{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T19:05:40Z","timestamp":1791486340403,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":102,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,30]],"date-time":"2025-11-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764460800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82360268"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82360268"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82471487"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82471487"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Brain, Behavior, & Immunity - Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.101150","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]],"date-time":"2025-12-05T17:51:25Z","timestamp":1764957085000},"page":"101150","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Gut microbiota\u2013neuroinflammation axis: A new mechanism and therapeutic target for comorbid depression in epilepsy"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"50","author":[{"given":"Xiujuan","family":"wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mu","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liuzhao","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haiqing","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"chengyu","family":"pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zucai","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.101150_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2021.108262","article-title":"Effect of lacosamide on neuroinflammation-mediated seizures comorbid with depression in C57BL\/6 mice\u2013 role of kynurenine pathway","volume":"123","author":"Agarwal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.101150_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12726","article-title":"Metabolites produced by commensal bacteria promote peripheral regulatory T-cell generation","volume":"504","author":"Arpaia","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.101150_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2019.00458","article-title":"Low-grade inflammation as a predictor of antidepressant and anti-inflammatory therapy response in MDD patients: a systematic review of the literature in combination with an analysis of experimental data collected in the EU-MOODINFLAME consortium","volume":"10","author":"Arteaga-Henr\u00edquez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.101150_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3488","DOI":"10.1021\/acschemneuro.0c00431","article-title":"Gut microbiota and epilepsy: a systematic review on their relationship and possible therapeutics","volume":"11","author":"Arulsamy","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Chem. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.101150_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2023.11.005","article-title":"Machine learning and artificial intelligence in neuroscience: a primer for researchers","volume":"115","author":"Badrulhisham","year":"2024","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.101150_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2020.06.002","article-title":"The bidirectional relationship of depression and inflammation: double trouble","volume":"107","author":"Beurel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.101150_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.12076","article-title":"Vagus nerve stimulation: from epilepsy to the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway","volume":"25","author":"Bonaz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuro Gastroenterol. Motil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.101150_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2018.07.020","article-title":"Ketogenic diet as a metabolic therapy for mood disorders: evidence and developments","volume":"94","author":"Brietzke","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.101150_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2022.1006031","article-title":"Photobiomodulation for the treatment of neuroinflammation: a systematic review of controlled laboratory animal studies","volume":"16","author":"Cardoso","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.101150_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2025.2471015","article-title":"Gut microbial dysbiosis exacerbates long-term cognitive impairments by promoting intestinal dysfunction and neuroinflammation following neonatal hypoxia-ischemia","volume":"17","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.101150_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/mco2.315","article-title":"Applications of multi-omics analysis in human diseases","volume":"4","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"MedComm"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.101150_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2413","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.1195703","article-title":"Investigations into the analysis and modeling of the TNF alpha-mediated NF-kappa B-signaling pathway","volume":"13","author":"Cho","year":"2003","journal-title":"Genome Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.101150_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5921","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24065921","article-title":"Dietary protection against cognitive impairment, neuroinflammation and oxidative stress in alzheimer's disease animal models of lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation","volume":"24","author":"Decandia","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.101150_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.742449","article-title":"Microbiota-gut-brain axis and epilepsy: a review on mechanisms and potential therapeutics","volume":"12","author":"Ding","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.101150_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-2011-111097","article-title":"The role of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase in a mouse model of neuroinflammation-induced depression","volume":"28","author":"Dobos","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.101150_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1038\/s41573-021-00368-1","article-title":"Immune targets for therapeutic development in depression: towards precision medicine","volume":"21","author":"Drevets","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.101150_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2016.10.018","article-title":"Diagnosing and treating depression in