{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T22:42:25Z","timestamp":1789512145923,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,13]],"date-time":"2025-09-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757721600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008250","name":"Feinberg School of Medicine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008250","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007059","name":"Northwestern University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007059","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Brain, Behavior, & Immunity - Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.101110","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]],"date-time":"2025-09-25T20:14:09Z","timestamp":1758831249000},"page":"101110","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Blood diagnostic biomarkers for neurologic manifestations of long COVID"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"49","author":[{"given":"A.S.","family":"Padhye","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"I.J.","family":"Koralnik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B.A.","family":"Hanson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L.","family":"Visvabharathy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R.K.","family":"DeLisle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-9294-1697","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"G.","family":"Tachas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.101110_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-023-02210-z","article-title":"What are the current anti-COVID-19 drugs? From traditional to smart molecular mechanisms","volume":"20","author":"Aboul-Fotouh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.101110_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.181.1.71","article-title":"Fas ligand mediates activation-induced cell death in human T lymphocytes","volume":"181","author":"Alderson","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.101110_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1186\/s13223-022-00677-z","article-title":"Insights into urticaria in pediatric and adult populations and its management with fexofenadine hydrochloride","volume":"18","author":"Ansotegui","year":"2022","journal-title":"Allergy Asthma Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.101110_bib3","article-title":"Post-COVID syndrome in non-hospitalised patients with COVID-19: a longitudinal prospective cohort study","volume":"6","author":"Augustin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Reg. Health \u2013 Eur."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.101110_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x","article-title":"Controlling the false discovery rate: a practical and powerful approach to multiple testing","volume":"57","author":"Benjamini","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. R. Stat. Soc. Ser. B Methodol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.101110_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7630","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-34910-5","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 spike triggers barrier dysfunction and vascular leak via integrins and TGF-\u03b2 signaling","volume":"13","author":"Biering","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.101110_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2023.105410","article-title":"Evaluating the clinical utility of epstein-barr virus antibodies as biomarkers in multiple sclerosis: a systematic review","volume":"84","author":"Bose","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.101110_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2347","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-023-02521-2","article-title":"Postacute sequelae of COVID-19 at 2 years","volume":"29","author":"Bowe","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.101110_bib86","first-page":"308","article-title":"(COVID-19) Treatment Guidelines","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.101110_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1495","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.19759","article-title":"The COVID-19 pandemic and the $16 trillion virus","volume":"324","author":"Cutler","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.101110_bib10","author":"Cysique"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.101110_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-022-00846-2","article-title":"Long COVID: major findings, mechanisms and recommendations","volume":"21","author":"Davis","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.101110_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-022-02126-2","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of the investigational complement C5 inhibitor zilucoplan in patients hospitalized with COVID-19: an open-label randomized controlled trial","volume":"23","author":"De Leeuw","year":"2022","journal-title":"Respir. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.101110_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3298","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-39023-1","article-title":"Growth hormone releasing hormone signaling promotes Th17 cell differentiation and autoimmune inflammation","volume":"14","author":"Du","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.101110_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-021-02115-0","article-title":"Evolving phenotypes of non-hospitalized patients that indicate long COVID","volume":"19","author":"Estiri","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.101110_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1589589","article-title":"Comprehensive transcriptome assessment in PBMCs of post-COVID patients at a median follow-up of 28 months after a mild COVID infection reveals upregulation of JAK\/STAT signaling and a prolonged immune response","volume":"16","author":"Fineschi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.101110_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2023.120827","article-title":"Evaluation and treatment approaches for neurological post-acute sequelae of COVID-19: a consensus statement and scoping review from the global COVID-19 neuro research coalition","volume":"454","author":"Frontera","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.101110_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1024","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2024.2007","article-title":"Nirmatrelvir-ritonavir and symptoms in adults with postacute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection: the STOP-PASC randomized clinical trial","volume":"184","author":"Geng","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Intern. