{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T21:07:24Z","timestamp":1789160844132,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":172,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784678400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R00 DA048125"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R00 DA048125"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006710","name":"Wayne State University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006710","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014906","name":"Brain Injury Association of America","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014906","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Brain, Behavior, & Immunity - Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2026.101314","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T16:26:19Z","timestamp":1785169579000},"page":"101314","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["The role of the kynurenine pathway in the pathogenesis of pain and affective disorders after traumatic brain injury"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"56","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8631-3291","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Itzick","family":"Nahmoud","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karli","family":"Monahan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric A.","family":"Woodcock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alana C.","family":"Conti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2026.101314_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2019.6451","article-title":"Opioid use among individuals with traumatic brain injury: a perfect storm?","volume":"37","author":"Adams","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neurotrauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2026.101314_bib3","first-page":"104","article-title":"Blood brain barrier permeability and acute inflammation in two models of traumatic brain injury in the immature rat: a preliminary report","volume":"71","author":"Adelson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir. Suppl."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2026.101314_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-020-02005-x","article-title":"Cellular infiltration in traumatic brain injury","volume":"17","author":"Alam","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflammation"},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2026.101314_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11193112","article-title":"The tryptophan catabolite or kynurenine pathway in a major depressive episode with Melancholia, psychotic features and suicidal behaviors: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"11","author":"Almulla","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cells"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2026.101314_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1176\/ps.2009.60.3.344","article-title":"Relationships among depression, chronic pain, chronic disabling pain, and medical costs","volume":"60","author":"Arnow","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychiatr. Serv."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2026.101314_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ph16050681","article-title":"Kynurenine pathway metabolites as potential biomarkers in chronic pain","volume":"16","author":"Auyeung","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pharmaceuticals"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2026.101314_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2022.109169","article-title":"Kynurenine monooxygenase inhibition and associated reduced quinolinic acid reverses depression-like behaviour by upregulating Nrf2\/ARE pathway in mouse model of depression: in-Vivo and In-silico studies","volume":"215","author":"Bansal","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2026.101314_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0090956","article-title":"Fever burden is an independent predictor for prognosis of traumatic brain injury","volume":"9","author":"Bao","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2026.101314_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1111\/joor.12892","article-title":"Plasma tryptophan and kynurenine in females with temporomandibular disorders and fibromyalgia-An exploratory pilot study","volume":"47","author":"Barjandi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Oral Rehabil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2026.101314_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2014.07.012","article-title":"A role for inflammatory metabolites as modulators of the glutamate N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor in depression and suicidality","volume":"43","author":"Bay-Richter","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2026.101314_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2014.02.019","article-title":"Endogenous kynurenic acid regulates extracellular GABA levels in the rat prefrontal cortex","volume":"82","author":"Beggiato","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2026.101314_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1754","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0702940","article-title":"Oxidative stress as a mechanism for quinolinic acid-induced hippocampal damage: protection by melatonin and deprenyl","volume":"128","author":"Behan","year":"1999","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2026.101314_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-199903000-00023","article-title":"Quinolinic acid in the cerebrospinal fluid of children after traumatic brain injury","volume":"27","author":"Bell","year":"1999","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2026.101314_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/08850666251393943","article-title":"Traumatic brain injury induced chronic pain syndrome","author":"Berger","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Intensive Care Med."},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2026.101314_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(93)91167-Q","article-title":"Increased levels of the excitotoxin quinolinic acid in spinal cord following contusion injury","volume":"632","author":"Blight","year":"1993","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2026.101314_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1693","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.238604","article-title":"Depression following a traumatic brain injury: uncovering cytokine dysregulation as a pathogenic mechanism","volume":"13","author":"Bodnar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neural Regen. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2026.101314_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2019.134369","article-title":"The formative role of microglia in stress-induced synaptic deficits and associated behavioral consequences","volume":"711","author":"Bollinger","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2026.101314_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5484","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-84858-7","article-title":"Ablation of kynurenine 3-monooxygenase rescues plasma inflammatory cytokine levels in the R6\/2 mouse model of Huntington's disease","volume":"11","author":"Bondulich","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2026.101314_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1186\/s13550-015-0136-9","article-title":"Imaging cerebral tryptophan metabolism in brain tumor-associated depression","volume":"5","author":"Bosnyak","year":"2015","journal-title":"EJNMMI Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2026.101314_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.4137\/IJTR.S7052","article-title":"Effects of Kynurenine pathway inhibition on NAD metabolism and cell viability in human primary astrocytes and neurons","volume":"4","author":"Braidy","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Tryptophan Res."