{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T17:05:31Z","timestamp":1790874331351,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":98,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,1]],"date-time":"2022-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643673600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,1]],"date-time":"2022-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643673600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,4]],"date-time":"2021-12-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638576000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Brain, Behavior, &amp; Immunity - Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2021.100401","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,11]],"date-time":"2021-12-11T00:57:01Z","timestamp":1639184221000},"page":"100401","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Cholinergic immunomodulation in inflammatory bowel diseases"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2707-9583","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michele A.","family":"Serafini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana H.","family":"Paz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1950-4391","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natalia S.","family":"Nunes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2021.100401_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9051234","article-title":"The role of gut microbiota biomodulators on mucosal immunity and intestinal inflammation","volume":"9","author":"Amoroso","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cells"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2021.100401_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2011.11.040","article-title":"Higher predicted vitamin D status is associated with reduced risk of crohn's disease","volume":"142","author":"Ananthakrishnan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2021.100401_bib3","first-page":"103","article-title":"Novel therapeutic targets for inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"vol. 85","author":"Argollo","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2021.100401_bib4","article-title":"Pharmacological stimulation of the cholinergic antiinflammatory pathway","volume":"vol. 195","author":"Bernik","year":"2002"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2021.100401_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0029(19960901)35:1<80::AID-JEMT7>3.0.CO;2-W","article-title":"Interaction between parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves in prevertebral ganglia: morphological evidence for vagal efferent innervation of ganglion cells in the rat","volume":"35","author":"Berthoud","year":"1996","journal-title":"Microsc. Res. Tech."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2021.100401_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1080\/09540105.2017.1387234","article-title":"Alterations of lymphocyte subpopulations and TGF-\u03b2 in children with transient or persistent cow's milk allergy","volume":"29","author":"Bobrus-Chociej","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Agric. Immunol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2021.100401_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"948","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.12792","article-title":"Chronic vagus nerve stimulation in Crohn's disease: a 6-month follow-up pilot study","volume":"28","author":"Bonaz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuro Gastroenterol. Motil."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2021.100401_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.12611","article-title":"Vagus nerve stimulation: a new promising therapeutic tool in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"282","author":"Bonaz","year":"2017","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Intern. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2021.100401_bib9","author":"Borovikova"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2021.100401_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1412","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2014-307477","article-title":"Comparing histological activity indexes in UC","volume":"64","author":"Bressenot","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gut"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2021.100401_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.3390\/cells8070670","article-title":"Neuroimmune interactions in the gut and their significance for intestinal immunity","volume":"8","author":"Brinkman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cells"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2021.100401_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13020356","article-title":"Associations of dietary intake on biological markers of inflammation in children and adolescents: a systematic review","volume":"13","author":"Bujtor","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2021.100401_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0087785","article-title":"Neuro-anatomical evidence indicating indirect modulation of macrophages by vagal efferents in the intestine but not in the spleen","volume":"9","author":"Cailotto","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2021.100401_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms13035","article-title":"A\u00a0cholinergic-sympathetic pathway primes immunity in hypertension and mediates brain-to-spleen communication","volume":"7","author":"Carnevale","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2021.100401_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1222","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.12388","article-title":"A\u00a0systematic review of sacral nerve stimulation mechanisms in the treatment of fecal incontinence and constipation","volume":"26","author":"Carrington","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuro Gastroenterol. Motil."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2021.100401_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2014.07.031","article-title":"Non-invasive Vagus nerve stimulation in healthy humans reduces sympathetic nerve activity","volume":"7","author":"Clancy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Brain Stimulation"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2021.100401_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2019-319850","article-title":"Regulatory T-cell therapy in Crohn's disease: challenges and advances","volume":"69","author":"Clough","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gut"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2021.100401_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2003.12.003","article-title":"Tobacco and IBD: relevance in the understanding of disease mechanisms and clinical practice","volume":"18","author":"Cosnes","year":"2004","journal-title":"Best Pract. Res. Clin. Gastroenterol."