{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T12:58:39Z","timestamp":1792846719737,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751328000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751328000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,3]],"date-time":"2025-04-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743638400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001322","name":"South African Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016962","name":"Department of Science and Innovation, South Africa","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016962","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100002806","name":"Discovery Eye Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100002806","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Brain, Behavior, &amp; Immunity - Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.100990","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,17]],"date-time":"2025-04-17T06:45:35Z","timestamp":1744872335000},"page":"100990","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Acute serum protein biomarker profile and prevalence of persistent (&gt;6 months) neuropsychiatric symptoms in a cohort of SARS-CoV-2 PCR positive patients in Cape Town, South Africa"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"46","author":[{"given":"Inette","family":"van Niekerk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monica","family":"Panieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Talitha","family":"M\u00fcller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lovemore","family":"Mapahla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sonwabile","family":"Dzanibe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cascia","family":"Day","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dan J.","family":"Stein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2658-0723","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonny","family":"Peter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.100990_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1813","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2007764","article-title":"Remdesivir for the treatment of COVID-19 \u2014 final report","volume":"383","author":"Beigel","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.100990_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1004545","article-title":"Kynurenine serves as useful biomarker in acute, Long- and Post-COVID-19 diagnostics","volume":"13","author":"Bizjak","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.100990_bib3","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of BCG re-vaccination in relation to COVID-19 morbidity in healthcare workers: a double-blind, randomised, controlled, phase 3 trial","volume":"48","author":"Caryn","year":"2022","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.100990_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2021.12.020","article-title":"Fatigue and cognitive impairment in Post-COVID-19 Syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"101","author":"Ceban","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.100990_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1588","DOI":"10.1002\/pmrj.13085","article-title":"Multi-disciplinary collaborative consensus guidance statement on the assessment and treatment of mental health symptoms in patients with post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC)","volume":"15","author":"Cheng","year":"2023","journal-title":"PM&R"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.100990_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2004","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines11072004","article-title":"Role of the renin-angiotensin system in long COVID's cardiovascular injuries","volume":"11","author":"Cojocaru","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.100990_bib7","series-title":"Lecture Given at the Division of Geriatric Medicine & Memory Clinic","article-title":"Post Covid cognitive impairment","author":"Combrinck","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.100990_bib8","first-page":"1","article-title":"Assessment of neurocognitive functions, olfaction, taste, mental, and psychosocial health in COVID-19 in adults: recommendations for harmonization of research and implications for clinical practice","author":"Cysique","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Int. Neuropsychol. Soc."},{"issue":"March","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.100990_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-022-00846-2","article-title":"Long COVID: major findings, mechanisms and recommendations","volume":"21","author":"Davis","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.100990_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1007\/s40263-024-01081-4","article-title":"Post-COVID trajectory of pentraxin 3 plasma levels over 6 Months and their association with the risk of developing post-acute depression and anxiety","volume":"38","author":"De Lorenzo","year":"2024","journal-title":"CNS Drugs"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.100990_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1247","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(22)00286-8","article-title":"Post-COVID-19 condition 3 months after hospitalisation with SARS-CoV-2 in South Africa: a prospective cohort study","volume":"10","author":"Dryden","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.100990_bib12","series-title":"Preprint, Not yet Peer-Reviewed","article-title":"Post COVID-19 Condition in South Africa: 3-month follow-up after hospitalisation with SARS-CoV-2","author":"Dryden","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.100990_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1247","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(22)00286-8","article-title":"Post-COVID-19 condition 3 months after hospitalisation with SARS-CoV-2 in South Africa: a prospective cohort study","volume":"10","author":"Dryden","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Global Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.100990_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2023.106147","article-title":"Uncovering a neurological protein signature for severe