epilepsy","volume":"44","author":"Elger","year":"2017","journal-title":"Seizure"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.101150_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1020","DOI":"10.3390\/ph17081020","article-title":"Is there an interplay between environmental factors, microbiota imbalance, and cancer chemotherapy-associated intestinal mucositis?","volume":"17","author":"Fernandes","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pharmaceuticals"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.101150_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e31827b1ae0","article-title":"Depression in epilepsy","volume":"80","author":"Fiest","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.101150_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2023.1251914","article-title":"Neuroinflammation and status epilepticus: a narrative review unraveling a complex interplay","volume":"11","author":"Foiadelli","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Pediatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.101150_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.13779","article-title":"Clinical studies and anti-inflammatory mechanisms of treatments","volume":"58","author":"French","year":"2017","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.101150_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3067","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.03067","article-title":"Gut microbiota are associated with psychological stress-induced defections in intestinal and blood-brain barriers","volume":"10","author":"Geng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.101150_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2019.07.003","article-title":"Interplay between inflammation and neural plasticity: both immune activation and suppression impair LTP and BDNF expression","volume":"81","author":"Golia","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.101150_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.517797","article-title":"Alteration of gut microbiota in patients with epilepsy and the potential index as a biomarker","volume":"11","author":"Gong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.101150_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2003","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-29657-y","article-title":"Microvascular stabilization via blood-brain barrier regulation prevents seizure activity","volume":"13","author":"Greene","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.101150_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpn.2018.11.007","article-title":"Efficacy and tolerability of olive oil-based ketogenic diet in children with drug-resistant epilepsy: a single center experience from Turkey","volume":"23","author":"Guzel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Paediatr. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.101150_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.1130989","article-title":"Chronic stress, neuroinflammation, and depression: an overview of pathophysiological mechanisms and emerging anti-inflammatories","volume":"14","author":"Hassamal","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.101150_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3565","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v23.i19.3565","article-title":"Fecal microbiota transplantation cured epilepsy in a case with Crohn's disease: the first report","volume":"23","author":"He","year":"2017","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.101150_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2619","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.16744","article-title":"Cross talk between drug-resistant epilepsy and the gut microbiome","volume":"61","author":"Holmes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.101150_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2022.105897","article-title":"Gut microbiota manipulation as an epilepsy treatment","volume":"174","author":"Iannone","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.101150_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-00088-x","article-title":"Transplantation of fecal microbiota from patients with inflammatory bowel disease and depression alters immune response and behavior in recipient mice","volume":"11","author":"Jang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.101150_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2025.03.195","article-title":"Adjusting the composition of gut microbiota prevents the development of post-stroke depression by regulating the gut-brain axis in mice","volume":"381","author":"Jiang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.101150_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1651","article-title":"Human TH17 lymphocytes promote blood-brain barrier disruption and central nervous system inflammation","volume":"13","author":"Kebir","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.101150_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2982","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14142982","article-title":"Role of short chain fatty acids in epilepsy and potential benefits of probiotics and prebiotics: targeting \u201chealth\u201d of epileptic patients","volume":"14","author":"Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.101150_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14010037","article-title":"The role of the gut microbiota in the development and progression of major depressive and bipolar disorder","volume":"14","author":"Knuesel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.101150_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1186\/s40035-020-00221-2","article-title":"Neuroinflammation in neurodegenerative disorders: the roles of microglia and astrocytes","volume":"9","author":"Kwon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transl. Neurodegener."