},{"issue":"42","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2021.100401_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1166","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6542a3","article-title":"Prevalence of inflammatory bowel disease among adults aged \u226518 Years \u2014 United States, 2015","volume":"65","author":"Dahlhamer","year":"2016","journal-title":"MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2021.100401_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1229","article-title":"Stimulation of the vagus nerve attenuates macrophage activation by activating the Jak2-STAT3 signaling pathway","volume":"6","author":"de Jonge","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2021.100401_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2015.186","article-title":"Immunopathogenesis of IBD: current state of the art","volume":"13","author":"De Souza","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2021.100401_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2016.537","article-title":"ACG clinical guideline: preventive care in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"112","author":"Farraye","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2021.100401_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2016.10.008","article-title":"Access to vagal projections via cutaneous electrical stimulation of the neck: fMRI evidence in healthy humans","volume":"10","author":"Frangos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain Stimulation"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2021.100401_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1022840416292","article-title":"Upregulation of mRNA encoding the M5 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor in human T- and B-lymphocytes during immunological responses","volume":"28","author":"Fujii","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neurochem. Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2021.100401_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.52.1.65","article-title":"Increased expression of interleukin 17 in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"52","author":"Fujino","year":"2003","journal-title":"Gut"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2021.100401_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00442.2005","article-title":"Sympathetic overactivity in active ulcerative colitis: effects of clonidine","volume":"290","author":"Furlan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2021.100401_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2677","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1002711","article-title":"Cytokine-induced alterations of alpha-7-nicotinic-receptor in colonic Cd4 T cells mediate dichotomous response to nicotine in murine models","volume":"187","author":"Galitovskiy","year":"2011","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2021.100401_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.2147\/CEG.S176583","article-title":"Inflammatory bowel disease epidemiology in S\u00e3o Paulo State, Brazil","volume":"11","author":"Gasparini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2021.100401_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines8060153","article-title":"Possible correlation between cholinergic system Alterations and neuro\/inflammation in multiple sclerosis","author":"Gatta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2021.100401_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1122","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2006.08.016","article-title":"The vagus nerve: a tonic inhibitory influence associated with inflammatory bowel disease in a murine model","volume":"131","author":"Ghia","year":"2006","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"28","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2021.100401_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3998","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v26.i28.3998","article-title":"Secondary causes of inflammatory bowel diseases","volume":"26","author":"Ghouri","year":"2020","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2021.100401_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-017-4892-4","article-title":"Old and new lymphocyte players in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"63","author":"Giuffrida","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2021.100401_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2017.10.005","article-title":"Nicotine and autoimmunity: the lotus' flower in tobacco","volume":"128","author":"Gomes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"issue":"20","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2021.100401_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5771","DOI":"10.1113\/JP271537","article-title":"The intestinal cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway","volume":"594","author":"Goverse","year":"2016","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Physiol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2021.100401_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2036.1997.00220.x","article-title":"Nicotine enemas for active ulcerative colitis - a pilot study","volume":"11","author":"Green","year":"1997","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol. Therapeut."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2021.100401_bib36","article-title":"Sacral nerve stimulation improves colonic inflammation mediated by autonomic-inflammatory cytokine mechanism in rats","volume":"31","author":"Guo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuro Gastroenterol. Motil."