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.101110_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.3390\/proteomes9010006","article-title":"In-Depth analysis of the plasma proteome in ME\/CFS exposes disrupted ephrin-eph and immune system signaling","volume":"9","author":"Germain","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proteomes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.101110_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.26649","article-title":"Neurologic manifestations of long COVID differ based on acute COVID-19 severity","volume":"94","author":"Giraldo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.101110_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.51350","article-title":"Persistent neurologic symptoms and cognitive dysfunction in non\u2010hospitalized Covid\u201019 \u201clong haulers.\u201d","volume":"8","author":"Graham","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Clin. Transl. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.101110_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2024.12747","article-title":"Characterizing long COVID in children and adolescents","author":"Gross","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.101110_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.23.021704.115835","article-title":"Role of C5A in inflammatory responses","volume":"23","author":"Guo","year":"2005","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.101110_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1708","DOI":"10.2174\/1389557522666220112094951","article-title":"Aptamers against COVID-19: an untested opportunity","volume":"22","author":"Haberland","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mini Rev. Med. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.101110_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1007\/s43440-021-00255-x","article-title":"Role of pirfenidone in TGF-\u03b2 pathways and other inflammatory pathways in acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection: a theoretical perspective","volume":"73","author":"Hamidi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.101110_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3612","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M114.627547","article-title":"The olfactomedin domain from gliomedin is a \u03b2-Propeller with unique structural properties","volume":"290","author":"Han","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.101110_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2023.08.022","article-title":"Plasma proteomics show altered inflammatory and mitochondrial proteins in patients with neurologic symptoms of post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection","volume":"114","author":"Hanson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.101110_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4154","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4757-10.2011","article-title":"Astrocytes control glutamate receptor levels at developing synapses through SPARC\u2013\u03b2-Integrin interactions","volume":"31","author":"Jones","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.101110_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1093\/abbs\/gmx124","article-title":"The role of TGF-\u03b2 superfamily signaling in neurological disorders","volume":"50","author":"Kashima","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Biochim. Biophys. Sin."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.101110_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1413","DOI":"10.1002\/art.40933","article-title":"Cognitive dysfunction in SLE: a case for initiating trials","volume":"71","author":"Kello","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol. Hoboken NJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.101110_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2018.12.011","article-title":"Anti-neurofascin autoantibody and demyelination","volume":"130","author":"Kira","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurochem. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.101110_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2023.10.009","article-title":"Inflammatory markers in persons with clinically-significant depression, anxiety or PTSD: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"168","author":"Kuring","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.101110_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.3904\/kjim.2024.217","article-title":"Cytokine profiles associated with persisting symptoms of post-acute sequelae of COVID-19","volume":"40","author":"Kwon","year":"2025","journal-title":"Korean J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.101110_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1780","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000000926","article-title":"CD49d antisense drug ATL1102 reduces disease activity in patients with relapsing-remitting MS","volume":"83","author":"Limmroth","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.101110_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2020.573859","article-title":"Transgelins: cytoskeletal associated proteins implicated in the metastasis of colorectal cancer","volume":"8","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.101110_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)01296-0","article-title":"Dementia prevention, intervention, and care: 2024 report of the lancet standing commission","volume":"404","author":"Livingston","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.101110_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2018.09.176","article-title":"Transgelin-1 (SM22\u03b1) interacts with actin stress fibers and podosomes in smooth muscle cells without using its actin binding site","volume":"505","author":"Matsui","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.101110_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4549","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-83952-0","article-title":"SPARC coordinates extracellular matrix remodeling and efficient recruitment to and migration of antigen-specific T cells in the brain following infection","volume":"11","author":"McGovern","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.101110_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.787480","article-title":"Putative concussion biomarkers identified in adolescent Male athletes using targeted plasma