{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T20:30:21Z","timestamp":1793305821207,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]],"date-time":"2025-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746057600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]],"date-time":"2025-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746057600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]],"date-time":"2025-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746057600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]],"date-time":"2025-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746057600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]],"date-time":"2025-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746057600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]],"date-time":"2025-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746057600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]],"date-time":"2025-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746057600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82173612"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82173612"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003399","name":"Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ZD2021CY001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZD2021CY001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003399","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Brain, Behavior, and Immunity"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2025.01.027","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,4]],"date-time":"2025-02-04T11:26:17Z","timestamp":1738668377000},"page":"30-37","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Association between hospital-treated infectious diseases and risk of neurodegenerative disease among patients with prediabetes and diabetes: A prospective cohort study in UK Biobank"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"126","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-7564-8475","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jing","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yifang","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiuli","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chen","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruilang","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuwei","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zixuan","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dongxu","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ye","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xueying","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guoyou","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiaohua","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2025.01.027_b0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-019-0213-7","article-title":"The blood\u2013brain barrier as an endocrine tissue","volume":"15","author":"Banks","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2025.01.027_b0010","article-title":"Comparison of risk factor associations in UK Biobank against representative, general population based studies with conventional response rates: prospective cohort study and individual participant meta-analysis","volume":"368","author":"Batty","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2025.01.027_b0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4475","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.13405","article-title":"Cardiovascular health, infection burden, and incident dementia in the UK Biobank","volume":"19","author":"Beydoun","year":"2023","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2025.01.027_b0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3391","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2016.4948","article-title":"Role of neuroinflammation in neurodegenerative diseases (Review)","volume":"13","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2025.01.027_b0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/15333175211006504","article-title":"Herpes Zoster does not increase the risk of neurodegenerative dementia: a case-control study","volume":"36","author":"Choi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Alzheimers Dis. Other Demen."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2025.01.027_b0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2015.08.003","article-title":"The molecular constituents of the blood-brain barrier","volume":"38","author":"Chow","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2025.01.027_b0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee. 2. Classification and Diagnosis of Diabetes: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes-2022. Diabetes Care 45, S17\u2013S38 (2022).","DOI":"10.2337\/dc22-S002"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2025.01.027_b0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1902","DOI":"10.2337\/dc05-2327","article-title":"Diabetes, hyperglycemia, and inflammation in older individuals: the health, aging and body composition study","volume":"29","author":"de Rekeneire","year":"2006","journal-title":"Diabetes Care."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2025.01.027_b0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deleidi M, Isacson O. Viral and inflammatory triggers of neurodegenerative diseases.Sci Transl Med. 2012;4(121):121ps3. doi:10.1126\/scitranslmed.3003492.","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3003492"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2025.01.027_b0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001917","article-title":"Traditional and emerging lifestyle risk behaviors and all-cause mortality in middle-aged and older adults: evidence from a large population-based Australian cohort","volume":"12","author":"Ding","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2025.01.027_b0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2020.06.008","article-title":"The microbiome as a modifier of neurodegenerative disease risk","volume":"28","author":"Fang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"issue":"12 Suppl 6","key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2025.01.027_b0060","first-page":"S3","article-title":"Immunopathology of multiple sclerosis","volume":"63","author":"Fox","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurology."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2025.01.027_b0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1026","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwx246","article-title":"Comparison of sociodemographic and health-related characteristics of UK Biobank participants with those of the general population","volume":"186","author":"Fry","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2025.01.027_b0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2489","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-021-00757-x","article-title":"The blood-brain barrier in systemic infection and inflammation","volume":"18","author":"Galea","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Mol Immunol."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2025.01.027_b0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(18)30404-6","article-title":"2016 Motor Neuron Disease Collaborators. Global, regional, and national burden of motor neuron diseases 1990-2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016","volume":"17","author":"Gbd","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2025.01.027_b0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(18)30403-4","article-title":"2016 Dementia Collaborators. Global, regional, and national burden of Alzheimer's disease and other dementias, 1990-2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016","volume":"18","author":"Gbd","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol.."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2025.01.027_b0085","unstructured":"GBD 2016 Parkinson's Disease Collaborators. Global, regional, and national burden of Parkinson's disease, 1990-2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016 [published correction appears in Lancet Neurol. 2021 Dec;20(12):e7."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2025.01.027_b0090","unstructured":"Global, regional, and national burden of motor neuron diseases 1990-2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. The Lancet. Neurology 17, (2018)."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2025.01.027_b0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.2337\/dc21-1512","article-title":"Association of a Healthy lifestyle with all-cause and cause-specific mortality among individuals with type 2 diabetes: a prospective study in UK Biobank","volume":"45","author":"Han","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetes Care."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2025.01.027_b0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2016.12.033","article-title":"Glucose homeostasis, nutrition and infections during critical illness","volume":"24","author":"Ingels","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2025.01.027_b0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Janbek J, Laursen TM, Frimodt-M\u00f8ller N, et al. Hospital-Diagnosed Infections, Autoimmune Diseases, and Subsequent Dementia Incidence.JAMA Netw Open. 2023;6(9):e2332635. Published 2023 Sep 5. doi:10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.32635.","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.32635"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2025.01.027_b0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.2337\/dc21-0957","article-title":"Risk of incident dementia according to glycemic status and comorbidities of hyperglycemia: a nationwide population-based cohort study","volume":"45","author":"Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetes Care."