{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,3]],"date-time":"2026-05-03T03:49:37Z","timestamp":1777780177366,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]],"date-time":"2025-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746057600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]],"date-time":"2025-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746057600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,20]],"date-time":"2025-02-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740009600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001250","name":"Morris Animal Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["D24FE-810"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D24FE-810"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001250","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"UK Research and Innovation Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MR\/V007173\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/V007173\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"UK Research and Innovation Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MR\/R007977\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/R007977\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"UK Research and Innovation Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MR\/X023559\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/X023559\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"UK Research and Innovation Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MR\/X022013\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/X022013\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009449","name":"Petplan Charitable Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["S20-924-963"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["S20-924-963"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009449","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012621","name":"NIHR University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012621","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013373","name":"NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013373","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010705","name":"British Small Animal Veterinary Association","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MDR 12.22"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MDR 12.22"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010705","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010705","name":"British Small Animal Veterinary Association","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["03:20"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["03:20"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010705","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["104079\/Z\/14\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["104079\/Z\/14\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["102176\/Z\/13\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["102176\/Z\/13\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000272","name":"National Institute for Health and Care Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000272","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Brain, Behavior, and Immunity"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2025.02.018","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,19]],"date-time":"2025-02-19T12:00:39Z","timestamp":1739966439000},"page":"289-296","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Distinctive seizure signature in the first video case-control study of a naturally-occurring feline autoimmune encephalitis model"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"126","author":[{"given":"S.N.M.","family":"Binks","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A.H.","family":"Crawford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"E.","family":"Ives","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"L.J.","family":"Davison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Fower","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"H.","family":"Fox","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Kaczmarska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Woodhall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"Waters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A.E.","family":"Handel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S.R.","family":"Irani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"R. Gutierrez","family":"Quintana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"F.A.","family":"Chowdhury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S.H.","family":"Eriksson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Pakozdy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2025.02.018_b0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(19)30001-X","article-title":"The psychopathology of NMDAR-antibody encephalitis in adults: a systematic review and phenotypic analysis of individual patient data","volume":"6","author":"Al-Diwani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"issue":"50","key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2025.02.018_b0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2017.05.017","article-title":"LGI1-antibody encephalitis is characterised by frequent, multifocal clinical and subclinical seizures","volume":"1","author":"Aurangzeb","year":"2017","journal-title":"Seizure"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2025.02.018_b0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2016.07.002","article-title":"Antibody-associated epilepsies: clinical features, evidence for immunotherapies and future research questions","volume":"41","author":"Bakpa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Seizure"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2025.02.018_b0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-015-0461-2","article-title":"International veterinary epilepsy task force consensus report on epilepsy definition, classification and terminology in companion animals","volume":"11","author":"Berendt","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Vet. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2025.02.018_b0025","first-page":"290","article-title":"Parallel roles of neuroinflammation in feline and human epilepsies","volume":"1","author":"Binks","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"issue":"22","key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2025.02.018_b0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2873","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1202481","article-title":"A novel gene, LGI1, from 10q24 is rearranged and downregulated in malignant brain tumors","volume":"17","author":"Chernova","year":"1998","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2025.02.018_b0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1136\/practneurol-2019-002341","article-title":"Localisation in focal epilepsy: a practical guide","volume":"21 (6)","author":"Chowdhury","year":"2021","journal-title":"Practical Neurology"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2025.02.018_b0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-018-0074-z","article-title":"A cross-species approach to disorders affecting brain and behaviour","volume":"14","author":"Devinsky","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Neurology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2025.02.018_b0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.25131","article-title":"Autoimmune encephalitis epidemiology and a comparison to infectious encephalitis","volume":"83","author":"Dubey","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2025.02.018_b0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.13671","article-title":"Instruction manual for the ILAE 2017 operational classification of seizure types","volume":"58","author":"Fisher","year":"2017","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2025.02.018_b0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24979","article-title":"Expanded phenotypes and outcomes among 256 LGI1\/CASPR2-IgG\u2013positive patients","volume":"82","author":"Gadoth","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2025.02.018_b0060","first-page":"296","article-title":"A feline model of spontaneously occurring autoimmune limbic encephalitis","volume":"1","author":"Glantschnigg-Eisl","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2025.02.018_b0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2811","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btu393","article-title":"Circlize