{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T10:45:42Z","timestamp":1778150742189,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,1]],"date-time":"2022-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643673600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,1]],"date-time":"2022-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643673600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,16]],"date-time":"2021-11-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637020800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01MH091352"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01MH091352"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000071","name":"National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000071","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009633","name":"NICHD","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1F31HD100144"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1F31HD100144"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009633","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009633","name":"NICHD","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1T32HD091059"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1T32HD091059"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009633","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1626477"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1626477"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Brain, Behavior, and Immunity"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2021.11.011","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,19]],"date-time":"2021-11-19T15:10:56Z","timestamp":1637334656000},"page":"48-54","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Ventromedial prefrontal cortex activity differentiates sick from healthy faces: Associations with inflammatory responses and disease avoidance motivation"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"100","author":[{"given":"Carrianne J.","family":"Leschak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Erica A.","family":"Hornstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kate E.","family":"Byrne Haltom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kerri L.","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth C.","family":"Breen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael R.","family":"Irwin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Naomi I.","family":"Eisenberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2021.11.011_b0005","unstructured":"World Health Organization, 2020. The top 10 causes of death Retrieved from https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/the-top-10-causes-of-death."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2021.11.011_b0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1038\/scientificamerican0518-48","article-title":"Global infections by the numbers","volume":"318","author":"Christiansen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Am."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2021.11.011_b0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2606.200239","article-title":"Community transmission of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2, Shenzhen, China, 2020","volume":"26","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2021.11.011_b0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2004.01.006","article-title":"The common cold: A review of the literature","volume":"15","author":"Wat","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur. J. Intern Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2021.11.011_b0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1111\/irv.12080","article-title":"Routes of influenza transmission","volume":"7","author":"Killingley","year":"2013","journal-title":"Influenza Other Respi Viruses"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2021.11.011_b0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-3472(95)80032-8","article-title":"Odours of parasitized males induce aversive responses in female mice","volume":"50","author":"Kavaliers","year":"1995","journal-title":"Anim. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2021.11.011_b0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.1995.0113","article-title":"Discrimination by female mice between the odours of parasitized and non-parasitized males","volume":"261","author":"Kavaliers","year":"1995","journal-title":"Proc. R Soc. London Ser. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2021.11.011_b0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0310.1993.tb00471.x","article-title":"Aversive responses of female mice to the odors of parasitized males: Neuromodulatory mechanisms and implications for mate choice","volume":"95","author":"Kavaliers","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ethology"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2021.11.011_b0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2005.04.011","article-title":"Recognition and avoidance of the odors of parasitized conspecifics and predators: Differential genomic correlates","volume":"29","author":"Kavaliers","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"issue":"7092","key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2021.11.011_b0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1038\/441421a","article-title":"Avoidance of disease by social lobsters","volume":"441","author":"Behringer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"1870","key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2021.11.011_b0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20172430","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2017.2430","article-title":"Identification of acutely sick people and facial cues of sickness","volume":"285","author":"Axelsson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc. R Soc. B Biol. Sci."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2021.11.011_b0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1309","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167216656357","article-title":"People use psychological cues to detect physical disease from faces","volume":"42","author":"Tskhay","year":"2016","journal-title":"Personal. Soc. Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2021.11.011_b0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2019.04.003","article-title":"Emotional expressions of the sick face","volume":"80","author":"Sarolidou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2021.11.011_b0070","first-page":"96","article-title":"Parasites, behavioral defenses, and the social psychological mechanisms through which cultures are evoked","volume":"17","author":"Schaller","year":"2006","journal-title":"Psychol. Inq."},{"issue":"1800","key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2021.11.011_b0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20190272","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2019.0272","article-title":"People expressing olfactory and visual cues of disease are less liked","volume":"375","author":"Sarolidou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B"},{"issue":"24","key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2021.11.011_b0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6400","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1617357114","article-title":"Behavioral and neural correlates to multisensory detection of sick humans","volume":"114","author":"Regenbogen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2021.11.011_b0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3211","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1743-6109.2011.02562.x","article-title":"Scent recognition of infected status in humans","volume":"9","author":"Moshkin","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Sex Med."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2021.11.011_b0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797613515681","article-title":"The scent of disease: Human body odor contains an early chemosensory cue of sickness","volume":"25","author":"Olsson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2021.11.011_b0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1093\/chemse\/bjy059","article-title":"Detection of inflammation via volatile cues in human urine","volume":"43","author":"Gordon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chem. Senses"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2021.11.011_b0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2008.06.006","article-title":"Fear, faces, and the human amygdala","volume":"18","author":"Adolphs","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurobiol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2021.11.011_b0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2005.09.025","article-title":"Contributions of the amygdala to emotion processing: From animal models to human behavior","volume":"48","author":"Phelps","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2021.11.011_b0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.18-01-00411.1998","article-title":"Masked presentations of emotional facial expressions modulate amygdala activity without explicit knowledge","volume":"18","author":"Whalen","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2021.11.011_b0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1037\/1528-3542.1.1.70","article-title":"A functional MRI study of human amygdala responses to facial expressions of fear versus anger","volume":"1","author":"Whalen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Emotion"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2021.11.011_b0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/122.5.883","article-title":"Dissociable neural responses to facial expressions of sadness and