{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T03:16:30Z","timestamp":1792120590480,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,1]],"date-time":"2024-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706745600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,1]],"date-time":"2024-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706745600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,1]],"date-time":"2024-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706745600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,1]],"date-time":"2024-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706745600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,1]],"date-time":"2024-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706745600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,1]],"date-time":"2024-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706745600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,1]],"date-time":"2024-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706745600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Brain, Behavior, and Immunity"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2023.12.008","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,7]],"date-time":"2023-12-07T12:15:09Z","timestamp":1701951309000},"page":"237-258","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"special_numbering":"C","title":["No consistent evidence for the anti-inflammatory effect of vagus nerve stimulation in humans: A systematic review and meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"116","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4215-0448","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carmen","family":"Schiweck","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sonja","family":"Sausmekat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tong","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leona","family":"Jacobsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Reif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sharmili","family":"Edwin Thanarajah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2023.12.008_b0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1159\/000341402","article-title":"The effects of vagus nerve stimulation on pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in children with refractory epilepsy: An exploratory study","volume":"19","author":"Aalbers","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuroimmunomodulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2023.12.008_b0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Addorisio, M. E. et al. Investigational treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with a vibrotactile device applied to the external ear. doi:10.1186\/s42234-019-0020-4. (2023).","DOI":"10.1186\/s42234-019-0020-4"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2023.12.008_b0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2022.104622","article-title":"The cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway in humans: State-of-the-art review and future directions","volume":"136","author":"Alen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2023.12.008_b0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20120571","article-title":"Neural reflexes in inflammation and immunity","volume":"209","author":"Andersson","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2023.12.008_b0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e007711","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCEP.119.007711","article-title":"Electrical stimulation of the greater auricular nerve to reduce postoperative atrial fibrillation","volume":"12","author":"Andreas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2023.12.008_b0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2020-217872","article-title":"Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation reduces pain and fatigue in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: a randomised, double-blind, sham-controlled pilot trial","volume":"80","author":"Aranow","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2023.12.008_b0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/s42234-022-00094-y","article-title":"A pilot randomized controlled trial of supervised, at-home, self-administered transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS) to manage long COVID symptoms","volume":"8","author":"Badran","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bioelectron Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2023.12.008_b0040","first-page":"153","article-title":"How to perform a meta-analysis with R: a practical tutorial","volume":"22","author":"Balduzzi","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ Ment Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2023.12.008_b0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baro, V. et al. Effect of Vagus Nerve Stimulation on Blood Inflammatory Markers in Children with Drug-Resistant Epilepsy: A Pilot Study. (2022) doi:10.3390\/children9081133.","DOI":"10.3390\/children9081133"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2023.12.008_b0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barone, L. et al. Effect of vagal nerve stimulation on systemic inflammation and cardiac autonomic function in patients with refractory epilepsy. 14, 331\u2013336. (2007).","DOI":"10.1159\/000127360"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2023.12.008_b0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"948","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.12792","article-title":"Chronic vagus nerve stimulation in Crohn\u2019s disease: a 6-month follow-up pilot study","volume":"28","author":"Bonaz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol. Motil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2023.12.008_b0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1038\/35013070","article-title":"Vagus nerve stimulation attenuates the systemic inflammatory response to endotoxin","volume":"405","author":"Borovikova","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2023.12.008_b0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-019-1801-y","article-title":"Saliva molecular inflammatory profiling in female migraine patients responsive to adjunctive cervical non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation: the MOXY Study","volume":"17","author":"Bostr\u00f6m","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Transl Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2023.12.008_b0070","article-title":"Transcutaneous vagal nerve stimulation blocks stress-induced activation of Interleukin-6 and interferon-\u03b3 in posttraumatic stress disorder: a double-blind, randomized, sham-controlled trial","volume":"9","author":"Bremner","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2023.12.008_b0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brock, C. et al. Transcutaneous cervical vagal nerve stimulation modulates cardiac vagal tone and tumor necrosis factor-alpha. 29, (2017).","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.12999"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2023.12.008_b0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brock, C. et al. Vagal Nerve Stimulation-Modulation of the Anti-Inflammatory Response and Clinical Outcome in Psoriatic Arthritis or Ankylosing Spondylitis. 