implements and enhances circular visualization in R","volume":"30","author":"Gu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2025.02.018_b0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2734","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awq213","article-title":"Antibodies to Kv1 potassium channel-complex proteins leucine-rich, glioma inactivated 1 protein and contactin-associated protein-2 in limbic encephalitis, Morvan\u2019s syndrome and acquired neuromyotonia","volume":"133","author":"Irani","year":"2010","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2025.02.018_b0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.22307","article-title":"Faciobrachial dystonic seizures precede Lgi1 antibody limbic encephalitis","volume":"69","author":"Irani","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2025.02.018_b0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1038\/ng832","article-title":"Mutations in LGI1 cause autosomal-dominant partial epilepsy with auditory features","volume":"30","author":"Kalachikov","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2025.02.018_b0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2021.07.023","article-title":"Autoimmune\/paraneoplastic encephalitis antibody biomarkers: frequency, age, and sex associations","volume":"97","author":"Kunchok","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2025.02.018_b0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.12553","article-title":"Autoimmune encephalopathies","volume":"1338","author":"Leypoldt","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2025.02.018_b0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Michael, S., Waters, P., Irani, S.R., 2020. Stop testing for autoantibodies to the VGKC-complex: Only request LGI1 and CASPR2. Vol. 20, Practical Neurology. 20 (5), 377\u201384.","DOI":"10.1136\/practneurol-2019-002494"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2025.02.018_b0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.577008","article-title":"LGI1 and CASPR2 autoimmunity in children: systematic literature review and report of a young girl with Morvan syndrome","volume":"335","author":"Nosadini","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2025.02.018_b0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-015-0356-2","article-title":"Inter-observer agreement of canine and feline paroxysmal event semiology and classification by veterinary neurology specialists and non-specialists","volume":"11","author":"Packer","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Vet. Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2025.02.018_b0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.12026","article-title":"Suspected limbic encephalitis and seizure in cats associated with voltage-gated potassium channel (VGKC) complex antibody","volume":"27","author":"Pakozdy","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2025.02.018_b0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1684\/epd.2014.0635","article-title":"EEG-confirmed epileptic activity in a cat with VGKC-complex\/LGI1 antibody-associated limbic encephalitis","volume":"16","author":"Pakozdy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Epileptic Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2025.02.018_b0120","first-page":"291","article-title":"Temporal lobe epilepsy in cats","volume":"1","author":"Pakozdy","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2025.02.018_b0125","first-page":"3144","article-title":"LGI1 antibodies alter K v 1.1 and AMPA receptors changing synaptic excitability, plasticity and memory","volume":"141","author":"Petit-Pedrol","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2025.02.018_b0130","first-page":"5","article-title":"Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis in the polar bear (Ursus maritimus) Knut","volume":"27","author":"Pr\u00fcss","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2025.02.018_b0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-021-00543-w","article-title":"Autoantibodies in neurological disease","volume":"21","author":"Pr\u00fcss","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Immunology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2025.02.018_b0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1731","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awaa104","article-title":"Distinctive binding properties of human monoclonal LGI1 autoantibodies determine pathogenic mechanisms","volume":"143","author":"Ramberger","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2025.02.018_b0145","article-title":"Hippocampal seizure and secondary epileptogenesis in the \u2018kindled\u2019 cat preparations","volume":"29","author":"Sato","year":"1975","journal-title":"Folia Psychiatr. Neurol. Jpn."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2025.02.018_b0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.13709","article-title":"ILAE classification of the epilepsies: position paper of the ILAE commission for classification and terminology","volume":"58","author":"Scheffer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2025.02.018_b0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1141","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000012465","article-title":"Clinical course and features of seizures associated with LGI1-antibody encephalitis","volume":"97","author":"Smith","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2025.02.018_b0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e155","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.13436","article-title":"Subclinical temporal EEG seizure pattern in LGI1-antibody\u2013mediated encephalitis","volume":"57","author":"Steriade","year":"2016","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2025.02.018_b0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awx323","article-title":"The importance of early immunotherapy in patients with faciobrachial dystonic seizures","volume":"141","author":"Thompson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2025.02.018_b0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-81371-9","article-title":"Comparative neuroanatomy of the lumbosacral spinal cord of the rat, cat, pig, monkey, and human","volume":"11","author":"Toossi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2025.02.018_b0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1449","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000003173","article-title":"Anti-LGI1 encephalitis","volume":"87","author":"van Sonderen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2025.02.018_b0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2018-318584","article-title":"The Movement disorder associated with NMDAR antibody-encephalitis is complex and characteristic: an expert video-rating study","volume":"90","author":"Varley","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neurol., Neurosurgery and Psychiatry."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2025.02.018_b0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/S0149-7634(87)80013-1","article-title":"Locomotor behavior and control in human and non-human primates: comparisons with cats and dogs","volume":"11","author":"Vilensky","year":"1987","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2025.02.018_b0190","first-page":"357","article-title":"Epidemiology of neuronal surface antibody-mediated autoimmune encephalitis and antibody-based diagnostics","volume":"15","author":"Zuliani","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol."}],"container-title":["Brain, Behavior, and Immunity"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0889159125000583?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0889159125000583?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]],"date-time":"2025-11-05T03:43:04Z","timestamp":1762314184000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0889159125000583"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]},"references-count":38,"alternative-id":["S0889159125000583"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbi.2025.02.018","relation":{},"ISSN":["0889-1591"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0889-1591","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Distinctive seizure signature in the first video case-control study of a naturally-occurring feline autoimmune encephalitis model","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Brain, Behavior, and Immunity","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbi.2025.02.018","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}