proteomics","volume":"12","author":"Miller","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.101110_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd3794","article-title":"Targeting IL-17 and TH17 cells in chronic inflammation","volume":"11","author":"Miossec","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"issue":"1950","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.101110_bib43","first-page":"3596","article-title":"IFN-lambda exerts opposing effects on T cell responses depending on the chronicity of the virus infection","volume":"192","author":"Misumi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Baltim. Md"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.101110_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-021-01130-1","article-title":"The neurological manifestations of post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection","volume":"21","author":"Moghimi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Neurol. Neurosci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.101110_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0707332","article-title":"Function, structure and therapeutic potential of complement C5a receptors","volume":"152","author":"Monk","year":"2007","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.101110_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)81874-7","article-title":"Apoptosis by death factor","volume":"88","author":"Nagata","year":"1997","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.101110_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-021-01283-z","article-title":"Post-acute COVID-19 syndrome","volume":"27","author":"Nalbandian","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.101110_bib49","series-title":"NIH to Bolster RECOVER Long COVID Research Efforts Through Infusion of $515 Million","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.101110_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2014.09.001","article-title":"Autoantibodies to neurofascin-186 and gliomedin in multifocal motor neuropathy","volume":"276","author":"Notturno","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.101110_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1007\/s12016-021-08848-3","article-title":"A review of persistent Post-COVID syndrome (PPCS)","volume":"64","author":"Oronsky","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Rev. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.101110_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101762","article-title":"The prevalence and long-term health effects of long covid among hospitalised and non-hospitalised populations: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"55","author":"O'Mahoney","year":"2023","journal-title":"eClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.101110_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2025.1611381","article-title":"Editorial: an update on neurological disorders post COVID-19 infection vol 2: cardiovascular effects, neuro-cardiac and neuro-respiratory autonomic dysfunctions","volume":"16","author":"Paradiso","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.101110_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.adk3295","article-title":"Tissue-based T cell activation and viral RNA persist for up to 2 years after SARS-CoV-2 infection","volume":"16","author":"Peluso","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.101110_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-021-01113-x","article-title":"Immunological dysfunction persists for 8 months following initial mild-to-moderate SARS-CoV-2 infection","volume":"23","author":"Phetsouphanh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.101110_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4479","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-54534-7","article-title":"Complex changes in serum protein levels in COVID-19 convalescents","volume":"14","author":"Pushalkar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.101110_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105792","article-title":"Symptoms and pathophysiology of post-acute sequelae following COVID-19 (PASC): a cohort study","volume":"117","author":"Robineau","year":"2025","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.101110_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1080\/14397595.2016.1193965","article-title":"Differential activation mechanisms of serum C5a in lupus nephritis and neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"27","author":"Sakuma","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mod. Rheumatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.101110_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2023.1202696","article-title":"Antihistamines improve cardiovascular manifestations and other symptoms of long-COVID attributed to mast cell activation","volume":"10","author":"Salvucci","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.101110_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a022236","article-title":"Regulation of the immune response by TGF-\u03b2: from conception to autoimmunity and infection","volume":"9","author":"Sanjabi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harbor Perspect. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.101110_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2530","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-024-04421-z","article-title":"A disease hidden in plain sight: pathways and mechanisms of neurological complications of post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (NC-PASC)","volume":"62","author":"Saxena","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.101110_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3977","DOI":"10.1091\/mbc.e03-01-0001","article-title":"SPARC inhibits epithelial cell proliferation in part through stimulation of the transforming growth Factor-\u03b2\u2013Signaling system","volume":"14","author":"Schiemann","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.101110_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18827","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.272.30.18827","article-title":"Characterization of fas (Apo-1, CD95)-Fas ligand interaction","volume":"272","author":"Schneider","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.101110_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.767376","article-title":"Persistence of high levels of serum complement C5a in severe COVID-19 cases after hospital discharge","volume":"12","author":"Senent","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.101110_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1002\/pst.1514","article-title":"Bonferroni\u2010based correction factor for multiple, correlated endpoints","volume":"11","author":"Shi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pharm. Stat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.101110_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2020.104759","article-title":"A potential role for integrins in host cell entry by SARS-CoV-2","volume":"177","author":"Sigrist","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antivir. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.101110_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00920633","article-title":"Lymphocyte phenotype and function in the chronic fatigue syndrome","volume":"13","author":"Straus","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.101110_bib68","article-title":"SARS\u2010CoV\u20102, aging, and Post\u2010COVID\u201019 neurodegeneration","author":"Strong","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.101110_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2022.01.014","article-title":"Multiple early factors anticipate post-acute COVID-19 sequelae","volume":"185","author":"Su","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.101110_bib71","unstructured":"Tachas, G. & Padhye, A. S. Biomarkers and Uses Thereof in Diagnosis and Treatment of Neurological Post Acute Sequelae of COVID-19 (NEURO-PASC). PCT\/AU2023\/050777 Publication Number: WO\/2024\/036373."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.101110_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5427","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000212354","article-title":"A novel combination of blood diagnostic biomarkers identify neuro post-acute sequalae of COVID-19 with 90% accuracy (P1-8.008)","volume":"104","author":"Tachas","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.101110_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(22)00260-7","article-title":"Neurological and psychiatric risk trajectories after SARS-CoV-2 infection: an analysis of 2-year retrospective cohort studies including 1 284 437 patients","volume":"9","author":"Taquet","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.101110_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1741","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.25831","article-title":"SARS-COV-2 and infectivity: possible increase in infectivity associated to integrin motif expression","volume":"92","author":"Tresoldi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.101110_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19092787","article-title":"Extracellular interactions between fibulins and transforming growth factor (TGF)-\u03b2 in physiological and pathological conditions","volume":"19","author":"Tsuda","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.101110_bib77","article-title":"Neuro-PASC is characterized by enhanced CD4+ and diminished CD8+ T cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein","volume":"14","author":"Visvabharathy","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.101110_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines13020421","article-title":"A narrative review of the efficacy of long COVID interventions on brain fog, processing speed, and other related cognitive outcomes","volume":"13","author":"Whitaker-Hardin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.101110_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0294847","article-title":"A phase 2 open-label study of the safety and efficacy of weekly dosing of ATL1102 in patients with non-ambulatory Duchenne muscular dystrophy and pharmacology in mdx mice","volume":"19","author":"Woodcock","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.101110_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2023.112071","article-title":"Low growth hormone secretion associated with post-acute sequelae SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC) neurologic symptoms: a case-control pilot study","volume":"579","author":"Wright","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.101110_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/cts.13826","article-title":"Growth hormone treatment for neurologic symptoms of post\u2010acute sequelae of COVID\u201019","volume":"17","author":"Wright","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin. Transl. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.101110_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2403211","article-title":"Postacute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection in the pre-delta, Delta, and Omicron eras","volume":"391","author":"Xie","year":"2024","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.101110_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aam8604","article-title":"Transgelin-2 as a therapeutic target for asthmatic pulmonary resistance","volume":"10","author":"Yin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.101110_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-022-02998-3","article-title":"Plasma and cerebrospinal fluid neurofilament light concentrations reflect neuronal damage in systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"22","author":"Zervides","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.101110_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D1465","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkad751","article-title":"TTD: therapeutic target database describing target druggability information","volume":"52","author":"Zhou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."}],"container-title":["Brain, Behavior, & Immunity - Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2666354625001681?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2666354625001681?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]],"date-time":"2025-11-05T05:20:16Z","timestamp":1762320016000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2666354625001681"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"references-count":80,"alternative-id":["S2666354625001681"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.101110","relation":{},"ISSN":["2666-3546"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2666-3546","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Blood diagnostic biomarkers for neurologic manifestations of long COVID","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Brain, Behavior, & Immunity - Health","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.101110","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 Percheron Therapeutics Limited. Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"101110"}}