{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T12:35:31Z","timestamp":1793450131086,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783296000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004569","name":"Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Poland","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DS 670"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DS 670"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004569","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010621","name":"Uniwersytet Medyczny w Lublinie","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010621","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002347","name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Forschung, Technologie und Raumfahrt","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002347","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"German Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EB187\/8-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EB187\/8-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Brain, Behavior, and Immunity"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2026.106889","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,5]],"date-time":"2026-07-05T21:58:30Z","timestamp":1783288710000},"page":"106889","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Kynurenine pathway profiles as markers of ketamine response in treatment-resistant depression"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"138","author":[{"given":"Bruno","family":"Pedraz-Petrozzi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Marszalek-Grabska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emilia","family":"Fornal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alicja","family":"Wielgosz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Stachniuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paulina","family":"Marzec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Neumann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Riedinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Gilles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerhard","family":"Gr\u00fcnder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lena Vera","family":"Danyeli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Z\u00fcmr\u00fct Duygu","family":"Sen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Walter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Sartorius","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Moritz","family":"Spangemacher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan R.","family":"Reinwald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2026.106889_b0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abbar, M., Demattei, C., El-Hage, W., Llorca, P.-M., Samalin, L., Demaricourt, P., Gaillard, R., Courtet, P., Vaiva, G., Gorwood, P., 2022. Ketamine for the acute treatment of severe suicidal ideation: double blind, randomised placebo controlled trial. BMJ 376.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2021-067194"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2026.106889_b0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2018.02.011","article-title":"Kynurenine pathway metabolism and the neurobiology of treatment-resistant depression: comparison of multiple ketamine infusions and electroconvulsive therapy","volume":"100","author":"Allen","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2026.106889_b0015","first-page":"11","article-title":"The tryptophan catabolite or kynurenine pathway in a major depressive episode with melancholia, psychotic features and suicidal behaviors: a systematic review and meta-analysis","author":"Almulla","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2026.106889_b0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2315","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2302399","article-title":"Ketamine versus ECT for nonpsychotic treatment-resistant major depression","volume":"388","author":"Anand","year":"2023","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2026.106889_b0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1970","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-025-03338-w","article-title":"Ketamine reduces microglial activation and brain monocyte infiltration and promotes peripheral regulatory immune cells, relieving lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced depressive-like behavior in mice","volume":"31","author":"Arena","year":"2026","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2026.106889_b0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1097\/FBP.0000000000000477","article-title":"The \u2018Yin\u2019and the \u2018Yang\u2019of the kynurenine pathway: excitotoxicity and neuroprotection imbalance in stress-induced disorders","volume":"30","author":"Barone","year":"2019","journal-title":"Behav. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2026.106889_b0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2014.07.012","article-title":"A role for inflammatory metabolites as modulators of the glutamate N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor in depression and suicidality","volume":"43","author":"Bay-Richter","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2026.106889_b0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"888","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-019-0385-5","article-title":"Data-driven biological subtypes of depression: systematic review of biological approaches to depression subtyping","volume":"24","author":"Beijers","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2026.106889_b0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-2999(88)90367-6","article-title":"Kynurenic acid antagonises responses to NMDA via an action at the strychnine-insensitive glycine receptor","volume":"154","author":"Birch","year":"1988","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2026.106889_b0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1927","DOI":"10.1002\/mpr.1927","article-title":"Montgomery-\u00c5sberg Depression Rating Scale factors in treatment-resistant depression at onset of treatment: derivation, replication, and change over time during treatment with esketamine","volume":"31","author":"Borentain","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Methods Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2026.106889_b0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2015.03.031","article-title":"The role of the kynurenine pathway in suicidality in adolescent major depressive disorder","volume":"227","author":"Bradley","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2026.106889_b0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.198971","article-title":"Kynurenine pathway metabolism and neuroinflammatory disease","volume":"12","author":"Braidy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neural Regen. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2026.106889_b0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2016.01.034","article-title":"Kynurenine pathway metabolites and suicidality","volume":"112","author":"Bryleva","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2026.106889_b0070","article-title":"Rapid antidepressant and antisuicidal effects of low-dose ketamine infusion in patients with treatment-resistant depression with or without low-grade inflammation","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pharmacopsychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2026.106889_b0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2024.03.002","article-title":"Oral prolonged-release ketamine in treatment-resistant depression-a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled multicentre trial of KET01, a novel ketamine formulation\u2013clinical and safety results","volume":"173","author":"Colla","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2026.106889_b0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2025.120016","article-title":"Blood-based biomarkers in ketamine treatment: a blueprint for translational drug development in mood disorders","author":"Courtes","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2026.106889_b0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3484","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-018-1306-3","article-title":"Crosstalk between inflammation and glutamate system in depression: signaling pathway and molecular biomarkers for ketamine\u2019s antidepressant effect","volume":"56","author":"Cui","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2026.106889_b0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00557","article-title":"Tryptophan metabolic pathways are altered in obesity and are associated with systemic inflammation","volume":"11","author":"Cussotto","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2026.106889_b0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1573","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2013.01.002","article-title":"Differential association of somatic and cognitive symptoms of depression and anxiety with inflammation: findings from the Netherlands Study of Depression and anxiety (NESDA)","volume":"38","author":"Duivis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2026.106889_b0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/ijnp\/pyad065","article-title":"Ketamine or ECT? what have we learned from the KetECT and ELEKT-D trials?","volume":"27","author":"Ekstrand","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2026.106889_b0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2012.248","article-title":"Connecting inflammation with glutamate agonism in suicidality","volume":"38","author":"Erhardt","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2026.106889_b0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1097\/JCP.0000000000001209","article-title":"Body mass index as a moderator of treatment response to ketamine for major depressive disorder","volume":"40","author":"Freeman","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2026.106889_b0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2016.01.011","article-title":"L-Tryptophan-kynurenine pathway enzymes are therapeutic target for neuropsychiatric diseases: focus on cell type differences","volume":"112","author":"Fujigaki","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2026.106889_b0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2007","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1991.tb03460.x","article-title":"Blood\u2013brain barrier transport of kynurenines: implications for brain synthesis and metabolism","volume":"56","author":"Fukui","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2026.106889_b0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2004","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-024-03063-x","article-title":"Extended-release ketamine tablets for treatment-resistant depression: a randomized placebo-controlled phase 2 trial","volume":"30","author":"Glue","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2026.106889_b0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1007\/s00115-025-01801-1","article-title":"Can antidepressants negatively alter the long-term course of depressive disorders?","volume":"96","author":"Gr\u00fcnder","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nervenarzt"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2026.106889_b0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2018.05.026","article-title":"Antidepressant treatment resistance is associated with increased inflammatory markers in patients with major depressive disorder","volume":"95","author":"Haroon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2026.106889_b0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-020-0607-1","article-title":"Associations among peripheral and central kynurenine pathway metabolites and inflammation in depression","volume":"45","author":"Haroon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2026.106889_b0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1002\/j.2051-5545.2010.tb00298.x","article-title":"Pathophysiology of depression: do we have any solid evidence of interest to clinicians?","volume":"9","author":"Hasler","year":"2010","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2026.106889_b0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-023-02540-0","article-title":"Altered brain dynamic in major depressive disorder: state and trait features","volume":"13","author":"Javaheripour","year":"2023","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2026.106889_b0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2025.0206","article-title":"Should inflammation be a specifier for major depression in the DSM-6?","volume":"82","author":"Jha","year":"2025","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2026.106889_b0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4085","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-019-0589-8","article-title":"The kynurenine pathway and bipolar disorder: intersection of the monoaminergic and glutamatergic systems and immune response","volume":"26","author":"Kadriu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2026.106889_b0165","first-page":"1","article-title":"Precision psychiatry roadmap: towards a biology-informed framework for mental disorders","author":"Kas","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2026.106889_b0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.1177\/02698811211026426","article-title":"Ketamine\u2019s effect on inflammation and kynurenine pathway in depression: a systematic review","volume":"35","author":"Kopra","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2026.106889_b0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-019-1108-y","article-title":"Suicide has many faces, so does ketamine: a narrative review on ketamine\u2019s antisuicidal actions","volume":"21","author":"Lengvenyte","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Psychiatry Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2026.106889_b0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1017\/S1092852920002102","article-title":"Does body mass index predict response to intravenous ketamine treatment in adults with major depressive and bipolar disorder? results from the Canadian rapid treatment center of