2021, (2021).","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/9933532"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2023.12.008_b0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2020.107863","article-title":"From ear to eye? No effect of transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation on human pupil dilation: A report of three studies","volume":"152","author":"Burger","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biol Psychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2023.12.008_b0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2008.286","article-title":"Effects of acute and chronic inflammation on B-cell development and differentiation","volume":"129","author":"Cain","year":"2009","journal-title":"J, Invest. Dermatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2023.12.008_bib381","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-021-03024-9","article-title":"Different modulation effects of 1 Hz and 20 Hz transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation on the functional connectivity of the periaqueductal gray in patients with migraine","volume":"19","author":"Cao","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2023.12.008_b0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2019.01.008","article-title":"Inter-ictal assay of peripheral circulating inflammatory mediators in migraine patients under adjunctive cervical non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation (nVNS): A proof-of-concept study","volume":"12","author":"Chaudhry","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2023.12.008_b0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1123\/JAB.2013-0284","article-title":"Eccentric and concentric loading of the triceps surae: an in vivo study of dynamic muscle and tendon biomechanical parameters","volume":"31","author":"Chaudhry","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Appl Biomech"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2023.12.008_b0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2017.06.008","article-title":"Mechanisms and therapeutic relevance of neuro-immune communication","volume":"46","author":"Chavan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2023.12.008_b0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Corcoran, C., Connor, T. J., O\u2019Keane, V. & Garland, M. R. The effects of vagus nerve stimulation on pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in humans: A preliminary report. 12, 307\u2013309 (2005).","DOI":"10.1159\/000087109"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2023.12.008_b0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1644","DOI":"10.3390\/life12101644","article-title":"Transcutaneous Auricular Vagus Nerve Stimulation Improves Inflammation but Does Not Interfere with Cardiac Modulation and Clinical Symptoms of Individuals with COVID-19: A Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"12","author":"Corr\u00eaa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Life"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2023.12.008_b0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2022.11.012","article-title":"Short bursts of transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation enhance evoked pupil dilation as a function of stimulation parameters","volume":"159","author":"D\u2019Agostini","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2023.12.008_b0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjad151","article-title":"Neuroimmune Modulation Through Vagus Nerve Stimulation Reduces Inflammatory Activity in Crohn\u2019s Disease Patients: A Prospective Open-label Study","author":"D\u2019Haens","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Crohns Colitis jjad151"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2023.12.008_b0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2343","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.2343","article-title":"Evaluation of different vagus nerve stimulation anatomical targets in the ear by vagus evoked potential responses","volume":"11","author":"de Gurtubay","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Behav"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2023.12.008_b0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Herdt, V. et al. Effects of vagus nerve stimulation on pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine induction in patients with refractory epilepsy. 214, 104\u2013108 (2009).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2009.06.008"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2023.12.008_b0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/s42234-023-00109-2","article-title":"Brief periods of transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation improve autonomic balance and alter circulating monocytes and endothelial cells in patients with metabolic syndrome: a pilot study","volume":"9","author":"de Moraes","year":"2023","journal-title":"Bioelectron Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2023.12.008_b0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Drewes, A. M. et al. Short-term transcutaneous non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation may reduce disease activity and pro-inflammatory cytokines in rheumatoid arthritis: results of a pilot study. 50, 20\u201327 (2021).","DOI":"10.1080\/03009742.2020.1764617"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2023.12.008_b0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1437","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-003-0087-6","article-title":"Far field potentials from the brain stem after transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation","volume":"110","author":"Fallgatter","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Neural Transm"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2023.12.008_b0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2018.08.049","article-title":"A neural circuit for gut-induced reward","volume":"175","author":"Han","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2023.12.008_b0165","article-title":"Doing meta-analysis with R: A hands-on guide","author":"Harrer","year":"2021","journal-title":"(chapman and Hall\/CRC"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2023.12.008_b0170","unstructured":"Harrer, M., Cuijpers, P., Furukawa, T. & Ebert, D. D. dmetar: companion R package for the guide \u2018doing meta-analysis in R\u2019. R package version 0.1.0. 