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2021.100401_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G968","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00346.2013","article-title":"Nicotine suppresses acute colitis and colonic tumorigenesis associated with chronic colitis in mice","volume":"307","author":"Hayashi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2021.100401_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gastro.2005.05.002","article-title":"Interleukin-13 is the key effector Th2 cytokine in ulcerative colitis that affects epithelial tight junctions, apoptosis, and cell restitution","volume":"129","author":"Heller","year":"2005","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2021.100401_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1623","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20052362","article-title":"Splenectomy inactivates the cholinergic antiinflammatory pathway during lethal endotoxemia and polymicrobial sepsis","volume":"203","author":"Huston","year":"2006","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Exp. Med."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2021.100401_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1939","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI83658","article-title":"Vagus nerve stimulation mediates protection from kidney ischemia-reperfusion injury through \u03b17nAChR+ splenocytes","volume":"126","author":"Inoue","year":"2016","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Clin. Invest."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2021.100401_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2013.52","article-title":"Central cholinergic activation of a vagus nerve-to-spleen circuit alleviates experimental colitis","volume":"7","author":"Ji","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2021.100401_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2015.04.015","article-title":"Non-neuronal cholinergic system in regulation of immune function with a focus on \u03b17 nAChRs","volume":"29","author":"Kawashima","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2021.100401_bib43","series-title":"Location and Vitamin D Synthesis: Is the Hypothesis Validated by Geophysical Data? Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology","author":"Kimlin","year":"2007"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2021.100401_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-020-0205-x","article-title":"Ulcerative colitis","volume":"6","author":"Kobayashi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"issue":"29","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2021.100401_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8284","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1605635113","article-title":"Vagus nerve stimulation inhibits cytokine production and attenuates disease severity in Rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"113","author":"Koopman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2021.100401_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2019.06.030","article-title":"Progression of inflammatory bowel diseases throughout Latin America and the caribbean: a systematic review","volume":"18","author":"Kotze","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2021.100401_bib47","first-page":"549","volume":"vol. 13","author":"Kruse","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2021.100401_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2020.09.007","article-title":"Neuro-innate immune interactions in gut mucosal immunity","volume":"68","author":"Kulkarni","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Immunol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2021.100401_bib49","first-page":"194","article-title":"Selected allergic diseases of the gastrointestinal tract","volume":"15","author":"Ku\u017ami\u0144ski","year":"2020","journal-title":"Przegl\u0105d Gastroenterol."},{"issue":"OCT","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2021.100401_bib50","first-page":"1","article-title":"Revisiting the role of thiopurines in inflammatory bowel disease through pharmacogenomics and use of novel methods for therapeutic drug monitoring","volume":"9","author":"Lim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2021.100401_bib51","article-title":"New insights into inflammatory bowel diseases from proteomic and lipidomic studies","volume":"vol. 8","author":"Longo","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2021.100401_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1126\/science.6281884","article-title":"Spectral character of sunlight modulates photosynthesis of","volume":"216","author":"MacLaughlin","year":"1982","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2021.100401_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1002\/ibd.20020","article-title":"Hypothesis about mechanisms through which nicotine might exert its effect on the interdependence of inflammation and gut barrier function in ulcerative colitis","volume":"13","author":"McGilligan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2021.100401_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.15433","article-title":"Review article: the role of the autonomic nervous system in the pathogenesis and therapy of IBD","volume":"50","author":"Mogilevski","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol. Therapeut."},{"issue":"s1","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2021.100401_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1159\/000367818","article-title":"What have we learnt about the role of the environment and natural course of IBD in the new millennium? 20-year follow-up of the IBSEN cohort","volume":"32","author":"Moum","year":"2014","journal-title":"Dig. Dis."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2021.100401_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2014.04.050","article-title":"Crosstalk between muscularis macrophages and enteric neurons regulates gastrointestinal motility","volume":"158","author":"Muller","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2021.100401_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0109272","article-title":"Central muscarinic cholinergic activation alters interaction between splenic dendritic cell and CD4+CD25- T cells in experimental colitis","volume":"9","author":"Munyaka","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2021.100401_bib58","article-title":"The cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway revisited","volume":"30","author":"Murray","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuro Gastroenterol. Motil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2021.100401_bib59","article-title":"Association of ultra-processed food intake with risk of inflammatory bowel disease: prospective cohort study","volume":"374","author":"Narula","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2021.100401_bib60","article-title":"Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis show unique cytokine