: a postmortem case-control study","volume":"14","author":"van Munster","year":"2011","journal-title":"Rejuvenation Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2012.07.012_b0570","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2010.05.010","article-title":"Cortisol, interleukins and S100B in delirium in the elderly","volume":"74","author":"van Munster","year":"2010","journal-title":"Brain Cogn."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2012.07.012_b0575","first-page":"3699","article-title":"Delirium after interleukin-2 and alpha-interferon therapy for renal cell carcinoma","volume":"21","author":"van Steijn","year":"2001","journal-title":"Anticancer Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2012.07.012_b0580","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2005.05.012","article-title":"Physiological and behavioral responses to interleukin-1beta and LPS in vagotomized mice","volume":"85","author":"Wieczorek","year":"2005","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2012.07.012_b0585","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2010.1013","article-title":"Delirium in elderly patients and the risk of postdischarge mortality, institutionalization, and dementia: a meta-analysis","volume":"304","author":"Witlox","year":"2010","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2012.07.012_b0615","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/0301-0082(91)90006-M","article-title":"Cholinergic systems in mammalian brain and spinal cord","volume":"37","author":"Woolf","year":"1991","journal-title":"Prog. Neurobiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2012.07.012_b0590","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2010.10.015","article-title":"Immune modulation of learning, memory, neural plasticity and neurogenesis","volume":"25","author":"Yirmiya","year":"2011","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2012.07.012_b0595","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(98)00904-4","article-title":"Interleukin-2 and -6 induce behavioral-activating effects in mice","volume":"811","author":"Zalcman","year":"1998","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2012.07.012_b0600","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3114","article-title":"Neurovascular pathways to neurodegeneration in Alzheimer\u2019s disease and other disorders","volume":"12","author":"Zlokovic","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."}],"container-title":["Brain, Behavior, and Immunity"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S088915911200195X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S088915911200195X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:30:37Z","timestamp":1760167837000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S088915911200195X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,2]]},"references-count":121,"alternative-id":["S088915911200195X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbi.2012.07.012","relation":{},"ISSN":["0889-1591"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0889-1591","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"At the extreme end of the psychoneuroimmunological spectrum: Delirium as a maladaptive sickness behaviour response","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Brain, Behavior, and Immunity","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbi.2012.07.012","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}