anger","volume":"122","author":"Blair","year":"1999","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2021.11.011_b0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2003.tb07091.x","article-title":"Is the human amygdala specialized for processing social information?","volume":"985","author":"Adolphs","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2021.11.011_b0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/122.4.779","article-title":"The human amygdala plays an important role in gaze monitoring: A PET study","volume":"122","author":"Kawashima","year":"1999","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"39","key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2021.11.011_b0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12236","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2378-09.2009","article-title":"From threat to fear: The neural organization of defensive fear systems in humans","volume":"29","author":"Mobbs","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2021.11.011_b0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1037\/a0014823","article-title":"Disgust as a disease-avoidance mechanism","volume":"135","author":"Oaten","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2021.11.011_b0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1038\/39051","article-title":"A specific neural substrate for perceiving facial exprssions of disgust","volume":"389","author":"Phillips","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2021.11.011_b0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2355","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2006.05120.x","article-title":"Preferential responses in amygdala and insula during presentation of facial contempt and disgust","volume":"24","author":"Sambataro","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2021.11.011_b0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2007.05.005","article-title":"Hemodynamic brain correlates of disgust and fear ratings","volume":"37","author":"Stark","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2021.11.011_b0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(03)00679-2","article-title":"Both of us disgusted in my insula: The common neural basis of seeing and feeling disgust","volume":"40","author":"Wicker","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2021.11.011_b0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1280.035","article-title":"Disgusting smells activate human anterior insula and ventral striatum","volume":"1000","author":"Heining","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2021.11.011_b0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2347","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-200410250-00009","article-title":"Disgust and the insula: fMRI responses to pictures of mutilation and contamination","volume":"15","author":"Wright","year":"2004","journal-title":"NeuroReport"},{"issue":"28","key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2021.11.011_b0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11721","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1108239108","article-title":"Attachment figures activate a safety signal-related neural region and reduce pain experience","volume":"108","author":"Eisenberger","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2021.11.011_b0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2004.08.042","article-title":"Extinction learning in humans: Role of the amygdala and vmPFC","volume":"43","author":"Phelps","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2021.11.011_b0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2017.02.080","article-title":"Human ventromedial prefrontal cortex and the positive affective processing of safety signals","volume":"152","author":"Harrison","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2021.11.011_b0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2014.02.014","article-title":"Ventromedial prefrontal cortex Is critical for the regulation of amygdala activity in humans","volume":"77","author":"Motzkin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2021.11.011_b0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1709","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2015.17","article-title":"Sex differences in depressive and socioemotional responses to an inflammatory challenge: Implications for sex differences in depression","volume":"40","author":"Moieni","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2021.11.011_b0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"910","DOI":"10.1097\/01.jnen.0000182983.87106.d1","article-title":"Pathology of the insular cortex in Alzheimer disease depends on cortical architecture","volume":"64","author":"Bonthius","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2021.11.011_b0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.10609","article-title":"Architectonic subdivision of the human orbital and medial prefrontal cortex","volume":"460","author":"\u00d6ng\u00fcr","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Comput. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2021.11.011_b0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.2001.0978","article-title":"Automated anatomical labeling of activiations in SPM using a macroscopic anatomical parcellation of the MNI MRI single-subject brain","volume":"15","author":"Tzourio-Mazoyer","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2021.11.011_b0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.1037\/abn0000195","article-title":"Health anxiety in a disease-avoidance framework: Investigation of anxiety, disgust and disease perception in response to sickness cues","volume":"125","author":"Hedman","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Abnorm. Psychol."},{"issue":"37","key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2021.11.011_b0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13214","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1246-11.2011","article-title":"The decision value computations in the vmPFC and striatum use a relative value code that is guided by visual attention","volume":"31","author":"Lim","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2021.11.011_b0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2009.09.040","article-title":"An automatic valuation system in the human brain: Evidence from functional neuroimaging","volume":"64","author":"Lebreton","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2021.11.011_b0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2014.06.024","article-title":"Ventral medial prefrontal cortex and person evaluation: Forming impressions of others varying in financial and moral status","volume":"100","author":"Cloutier","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2021.11.011_b0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-41544-z","article-title":"The ventromedial prefrontal cortex is particularly responsive to social evaluations requiring the use of person-knowledge","volume":"9","author":"Dang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"1693","key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2021.11.011_b0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20150380","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2015.0380","article-title":"Perception of health from facial cues","volume":"371","author":"Henderson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2021.11.011_b0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2018.02562","article-title":"Facial adiposity, attractiveness, and health: A review","volume":"9","author":"de Jager","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2021.11.011_b0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9280.00002","article-title":"Does human facial attractiveness honestly advertise health? Longitudinal Data on an Evolutionary Question","volume":"9","author":"Kalick","year":"1998","journal-title":"Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2021.11.011_b0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2016.11.008","article-title":"Skin color changes during experimentally-induced sickness","volume":"60","author":"Henderson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2021.11.011_b0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1037\/0735-7036.115.1.92","article-title":"Human (Homo sapiens) facial attractiveness in relation to skin texture and color","volume":"115","author":"Fink","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Comp. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2021.11.011_b0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.evolhumbehav.2010.09.003","article-title":"Carotenoid and melanin pigment coloration affect perceived human healt","volume":"32","author":"Stephen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Evol. Hum. Behav."}],"container-title":["Brain, Behavior, and Immunity"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0889159121006073?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0889159121006073?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T08:14:40Z","timestamp":1760170480000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0889159121006073"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]},"references-count":53,"alternative-id":["S0889159121006073"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbi.2021.11.011","relation":{},"ISSN":["0889-1591"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0889-1591","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Ventromedial prefrontal cortex activity differentiates sick from healthy faces: Associations with inflammatory responses and disease avoidance motivation","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Brain, Behavior, and Immunity","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbi.2021.11.011","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}