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.101150_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2021.108358","article-title":"Effect of valproate and add-on levetiracetam on inflammatory biomarkers in children with epilepsy","volume":"125","author":"Labh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.101150_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2015.03.006","article-title":"Effects of diurnal variation of gut microbes and high-fat feeding on host circadian clock function and metabolism","volume":"17","author":"Leone","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.101150_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/17590914221136662","article-title":"Translocation of high mobility group box 1 from the nucleus to the cytoplasm in depressed patients with epilepsy","volume":"14","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"ASN Neuro"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.101150_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4123","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-022-01569-9","article-title":"Multi-omics analyses of serum metabolome, gut microbiome and brain function reveal dysregulated microbiota-gut-brain axis in bipolar depression","volume":"27","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.101150_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1038\/nature21029","article-title":"Neurotoxic reactive astrocytes are induced by activated microglia","volume":"541","author":"Liddelow","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.101150_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3003","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-47273-w","article-title":"Immunoregulatory role of the gut microbiota in inflammatory depression","volume":"15","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.101150_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-019-0466-x","article-title":"Antidepressants affect gut microbiota and Ruminococcus flavefaciens is able to abolish their effects on depressive-like behavior","volume":"9","author":"Luki\u0107","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.101150_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-32860-x","article-title":"Regulation of the effector function of CD8+ T cells by gut microbiota-derived metabolite butyrate","volume":"8","author":"Luu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.101150_bib45","article-title":"Engineered probiotics enable targeted gut delivery of dual gasotransmitters for inflammatory bowel disease therapy","author":"Ma","year":"2025","journal-title":"Angew Chem. Int. Ed. Engl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.101150_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-024-03211-7","article-title":"The extracellular vesicle of depressive patient-derived Escherichia fergusonii induces vagus nerve-mediated neuroinflammation in mice","volume":"21","author":"Ma","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.101150_bib47","article-title":"Antidepressants for people with epilepsy and depression","volume":"4","author":"Maguire","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.101150_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1912","DOI":"10.1007\/s13346-022-01284-6","article-title":"Short-chain fatty acid-mediated epigenetic modulation of inflammatory T cells in vitro","volume":"13","author":"McBride","year":"2023","journal-title":"Drug Deliv. Transl. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.101150_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1515\/revneuro-2024-0081","article-title":"Exploring neuroglial signaling: diversity of molecules implicated in microglia-to-astrocyte neuroimmune communication","volume":"36","author":"Mohammad","year":"2025","journal-title":"Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.101150_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3848","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1918215117","article-title":"Positive allosteric modulation of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 restrains neuroinflammation","volume":"117","author":"Mondanelli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.101150_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2024.2422468","article-title":"Reverse engineering the gut-brain axis and microbiome-metabolomics for symbiotic\/pathogenic balance in neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"16","author":"Munir","year":"2024","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.101150_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(18)30255-4","article-title":"Rheumatoid arthritis and depression: an inflammatory perspective","volume":"6","author":"Nerurkar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.101150_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4334","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awac019","article-title":"Intrinsic blood\u2013brain barrier dysfunction contributes to multiple sclerosis pathogenesis","volume":"145","author":"Nishihara","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.101150_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1728","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2018.04.027","article-title":"The gut microbiota mediates the anti-seizure effects of the ketogenic diet","volume":"173","author":"Olson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.101150_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2022.111572","article-title":"Short chain fatty acids: microbial metabolites for gut-brain axis signalling","volume":"546","author":"O'Riordan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.101150_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copbio.2019.12.027","article-title":"Combining omics technologies with CRISPR-Based genome editing to study food microbes","volume":"61","author":"Pan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Biotechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.101150_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-024-03017-y","article-title":"Probiotics alleviate chronic ethanol exposure-induced anxiety-like behavior and hippocampal neuroinflammation in Male mice through gut microbiota-derived extracellular vesicles","volume":"22","author":"Pei","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Nanobiotechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.101150_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-024-03017-y","article-title":"Probiotics alleviate chronic ethanol exposure-induced anxiety-like behavior and hippocampal neuroinflammation in male mice through gut microbiota-derived extracellular vesicles","volume":"22","author":"Pei","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Nanobiotechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.101150_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2018.09.013","article-title":"Altered composition of the gut microbiome in patients with drug-resistant epilepsy","volume":"147","author":"Peng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Epilepsy Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.101150_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1465","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci11111465","article-title":"TPPU pre-treatment rescues dendritic spine loss and alleviates depressive behaviours during the latent period in the lithium chloride-pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus rat