2019. Preprint at (2019)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2023.12.008_b0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2023.02.003","article-title":"Organ-and function-specific anatomical organization of vagal fibers supports fascicular vagus nerve stimulation","volume":"16","author":"Jayaprakash","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2023.12.008_b0180","article-title":"Current directions in the auricular vagus nerve stimulation I\u2013a physiological perspective","volume":"854","author":"Kaniusas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2023.12.008_b0185","article-title":"Manipulation of the inflammatory reflex as a therapeutic strategy","volume":"3","author":"Kelly","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Rep Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2023.12.008_b0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11452","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-47961-4","article-title":"No modulation of pupil size and event-related pupil response by transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS)","volume":"9","author":"Keute","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2023.12.008_b0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2018.02.127","article-title":"Electroencephalographic correlates of low-frequency vagus nerve stimulation therapy for Crohn\u2019s disease","volume":"129","author":"Kibleur","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2023.12.008_b0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"F.A. Koopman et al. Vagus nerve stimulation inhibits cytokine production and attenuates disease severity in rheumatoid arthritis. doi:10.1073\/pnas.1605635113. (2016).","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1605635113"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2023.12.008_b0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-015-0667-5","article-title":"Transvenous vagus nerve stimulation does not modulate the innate immune response during experimental human endotoxemia: A randomized controlled study","volume":"17","author":"Kox","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2023.12.008_b0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.15424\/bioelectronmed.2016.00005","article-title":"Vagus nerve stimulation for treatment of inflammation: systematic review of animal models and clinical studies","volume":"3","author":"Kwan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bioelectron Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2023.12.008_b0215","first-page":"283","article-title":"Noninvasive transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation decreases whole blood culture-derived cytokines and chemokines: a randomized, blinded, healthy control pilot trial. Neuromodulation: Technology at the Neural","volume":"19","author":"Lerman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Interface"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2023.12.008_b0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3001","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11193001","article-title":"Macrophages, chronic inflammation, and insulin resistance","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2023.12.008_b0225","unstructured":"L\u00fcdecke, D., L\u00fcdecke, M. D. & Calculator\u2019from David, B. W. Package \u2018esc\u2019. R Package Version 0.5 1, 2019 (2019)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2023.12.008_b0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1159\/000315530","article-title":"Vagus Nerve Stimulation in Refractory Epilepsy: Effects on Pro- and Anti-Inflammatory Cytokines in Peripheral Blood","volume":"18","author":"Majoie","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuroimmunomodulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2023.12.008_b0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s42234-021-00084-6","article-title":"Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS) for the treatment of pediatric nephrotic syndrome: a pilot study","volume":"8","author":"Merchant","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bioelectron Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2023.12.008_b0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.2217\/bem-2020-0004","article-title":"Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation for the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome: a pilot, open-label study","volume":"3","author":"Mion","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bioelectron Med (lond)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2023.12.008_b0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3569","DOI":"10.1113\/JP280077","article-title":"In vivo recordings from the human vagus nerve using ultrasound-guided microneurography","volume":"598","author":"Ottaviani","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2023.12.008_b0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e105328-","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0105328","article-title":"Relationship between Vagal Tone, Cortisol, TNF-Alpha, Epinephrine and Negative Affects in Crohn\u2019s Disease and Irritable Bowel Syndrome","volume":"9","author":"Pellissier","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2023.12.008_b0255","series-title":"R Foundation for Statistical ComputingVienna, Austria","article-title":"R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing","author":"R Core Team","year":"2023"},{"issue":"334","key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2023.12.008_b0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1209985","article-title":"Acetylcholine-Synthesizing T Cells Relay Neural Signals in a Vagus Nerve Circuit","volume":"1979","author":"Rosas-Ballina","year":"2011","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2023.12.008_b0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3167","DOI":"10.1007\/s00268-020-05543-w","article-title":"Transcutaneous stimulation of auricular branch of the vagus nerve attenuates the acute inflammatory response after lung lobectomy","volume":"44","author":"Salama","year":"2020","journal-title":"World J Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2023.12.008_b0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2022.897257","article-title":"Percutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation reduces inflammation in critical covid-19 patients","volume":"13","author":"Seitz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2023.12.008_b0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sinniger, V. et al. A 12-month pilot study outcomes of vagus nerve stimulation in Crohn\u2019s disease. 32, (2020).","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.13911"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2023.12.008_b0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13075","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.13075","article-title":"Abdominal vagus nerve stimulation as a new therapeutic approach to prevent postoperative ileus","volume":"29","author":"Stakenborg","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol. Motil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2023.12.008_b0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2019.11.008","article-title":"TREAT AF (Transcutaneous Electrical Vagus Nerve Stimulation to Suppress Atrial Fibrillation): A Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"6","author":"Stavrakis","year":"2020","journal-title":"JACC Clin Electrophysiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2023.12.008_b0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stavrakis, S. et al. Low-Level Transcutaneous Electrical Vagus Nerve Stimulation Suppresses Atrial Fibrillation. (2015).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2014.12.026"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2023.12.008_b0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stavrakis, S. et al. Focus on neuromodulation of cardiac arrhytmias Low-Level Vagus Nerve Stimulation Suppresses Post-Operative Atrial Fibrillation and Inflammation A Randomized Study. (2017).