profiles","volume":"9","author":"Nemeth","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2021.100401_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1038\/s41395-018-0233-2","article-title":"Population density and risk of inflammatory bowel disease: a prospective population-based study in 13 countries or regions in asia-pacific","volume":"114","author":"Ng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2021.100401_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2019.06.033","article-title":"Therapeutic ultrasound attenuates DSS-induced colitis through the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway","volume":"45","author":"Nunes","year":"2019","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2021.100401_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-020-06090-z","article-title":"Microbial-Based and microbial-targeted therapies for inflammatory bowel diseases","volume":"65","author":"Oka","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2021.100401_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2982.2005.00745.x","article-title":"Is there a role of food allergy in irritable bowel syndrome and functional dyspepsia? A systematic review","volume":"18","author":"Park","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuro Gastroenterol. Motil."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2021.100401_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.14294","article-title":"Sacral nerve stimulation prompts vagally-mediated amelioration of rodent colitis","volume":"8","author":"Pasricha","year":"2020","journal-title":"Physiol. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2021.100401_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2015.06.013","article-title":"Nicotine-induced cellular stresses and autophagy in human cancer colon cells: a supportive effect on cell homeostasis via up-regulation of Cox-2 and PGE2 production","volume":"65","author":"Pelissier-Rota","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2021.100401_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0105328","article-title":"Relationship between Vagal Tone, Cortisol, TNF-alpha, epinephrine and negative affects in Crohn's disease and irritable bowel syndrome","volume":"9","author":"Pellissier","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2021.100401_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1324","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2015.233","article-title":"Selecting therapeutic targets in inflammatory bowel disease (STRIDE): determining therapeutic goals for treat-to-target","volume":"110","author":"Peyrin-Biroulet","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2021.100401_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2019.04.016","article-title":"Environmental risk factors for inflammatory bowel diseases: an umbrella review of meta-analyses","volume":"157","author":"Piovani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2021.100401_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2016.09.005","article-title":"Rectal delivery of a DNAzyme that specifically blocks the transcription factor GATA3 and reduces colitis in mice","volume":"152","author":"Popp","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2021.100401_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199403243301202","article-title":"Transdermal nicotine for active ulcerative colitis","volume":"330","author":"Pullan","year":"1994","journal-title":"N.\u00a0Engl. J. Med."},{"issue":"6052","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2021.100401_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1209985","article-title":"Acetylcholine-synthesizing T cells relay neural signals in a vagus nerve circuit","volume":"334","author":"Rosas-Ballina","year":"2011","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2021.100401_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2017.01.016","article-title":"Mucosal expression of type 2 and type 17 immune response genes distinguishes ulcerative colitis from colon-only crohn's disease in treatment-naive pediatric patients","volume":"152","author":"Rosen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2021.100401_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.14309\/ajg.0000000000000152","article-title":"ACG clinical guideline: ulcerative colitis in adults","volume":"114","author":"Rubin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2021.100401_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.115.228205","article-title":"Encenicline, an \u03b17 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor partial agonist, reduces immune cell infiltration in the colon and improves experimental colitis in mice","volume":"356","author":"Salaga","year":"2015","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Pharmacol. Exp. Therapeut."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2021.100401_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2036.1997.00208.x","article-title":"Nicotine tartrate liquid enemas for mildly to moderately active left-sided ulcerative colitis unresponsive to first-line therapy: a pilot study","volume":"11","author":"Sandborn","year":"1997","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol. Therapeut."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2021.100401_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-019-0176-x","article-title":"Regulation of immune responses by tuft cells","volume":"19","author":"Schneider","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"issue":"MAR","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2021.100401_bib78","first-page":"1","article-title":"Chemical coding and chemosensory properties of cholinergic brush cells in the mouse gastrointestinal and biliary tract","volume":"6","author":"Sch\u00fctz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2021.100401_bib79","series-title":"Serum Cholinesterases, a Novel Marker of Clinical Activity in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Retrospective Case-Control Study","author":"Shao","year":"2020"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2021.100401_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-019-05838-6","article-title":"Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor pyridostigmine bromide attenuates gut pathology and bacterial dysbiosis in a murine model of ulcerative colitis","volume":"65","author":"Singh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2021.100401_bib81","first-page":"1","article-title":"A\u00a012-month pilot study outcomes of vagus nerve stimulation in Crohn's disease","volume":"32","author":"Sinniger","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuro Gastroenterol. Motil."