model","volume":"11","author":"Peng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.101150_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1880","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15081880","article-title":"Prebiotic and probiotic modulation of the microbiota-gut-brain axis in depression","volume":"15","author":"Radford-Smith","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.101150_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3598","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.15192","article-title":"Fecal microbiota transplantation ameliorates gut microbiota imbalance and intestinal barrier damage in rats with stress-induced depressive-like behavior","volume":"53","author":"Rao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.101150_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-019-1592-3","article-title":"Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors: future therapeutic strategies for epilepsy management","volume":"16","author":"Rawat","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.101150_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2025.01.009","article-title":"Nutritional interventions in depression: the role of vitamin D and omega-3 fatty acids in neuropsychiatric health","volume":"45","author":"Raza","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.101150_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1717","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9071717","article-title":"Microglia: agents of the CNS pro-inflammatory response","volume":"9","author":"Rodr\u00edguez-G\u00f3mez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.101150_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2020.105046","article-title":"A preliminary study of gut microbiome variation and HPA axis reactivity in healthy infants","volume":"124","author":"Rosin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.101150_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2793","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23052793","article-title":"Microglial activation damages dopaminergic neurons through MMP-2\/-9-Mediated increase of blood-brain barrier permeability in a parkinson's disease mouse model","volume":"23","author":"Ruan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.101150_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2015.05.062","article-title":"TNF-alpha inhibition prevents cognitive decline and maintains hippocampal BDNF levels in the unpredictable chronic mild stress rat model of depression","volume":"292","author":"\u015eahin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.101150_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.01.102","article-title":"Gut microbiota and major depressive disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"266","author":"Sanada","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.101150_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4096","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21114096","article-title":"Reactive glia inflammatory signaling pathways and epilepsy","volume":"21","author":"Sanz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.101150_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1308","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-024-02736-w","article-title":"Transcriptomic profiles in major depressive disorder: the role of immunometabolic and cell-cycle-related pathways in depression with different levels of inflammation","volume":"30","author":"Sforzini","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.101150_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2020.00465","article-title":"The gut-brain-axis on the manifestation of depressive symptoms in epilepsy: an evidence-driven hypothesis","volume":"11","author":"Shaikh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.101150_bib73","first-page":"3512","article-title":"Immunity impacts cognitive deficits across neurological disorders","volume":"168","author":"Shaw","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.101150_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2019.07.014","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory treatment with a soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibitor attenuates seizures and epilepsy-associated depression in the LiCl-pilocarpine post-status epilepticus rat model","volume":"81","author":"Shen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.101150_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2940","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-017-2325-6","article-title":"Ferulic acid supplementation for management of depression in epilepsy","volume":"42","author":"Singh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurochem. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.101150_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2021.105840","article-title":"The role of microbiota-gut-brain axis in neuropsychiatric and neurological disorders","volume":"172","author":"Soca\u0142a","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.101150_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.115652","article-title":"Mitochondrial dysfunction: a fatal blow in depression","volume":"167","author":"Song","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.101150_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.2174\/1570159X21666230809112028","article-title":"Cool the inflamed brain: a novel anti-inflammatory strategy for the treatment of major depressive disorder","volume":"22","author":"Su","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr. Neuropharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.101150_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201900636","article-title":"Effect of Clostridium butyricum against microglia-mediated neuroinflammation in alzheimer's disease via regulating gut microbiota and metabolites butyrate","volume":"64","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.101150_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1640","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22041640","article-title":"Inflammatory depression-mechanisms and non-pharmacological interventions","volume":"22","author":"Suneson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.101150_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2017.188","article-title":"Blood-brain barrier breakdown in alzheimer disease and other neurodegenerative disorders","volume":"14","author":"Sweeney","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.101150_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2020.00151","article-title":"Current sampling methods for gut microbiota: a call for more precise