COVID-19","volume":"182","author":"El-Agnaf","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.100990_bib15","first-page":"96","article-title":"Multi-disciplinary collaborative consensus guidance statement on the assessment and treatment of cognitive symptoms in patients with post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC)","volume":"14","author":"Fine","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pharm. Manag. PM R"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.100990_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1017\/S0317167100014918","article-title":"Correcting the MoCA for education: effect on sensitivity","volume":"40","author":"Gagnon","year":"2013","journal-title":"Can. J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.100990_bib17","series-title":"What Drives Post-COVID Cognitive Changes? - New Research Hints at Why COVID Brain Fog May Persist","author":"George","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.100990_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.866153","article-title":"CSF biomarkers in COVID-19 associated encephalopathy and encephalitis predict long-term outcome","volume":"13","author":"Guasp","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.100990_bib19","article-title":"Covcog 2: cognitive and memory deficits in long COVID: a second publication from the COVID and cognition study","volume":"14","author":"Guo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.100990_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1007\/s13365-022-01079-y","article-title":"Cognitive dysfunction following COVID-19 infection","volume":"28","author":"Hadad","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Neurovirol."},{"issue":"10270","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.100990_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)32656-8","article-title":"6-Month consequences of COVID-19 in patients discharged from hospital: a cohort study","volume":"397","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.100990_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2022.12.036","article-title":"A cohort study of post-COVID-19 condition across the Beta, Delta, and Omicron waves in South Africa: 6-month follow-up of hospitalized and nonhospitalized participants","volume":"128","author":"Jassat","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.100990_bib24","series-title":"Cognitive Screening Instruments: A Practical Approach","first-page":"111","article-title":"The Montreal Cognitive assessment (MoCA): concept and clinical review","author":"Julayanont","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.100990_bib25","article-title":"T-MoCA: a valid phone screen for cognitive impairment in diverse community-samples","volume":"13","author":"Katz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Dement."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.100990_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2023.1011936","article-title":"A review of cytokine-based pathophysiology of Long COVID symptoms","volume":"10","author":"Low","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.100990_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7466","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-51893-7","article-title":"Early biological markers of post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection","volume":"15","author":"Lu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.100990_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-022-13422-3","article-title":"Impact of COVID-19 lockdown and link to women and children's experiences of violence in the home in South Africa","volume":"22","author":"Mahlangu","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.100990_bib29","article-title":"The prevalence and long-term health effects of Long Covid among hospitalised and non-hospitalised populations: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"55","author":"Mahone","year":"2023","journal-title":"eCLinical Medicine, The Lancet Discovery Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.100990_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.focus.20160030","article-title":"Overview of neurocognitive disorders","volume":"15","author":"McDonald","year":"2017","journal-title":"Focus"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.100990_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.4102\/safp.v64i1.5429","article-title":"Two months follow-up of patients with non-critical COVID-19 in Cape Town, South Africa","volume":"64","author":"Mendelsohn","year":"2022","journal-title":"S. Afr. Fam. Pract."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.100990_bib32","article-title":"Clinical management of COVID-19: experiences of the COVID-19 epidemic from Groote Schuur hospital, Cape Town, South Africa","volume":"110","author":"Mendelson","year":"2020","journal-title":"SAMJ, S Afr med j."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.100990_bib33","series-title":"Microsoft Excel (Version 16.77, Redmond, Washington) :. Microsoft Excel","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.100990_bib34","series-title":"A Systematic Review of Validated Screening Tools for Anxiety Disorders and PTSD in Low to Middle Income Countries","first-page":"1","author":"Mughal","year":"2020"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.100990_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1713","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(23)00384-4","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors for long COVID and post-COVID-19 condition in Africa: a systematic review","volume":"11","author":"M\u00fcller","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Global Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.100990_bib36","series-title":"Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome","first-page":"601","author":"Nalbandian","year":"2021"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.100990_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-44090-5","article-title":"Features of acute COVID-19 associated with post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 phenotypes: results from the IMPACC study","volume":"15","author":"Ozonoff","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.100990_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1186\/s10020-023-00610-z","article-title":"Organ and cell-specific biomarkers of Long-COVID identified with targeted proteomics and machine learning","volume":"29","author":"Patel","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol. Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.100990_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-022-01579-5","article-title":"Prevalence of symptoms, comorbidities, fibrin amyloid microclots and platelet pathology in individuals with Long COVID\/Post-Acute Sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC)","volume":"21","author":"Pretorius","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Diabetol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.100990_bib42","first-page":"646","article-title":"Executive dysfunction. Continuum (Minneap Minn)","volume":"21","author":"Rabinovici","year":"2015","journal-title":"Behavioral Neurology and Neuropsychiatry)"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.100990_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-24628-1","article-title":"The systemic renin-angiotensin system in COVID-19","volume":"12","author":"Reindl-Schwaighofer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.100990_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2024.199363","article-title":"Can inflammatory plasma proteins predict Long COVID or Fatigue severity after SARS-CoV-2 infection?","volume":"344","author":"Schmitz","year":"2024","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.100990_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.51578","article-title":"Longitudinal evaluation of neurologic-post acute sequelae SARS-CoV-2 infection symptoms","volume":"9","author":"Shanley","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann Clin Transl Neurol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.100990_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e102","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(21)00703-9","article-title":"On behalf of the WHO clinical case definition working group on post-COVID-19 condition. A clinical case definition of post-COVID-19 condition by a delphi consensus","volume":"22","author":"Soriano","year":"2022","journal-title":"The Lancet Infecttious Diseases"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.100990_bib47","series-title":"StataCorp. Stata Statistical Software: Release 15. College Station, TX: StataCorp","year":"2020"},{"issue":"5\/6","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.100990_bib48","article-title":"Adding up the numbers: COVID-19 in South Africa","volume":"118","author":"Suliman","year":"2022","journal-title":"South Afr. J. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.100990_bib49","first-page":"63","volume":"30","author":"Taghrir","year":"2022","journal-title":"Inequity and disparities mar existing global research evidence on Long COVID Global Health Promotion 1757-9759"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.100990_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(21)00084-5","article-title":"6-Month neurological and psychiatric outcomes in 236 379 survivors of COVID-19: a retrospective cohort study using electronic health records","volume":"8","author":"Taquet","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.100990_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(22)00260-7","article-title":"Neurological and psychiatric risk trajectories after SARS-CoV-2 infection: an analysis of 2-year retrospective cohort studies including 1 284 437 patients","volume":"9","author":"Taquet","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.100990_bib52","series-title":"R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.100990_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1007\/s10787-023-01174-4","article-title":"Long-COVID syndrom: physical-mental interplay in the spotlight","volume":"31","author":"Thurner","year":"2023","journal-title":"Inflammopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.100990_bib54","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.100990_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2021.103951","article-title":"PASCLex: a comprehensive post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC) symptom lexicon derived from electronic health record clinical notes","volume":"125","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Biomed Inform"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.100990_bib57","series-title":"Clinical Management of COVID-19 Interim Guidance [Internet]","year":"2020"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.100990_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19105933","article-title":"Persistent symptoms among frontline health workers post-acute COVID-19 infection","volume":"19","author":"Wose Kinge","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Publ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.100990_bib59","article-title":"Biomarkers in long COVID-19: a systematic review","volume":"10","author":"Yun-Ju","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.100990_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-022-01614-7","article-title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis of long term physical and mental sequelae of COVID-19 pandemic: call for research priority and action","volume":"28","author":"Zeng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatr."}],"container-title":["Brain, Behavior, &amp; Immunity - Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2666354625000481?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2666354625000481?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,8]],"date-time":"2025-11-08T21:39:26Z","timestamp":1762637966000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2666354625000481"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"references-count":56,"alternative-id":["S2666354625000481"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.100990","relation":{},"ISSN":["2666-3546"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2666-3546","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Acute serum protein biomarker profile and prevalence of persistent (>6 months) neuropsychiatric symptoms in a cohort of SARS-CoV-2 PCR positive patients in Cape Town, South Africa","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Brain, Behavior, & Immunity - Health","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.100990","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"100990"}}