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2021.100401_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1038\/35067589","article-title":"Acetylcholinesterase \u2014 new roles for an old actor","volume":"2","author":"Soreq","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2021.100401_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphs.2014.12.016","article-title":"Involvement of stimulation of \u03b17 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the suppressive effect of tropisetron on dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis in mice","volume":"127","author":"Tasaka","year":"2015","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2021.100401_bib84","first-page":"853","article-title":"The inflammatory reflex","volume":"vol. 420","author":"Tracey","year":"2002"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2021.100401_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2010.227546","article-title":"Neuronal stimulation with 5-hydroxytryptamine 4 receptor induces anti-inflammatory actions via \u03b17nACh receptors on muscularis macrophages associated with postoperative ileus","volume":"60","author":"Tsuchida","year":"2011","journal-title":"Gut"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2021.100401_bib86","first-page":"1","article-title":"Sacral nerve stimulation ameliorates colonic barrier functions in a rodent model of colitis","volume":"32","author":"Tu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuro Gastroenterol. Motil."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2021.100401_bib87","article-title":"Sacral nerve stimulation ameliorates colonic barrier functions in a rodent model of colitis","volume":"32","author":"Tu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuro Gastroenterol. Motil."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2021.100401_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1982.sp014022","article-title":"The synthesis of acetylcholine in skeletal muscles of the rat","volume":"322","author":"Tu\u010dek","year":"1982","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Physiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2021.100401_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9472","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-66295-0","article-title":"Vagus nerve stimulation even after injury ameliorates cisplatin-induced nephropathy via reducing macrophage infiltration","volume":"10","author":"Uni","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2021.100401_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G75","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00425.2016","article-title":"Neuroimmune interaction and the regulation of intestinal immune homeostasis","volume":"314","author":"Verheijden","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol."},{"issue":"6921","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2021.100401_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01339","article-title":"Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor \u03b17 subunit is an essential regulator of inflammation","volume":"421","author":"Wang","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2021.100401_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm5120118","article-title":"The dual role of neutrophils in inflammatory bowel diseases","volume":"5","author":"W\u00e9ra","year":"2016","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Clin. Med."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2021.100401_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1002\/ags3.12368","article-title":"Prophylaxis of Crohn's disease recurrence: a surgeon's perspective","volume":"4","author":"Wolford","year":"2020","journal-title":"Annals Gastroenterol. Surgery"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2021.100401_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2235","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2020.11324","article-title":"Combined administration of SHP2 inhibitor SHP099 and the \u03b17nAChR agonist PNU282987 protect mice against DSS-induced colitis","volume":"22","author":"Xiao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2021.100401_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2006.03169.x","article-title":"Nicotine inhibits the production of proinflammatory mediators in human monocytes by suppression of I-\u03baB phosphorylation and nuclear factor-\u03baB transcriptional activity through nicotinic acetylcholine receptor \u03b17","volume":"146","author":"Yoshikawa","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2021.100401_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v27.i2.208","article-title":"Real-world disease activity and sociodemographic, clinical and treatment characteristics of moderate-to-severe inflammatory bowel disease in Brazil","volume":"27","author":"Zaltman","year":"2021","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2021.100401_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2020.01.047","article-title":"Macrophage-based nanotherapeutic strategies in ulcerative colitis","volume":"320","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Contr. Release"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2021.100401_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)80240-8","article-title":"The transcription factor GATA-3 is necessaryand sufficient for Th2 cytokine GeneExpression in CD4 T cells","volume":"89","author":"Zheng","year":"1997","journal-title":"Cell"}],"container-title":["Brain, Behavior, &amp; Immunity - Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2666354621002040?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2666354621002040?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,12]],"date-time":"2025-11-12T22:25:27Z","timestamp":1762986327000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2666354621002040"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]},"references-count":98,"alternative-id":["S2666354621002040"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbih.2021.100401","relation":{},"ISSN":["2666-3546"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2666-3546","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Cholinergic immunomodulation in inflammatory bowel diseases","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Brain, Behavior, & Immunity - Health","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbih.2021.100401","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"100401"}}