devices","volume":"10","author":"Tang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.101150_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2025.156580","article-title":"Intestinal 8 gingerol attenuates TBI-induced neuroinflammation by inhibiting microglia NLRP3 inflammasome activation in a PINK1\/Parkin-dependent manner","volume":"140","author":"Tang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.101150_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2020.02.008","article-title":"When rhythms meet the blues: circadian interactions with the microbiota-gut-brain axis","volume":"31","author":"Teichman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.101150_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)32596-0","article-title":"Epilepsy in adults","volume":"393","author":"Thijs","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.101150_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jare.2021.10.002","article-title":"Multi-omics data reveals the disturbance of glycerophospholipid metabolism caused by disordered gut microbiota in depressed mice","volume":"39","author":"Tian","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Adv. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.101150_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.14720","article-title":"Neuroinflammation and depression: a review","volume":"53","author":"Troubat","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.101150_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-018-0337-x","article-title":"The neuroactive potential of the human gut microbiota in quality of life and depression","volume":"4","author":"Valles-Colomer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.101150_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.3390\/ph11030063","article-title":"Role of microbiota and tryptophan metabolites in the remote effect of intestinal inflammation on brain and depression","volume":"11","author":"Waclawikov\u00e1","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pharmaceuticals"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.101150_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12050793","article-title":"Gut-microbiota-derived metabolites maintain gut and systemic immune homeostasis","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.101150_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.5498\/wjp.v12.i6.779","article-title":"Role of high mobility group box protein 1 in depression: a mechanistic and therapeutic perspective","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"World J. Psychiatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.101150_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1165787","article-title":"Altered gut microbiota in temporal lobe epilepsy with anxiety disorders","volume":"14","author":"Wei","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.101150_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4021","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-023-03810-0","article-title":"Microglia as a game changer in epilepsy comorbid depression","volume":"61","author":"Wen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.101150_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-022-01255-6","article-title":"The microbiota-gut-brain axis participates in chronic cerebral hypoperfusion by disrupting the metabolism of short-chain fatty acids","volume":"10","author":"Xiao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.101150_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.70091","article-title":"The gut microbiota modulates neuroinflammation in alzheimer's disease: elucidating crucial factors and mechanistic underpinnings","volume":"30","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.101150_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2139","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.103737","article-title":"Microalgae-based bacteria for oral treatment of ASD through enhanced intestinal colonization and homeostasis","volume":"15","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.101150_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2547","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291724000679","article-title":"Assessment of optimal combinations of therapeutic probiotics for depression, anxiety, and stress","volume":"54","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.101150_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2021.10.046","article-title":"The role of the host microbiome in autism and neurodegenerative disorders and effect of epigenetic procedures in the brain functions","volume":"132","author":"Yousefi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.101150_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-021-02265-1","article-title":"IL-1\u03b2 and HMGB1 are anti-neurogenic to endogenous neural stem cells in the sclerotic epileptic human hippocampus","volume":"18","author":"Zaben","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.101150_bib100","article-title":"Flavonoids as therapeutic agents for epilepsy: unveiling anti-inflammatory and antioxidant pathways for novel treatments","volume":"15","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.101150_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2022.11.013","article-title":"Intestinal dysbiosis mediates cognitive impairment via the intestine and brain NLRP3 inflammasome activation in chronic sleep deprivation","volume":"108","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.101150_bib102","article-title":"The interplay between microbiota and brain-gut axis in epilepsy treatment","volume":"15","author":"Zhu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."}],"container-title":["Brain, Behavior, & Immunity - Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S266635462500208X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S266635462500208X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T08:10:48Z","timestamp":1778919048000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S266635462500208X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"references-count":102,"alternative-id":["S266635462500208X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.101150","relation":{},"ISSN":["2666-3546"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2666-3546","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Gut microbiota\u2013neuroinflammation axis: A new mechanism and therapeutic target for comorbid depression in epilepsy","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Brain, Behavior, & Immunity - Health","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.101150","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"101150"}}