excellence","volume":"27","author":"Lipsitz","year":"2022","journal-title":"CNS Spectr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2026.106889_b0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2022.3860","article-title":"Association of treatment-resistant depression with patient outcomes and health care resource utilization in a population-wide study","volume":"80","author":"Lundberg","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2026.106889_b0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20771","article-title":"The clinical characterization of the adult patient with depression aimed at personalization of management","volume":"19","author":"Maj","year":"2020","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2026.106889_b0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/ijnp\/pyae041","article-title":"Ketamine prevents inflammation-induced reduction of human hippocampal neurogenesis via inhibiting the production of neurotoxic metabolites of the kynurenine pathway","volume":"27","author":"Mandal","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2026.106889_b0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-023-00454-1","article-title":"Major depressive disorder","volume":"9","author":"Marx","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2026.106889_b0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.21120","article-title":"Treatment-resistant depression: definition, prevalence, detection, management, and investigational interventions","volume":"22","author":"McIntyre","year":"2023","journal-title":"World Psychiat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2026.106889_b0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-024-03180-8","article-title":"Personalized use of ketamine and esketamine for treatment-resistant depression","volume":"14","author":"Medeiros","year":"2024","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2026.106889_b0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2021.07.007","article-title":"The association between plasma tryptophan catabolites and depression: the role of symptom profiles and inflammation","volume":"97","author":"Milaneschi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2026.106889_b0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1607","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2013.140","article-title":"Conceptual confluence: the kynurenine pathway as a common target for ketamine and the convergence of the inflammation and glutamate hypotheses of depression","volume":"38","author":"Miller","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2026.106889_b0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.20250289","article-title":"Advancing an inflammatory subtype of major depression","volume":"182","author":"Miller","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2026.106889_b0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2006.07.013","article-title":"Kynurenine pathway in major depression: evidence of impaired neuroprotection","volume":"98","author":"Myint","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2026.106889_b0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e417","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.13m08698","article-title":"Clinical predictors of ketamine response in treatment-resistant major depression","volume":"75","author":"Niciu","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2026.106889_b0240","article-title":"Targeting inflammation in depression: Ketamine as an anti-inflammatory antidepressant in psychiatric emergency","volume":"18","author":"Nikkheslat","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun.-Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2026.106889_b0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2019.10.063","article-title":"Pro-inflammatory monocyte profile in patients with major depressive disorder and suicide behaviour and how ketamine induces anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages by NMDAR and mTOR","volume":"50","author":"Nowak","year":"2019","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2026.106889_b0250","first-page":"1","article-title":"Multimodal microglial and kynurenine pathway alterations across the affective-psychosis spectrum: a systematic review of patterns, heterogeneity, and dimensional implications","author":"Nussbaumer","year":"2026","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2026.106889_b0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2018.03.023","article-title":"Kynurenine pathway in depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"90","author":"Ogyu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2026.106889_b0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2023.07.078","article-title":"The kynurenine pathway in major depressive disorder under different disease states: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"339","author":"Ou","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2026.106889_b0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-220906","article-title":"Tryptophan metabolism and neurodegeneration: longitudinal associations of Kynurenine pathway metabolites with cognitive performance and plasma Alzheimer's disease and related dementias biomarkers in the duke physical performance across the LifeSpan study","volume":"91","author":"Parker","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2026.106889_b0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-020-1721-z","article-title":"Effects of inflammation on the kynurenine pathway in schizophrenia-a systematic review","volume":"17","author":"Pedraz-Petrozzi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflam."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2026.106889_b0275","article-title":"Baseline monocyte count predicts symptom improvement during intravenous ketamine therapy in treatment-resistant depression: a single-arm open-label observational study","volume":"15","author":"Pedraz-Petrozzi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Psych."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2026.106889_b0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Penninx, B.W., Lamers, F., Jansen, R., Berk, M., Khandaker, G.M., De Picker, L., Milaneschi, Y., 2025. Immuno-metabolic depression: from concept to implementation. The Lancet Regional Health\u2013Europe 48.