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2025.01.027_b0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1086","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2022.12.029","article-title":"Virus exposure and neurodegenerative disease risk across national biobanks","volume":"111","author":"Levine","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2025.01.027_b0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1093\/epirev\/mxs007","article-title":"Can infections cause Alzheimer's disease?","volume":"35","author":"Mawanda","year":"2013","journal-title":"Epidemiol Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2025.01.027_b0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8691","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-87963-9","article-title":"Herpes simplex virus 1 and the risk of dementia: a population-based study","volume":"11","author":"Murphy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2025.01.027_b0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2014.05.003","article-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s disease and type 2 diabetes via chronic inflammatory mechanisms","volume":"22","author":"Mushtaq","year":"2015","journal-title":"Saudi J Biol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2025.01.027_b0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-021-02097-z","article-title":"Exploring health in the UK Biobank: associations with sociodemographic characteristics, psychosocial factors, lifestyle and environmental exposures","volume":"19","author":"Mutz","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2025.01.027_b0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e426","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-7568(21)00118-5","article-title":"Assessment of common infections and incident dementia using UK primary and secondary care data: a historical cohort study","volume":"2","author":"Muzambi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Healthy Longev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2025.01.027_b0145","unstructured":"NHS. The risks of drinking too much [Internet]. 2022 [cited 2024 Nov 25]. Available from: https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/live-well\/alcohol-advice\/the-risks-of-drinking-too-much\/."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2025.01.027_b0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(15)00379-4","article-title":"Diabetes and infection: assessing the association with glycaemic control in population-based studies","volume":"4","author":"Pearson-Stuttard","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2025.01.027_b0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2015","article-title":"Systemic infections and inflammation affect chronic neurodegeneration","volume":"7","author":"Perry","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2025.01.027_b0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1032","article-title":"The impact of systemic infection on the progression of neurodegenerative disease","volume":"4","author":"Perry","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2025.01.027_b0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee; 2. Classification and Diagnosis of Diabetes: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes\u20142022. Diabetes Care 1 January 2022; 45 (Supplement_1): S17\u2013S38.","DOI":"10.2337\/dc22-S002"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2025.01.027_b0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2018.10.003","article-title":"Major depression model induced by repeated and intermittent lipopolysaccharide administration: Long-lasting behavioral, neuroimmune and neuroprogressive alterations","volume":"107","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2025.01.027_b0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1557","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(21)00144-4","article-title":"Hospital-treated infectious diseases and the risk of dementia: a large, multicohort, observational study with a replication cohort","volume":"21","author":"Sipil\u00e4","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2025.01.027_b0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.3233\/JPD-202279","article-title":"infection and risk of Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"11","author":"Smeyne","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Parkinson\u2019s Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2025.01.027_b0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-022-00770-5","article-title":"Epstein\u2013Barr virus and multiple sclerosis","volume":"21","author":"Soldan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2025.01.027_b0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001779","article-title":"UK biobank: an open access resource for identifying the causes of a wide range of complex diseases of middle and old age","volume":"12","author":"Sudlow","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2025.01.027_b0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1004092","article-title":"Hospital-treated infections in early- and mid-life and risk of Alzheimer\u2019s disease, Parkinson\u2019s disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a nationwide nested case-control study in Sweden","volume":"19","author":"Sun","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2025.01.027_b0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.3390\/v12060643","article-title":"Role of Viruses in the Pathogenesis of Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"12","author":"Tarlinton","year":"2020","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2025.01.027_b0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2017.00276","article-title":"Neuroinflammation and infection: molecular mechanisms associated with dysfunction of neurovascular unit","volume":"7","author":"Tohidpour","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2025.01.027_b0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0188490","article-title":"Increased risk of dementia following herpes zoster ophthalmicus","volume":"12","author":"Tsai","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2025.01.027_b0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.7326\/M16-2607","article-title":"Sensitivity analysis in observational research: introducing the E-Value","volume":"167","author":"VanderWeele","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med.."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2025.01.027_b0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.51525","article-title":"No evidence that herpes zoster is associated with increased risk of dementia diagnosis","volume":"9","author":"Warren-Gash","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann. Clin. Transl. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2025.01.027_b0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2390","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awab100","article-title":"Hospital-diagnosed infections before age 20 and risk of a subsequent multiple sclerosis diagnosis","volume":"144","author":"Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2025.01.027_b0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2019.100944","article-title":"Diabetes mellitus and risks of cognitive impairment and dementia: A systematic review and meta-analysis of 144 prospective studies","volume":"55","author":"Xue","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2025.01.027_b0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang G, Cao X, Li X, et al. Association of unhealthy lifestyle and childhood adversity with acceleration of aging among UK Biobank participants. JAMA Netw Open. 2022;5(9):e2230690. Published 2022 Sep 1. doi:10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.30690.","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.30690"}],"container-title":["Brain, Behavior, and Immunity"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0889159125000388?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0889159125000388?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]],"date-time":"2025-11-05T03:41:43Z","timestamp":1762314103000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0889159125000388"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]},"references-count":47,"alternative-id":["S0889159125000388"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbi.2025.01.027","relation":{},"ISSN":["0889-1591"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0889-1591","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Association between hospital-treated infectious diseases and risk of neurodegenerative disease among patients with prediabetes and diabetes: A prospective cohort study in UK Biobank","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Brain, Behavior, and Immunity","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbi.2025.01.027","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 Elsevier Inc. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}