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2017.02.019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2023.12.008_b0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-015-0543-3","article-title":"Treatment of chronic migraine with transcutaneous stimulation of the auricular branch of the vagal nerve (auricular t-VNS): a randomized, monocentric clinical trial","volume":"16","author":"Straube","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Headache Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2023.12.008_b0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2021758118","article-title":"Vagus nerve stimulation activates two distinct neuroimmune circuits converging in the spleen to protect mice from kidney injury","volume":"118","author":"Tanaka","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2023.12.008_b0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1111\/ner.12879","article-title":"The effects of noninvasive vagus nerve stimulation on fatigue and immune responses in patients with primary Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome","volume":"22","author":"Tarn","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuromodulation: Technol. Neural Interface"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2023.12.008_b0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2022.820864","article-title":"Non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation for COVID-19: results from a randomized controlled trial (SAVIOR I)","volume":"13","author":"Tornero","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2023.12.008_b0320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01321","article-title":"The inflammatory reflex","volume":"420","author":"Tracey","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2023.12.008_b0325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1038\/nrrheum.2009.31","article-title":"The cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway: towards innovative treatment of rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"5","author":"Van Maanen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat Rev Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2023.12.008_b0330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1159\/000524646","article-title":"Increased concentrations of circulating interleukins following non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation: results from a randomized, sham-controlled, crossover study in healthy subjects","volume":"29","author":"Veiz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuroimmunomodulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2023.12.008_b0335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1498","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2022.11.002","article-title":"Characterization of vagus nerve stimulation-induced pupillary responses in epileptic patients","volume":"15","author":"Vespa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2023.12.008_b0340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4476","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.11-191007","article-title":"\u03b22-Adrenoreceptors of regulatory lymphocytes are essential for vagal neuromodulation of the innate immune system","volume":"25","author":"Vida","year":"2011","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2023.12.008_b0345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v036.i03","article-title":"Conducting meta-analyses in R with the metafor package","volume":"36","author":"Viechtbauer","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Stat Softw"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2023.12.008_b0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1002\/jrsm.11","article-title":"Outlier and influence diagnostics for meta-analysis","volume":"1","author":"Viechtbauer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Res Synth Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2023.12.008_b0355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-14-135","article-title":"Estimating the sample mean and standard deviation from the sample size, median, range and\/or interquartile range","volume":"14","author":"Wan","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2023.12.008_b0360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2018.12.224","article-title":"The neuromodulatory and hormonal effects of transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation as evidenced by salivary alpha amylase, salivary cortisol, pupil diameter, and the P3 event-related potential","volume":"12","author":"Warren","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Stimul. Basic Transl. Clin. Res. Neuromodul."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2023.12.008_b0365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6306","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0452-23.2023","article-title":"Phasic, Event-Related Transcutaneous Auricular Vagus Nerve Stimulation Modifies Behavioral, Pupillary, and Low-Frequency Oscillatory Power Responses","volume":"43","author":"Wienke","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2023.12.008_b0370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13933","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.13933","article-title":"Does transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation affect vagally mediated heart rate variability? A living and interactive Bayesian meta-analysis","volume":"58","author":"Wolf","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2023.12.008_b0375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2023.02.008","article-title":"Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation reduces cytokine production in sepsis: An open double-blind, sham-controlled, pilot study","volume":"16","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2023.12.008_b0380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, Q. et al. Effect of transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation on delayed neurocognitive recovery in elderly patients. 34, 2421\u20132429 (2022).","DOI":"10.1007\/s40520-022-02177-x"}],"container-title":["Brain, Behavior, and Immunity"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0889159123003793?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0889159123003793?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T08:25:10Z","timestamp":1760171110000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0889159123003793"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]},"references-count":76,"alternative-id":["S0889159123003793"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbi.2023.12.008","relation":{},"ISSN":["0889-1591"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0889-1591","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"No consistent evidence for the anti-inflammatory effect of vagus nerve stimulation in humans: A systematic review and meta-analysis","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Brain, Behavior, and Immunity","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbi.2023.12.008","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}