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanepe.2024.101166"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2026.106889_b0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5096","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-022-01757-7","article-title":"International pooled patient-level meta-analysis of ketamine infusion for depression: In search of clinical moderators","volume":"27","author":"Price","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2026.106889_b0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2009.116","article-title":"CSF concentrations of brain tryptophan and kynurenines during immune stimulation with IFN-alpha: relationship to CNS immune responses and depression","volume":"15","author":"Raison","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2026.106889_b0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1298","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2304145","article-title":"Esketamine nasal spray versus quetiapine for treatment-resistant depression","volume":"389","author":"Reif","year":"2023","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2026.106889_b0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2025.04.006","article-title":"Lack of relationships between ketamine treatment and peripheral neurotrophic and inflammatory factors in a randomized controlled ketamine trial of major depressive disorder","volume":"128","author":"Rengasamy","year":"2025","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2026.106889_b0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.20240655","article-title":"Real-world safety of esketamine nasal spray: a comprehensive analysis almost 5 years after first approval","author":"Sanacora","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2026.106889_b0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-019-0414-4","article-title":"The kynurenine pathway: a finger in every pie","volume":"25","author":"Savitz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2026.106889_b0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2015.07.609","article-title":"Activation of the kynurenine pathway is associated with striatal volume in major depressive disorder","volume":"62","author":"Savitz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2026.106889_b0320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(20)30099-7","article-title":"Review of dysthymia and persistent depressive disorder: history, correlates, and clinical implications","volume":"7","author":"Schramm","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2026.106889_b0325","first-page":"440","article-title":"Abnormalities in kynurenine pathway metabolism in treatment-resistant depression and suicidality: a systematic review","volume":"16","author":"Serafini","year":"2017","journal-title":"CNS & Neurol. Disord.-Drug Targets-CNS & Neurol. Disord.)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2026.106889_b0330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.716980","article-title":"Brain versus blood: a systematic review on the concordance between peripheral and central kynurenine pathway measures in psychiatric disorders","volume":"12","author":"Skorobogatov","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2026.106889_b0335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2018.12.037","article-title":"Inflammatory profiles of severe treatment-resistant depression","volume":"246","author":"Strawbridge","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2026.106889_b0340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4305","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291723001058","article-title":"Reporting of harms in clinical trials of esketamine in depression: a systematic review","volume":"53","author":"Taillefer de Laportali\u00e8re","year":"2023","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2026.106889_b0345","article-title":"Body mass index is associated with the antidepressant effects of intravenous ketamine in patients with depression","volume":"16","author":"Tan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Psych."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2026.106889_b0350","unstructured":"The jamovi project, 2025.jamovi(Version 2.6) [Computer Software]. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.jamovi.org."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2026.106889_b0360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2019.06.033","article-title":"Microglial production of quinolinic acid as a target and a biomarker of the antidepressant effect of ketamine","volume":"81","author":"Verdonk","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2026.106889_b0365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vexler, A., Tao, G., Chen, X., 2014. A toolkit for clinical statisticians to fix problems based on biomarker measurements subject to instrumental limitations: from repeated measurement techniques to a hybrid pooled\u2013unpooled design. Advanced protocols in oxidative stress III. Springer, pp. 439-460.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-1441-8_31"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2026.106889_b0370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.2023.148","article-title":"Features of immunometabolic depression as predictors of antidepressant treatment outcomes: pooled analysis of four clinical trials","volume":"224","author":"Vreijling","year":"2024","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2026.106889_b0375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1111\/acps.13096","article-title":"Association between depression subtypes and response to repeated\u2010dose intravenous ketamine","volume":"140","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr. Scand."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2026.106889_b0380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2018.03.034","article-title":"The role of depressive subtypes within the neuroinflammation hypothesis of major depressive disorder","volume":"403","author":"Woelfer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2026.106889_b0385","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2024.01.142","article-title":"A comparison between psilocybin and esketamine in treatment-resistant depression using number needed to treat (NNT): a systematic review","volume":"350","author":"Wong","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2026.106889_b0390","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2018.09.007","article-title":"Antidepressant effect of repeated ketamine administration on kynurenine pathway metabolites in patients with unipolar and bipolar depression","volume":"74","author":"Zhou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2026.106889_b0395","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e31","DOI":"10.1097\/YCT.0000000000001034","article-title":"Electroconvulsive therapy and its new competitor: CT remains the gold standard","volume":"40","author":"Zilles-Wegner","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. ECT"}],"container-title":["Brain, Behavior, and Immunity"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0889159126006379?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0889159126006379?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T12:18:42Z","timestamp":1793449122000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0889159126006379"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"references-count":78,"alternative-id":["S0889159126006379"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbi.2026.106889","relation":{},"ISSN":["0889-1591"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0889-1591","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Kynurenine pathway profiles as markers of ketamine response in treatment-resistant depression","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Brain, Behavior, and Immunity","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbi.2026.106889","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"106889"}}