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2026.101314_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-023-01736-8","article-title":"Sex- and suicide-specific alterations in the kynurenine pathway in the anterior cingulate cortex in major depression","volume":"49","author":"Brown","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2026.101314_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/S0028-3908(99)00128-8","article-title":"Melatonin reduces oxidative neurotoxicity due to quinolinic acid: in vitro and in vivo findings","volume":"39","author":"Cabrera","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2026.101314_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1825","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.01825","article-title":"Neuroinflammation, pain and depression: an overview of the main findings","volume":"11","author":"Campos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2026.101314_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2025.115351","article-title":"Paeoniflorin attenuates neuropathic Pain-associated depression by modulating microglial M1 polarization and correcting kynurenine pathway dysregulation","volume":"164","author":"Cheng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2026.101314_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1310","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.2001.00335.x","article-title":"Similarities and differences in the neuronal death processes activated by 3OH-kynurenine and quinolinic acid","volume":"77","author":"Chiarugi","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"issue":"5\u20136","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2026.101314_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2021.0111","article-title":"Incidence of depression after traumatic brain injury: a nationwide longitudinal study of 2.2 million adults","volume":"39","author":"Choi","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Neurotrauma"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2026.101314_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1692","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2011.03103.x","article-title":"Clinical and histopathologic correlates of 11C-alpha-methyl-L-tryptophan (AMT) PET abnormalities in children with intractable epilepsy","volume":"52","author":"Chugani","year":"2011","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2026.101314_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3182a08f3f","article-title":"alpha-[11C]-Methyl-L-tryptophan--PET in 191 patients with Tuberous sclerosis complex","volume":"81","author":"Chugani","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2026.101314_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116382","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2023.116382","article-title":"Effect of pharmacological modulation of the kynurenine pathway on pain-related behavior and opioid analgesia in a mouse model of neuropathic pain","volume":"461","author":"Ciapala","year":"2023","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"issue":"7\u20138","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2026.101314_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2010.11.014","article-title":"G-protein coupled receptor 35 (GPR35) activation and inflammatory pain: studies on the antinociceptive effects of kynurenic acid and zaprinast","volume":"60","author":"Cosi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2026.101314_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1004","DOI":"10.1111\/head.12837","article-title":"Headache prevalence at 4-11 years after deployment-related traumatic brain injury in veterans of Iraq and Afghanistan wars and comparison to controls: a matched case-controlled study","volume":"56","author":"Couch","year":"2016","journal-title":"Headache"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2026.101314_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104033","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcn.2025.104033","article-title":"Knockout of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 gene expression improves depressive and anxiety-like phenotypes in a murine model of mild traumatic brain injury","volume":"134","author":"de Barros","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Neurosci."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2026.101314_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1007\/s11010-025-05429-2","article-title":"Investigating the role of the kynurenine pathway in traumatic brain injury: a systematic review","volume":"481","author":"de Barros","year":"2026","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2026.101314_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2025.10.005","article-title":"Chronic stress and brain kynurenine pathway: addressing unresolved issues with a meta-analytic approach of preclinical studies, translational implication for psychiatric disorders","volume":"101","author":"de Bartolomeis","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2026.101314_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1898","DOI":"10.1111\/joor.13758","article-title":"The role of tryptophan and its derivatives in musculoskeletal pains: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"51","author":"De La Torre Canales","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Oral Rehabil."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2026.101314_bib43","first-page":"4239","article-title":"Nociceptive improvements and kynurenine pathway alterations with diclofenac treatment in a rat model of neuropathic pain created by partial sciatic nerve ligation","volume":"27","author":"Debbag","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2026.101314_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1210453","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2023.1210453","article-title":"The kynurenine pathway in traumatic brain injuries and concussion","volume":"14","author":"Dehhaghi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2026.101314_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0041108","article-title":"Lack of modulation of nicotinic acetylcholine alpha-7 receptor currents by kynurenic acid in adult hippocampal interneurons","volume":"7","author":"Dobelis","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2026.101314_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-2011-111097","article-title":"The role of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase in a mouse model of neuroinflammation-induced depression","volume":"28","author":"Dobos","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2026.101314_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2982.2004.00647.x","article-title":"Effects of acute or chronic administration of anti-migraine drugs sumatriptan and zolmitriptan on serotonin synthesis in the rat brain","volume":"24","author":"Dobson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2026.101314_bib49","first-page":"CD012087","article-title":"Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for chronic low back pain","volume":"2","author":"Enthoven","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2026.101314_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2016.12.011","article-title":"Adaptive and behavioral changes in kynurenine 3-Monooxygenase knockout mice: relevance to psychotic disorders","volume":"82","author":"Erhardt","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2026.101314_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-199701200-00011","article-title":"Activated human microglia produce the excitotoxin quinolinic acid","volume":"8","author":"Espey","year":"1997","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2026.101314_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1080\/026990500445718","article-title":"Coping strategies in patients with acquired brain injury: relationships between coping, apathy, depression and lesion location","volume":"14","author":"Finset","year":"2000","journal-title":"Brain Inj."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2026.101314_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2007","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1991.tb03460.x","article-title":"Blood-brain barrier transport of kynurenines: implications for brain synthesis and metabolism","volume":"56","author":"Fukui","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2026.101314_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2018.04.019","article-title":"Kynurenine pathway metabolic balance influences microglia activity: targeting kynurenine monooxygenase to dampen neuroinflammation","volume":"94","author":"Garrison","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"issue":"51","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2026.101314_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36554","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M113.503813","article-title":"Targeted deletion of kynurenine 3-monooxygenase in mice: a new tool for studying kynurenine pathway metabolism in periphery and brain","volume":"288","author":"Giorgini","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2026.101314_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1037\/a0016906","article-title":"Traumatic brain injury, polytrauma, and pain: challenges and treatment strategies for the polytrauma rehabilitation","volume":"54","author":"Gironda","year":"2009","journal-title":"Rehabil. Psychol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2026.101314_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-025-03317-3","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory interventions for the treatment and prevention of depression among older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"15","author":"Gong","year":"2025","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2026.101314_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2022.05.014","article-title":"Trends in U.S. depression prevalence from 2015 to 2020: the widening treatment gap","volume":"63","author":"Goodwin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Prev. Med."},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2026.101314_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25136933","article-title":"Kynurenic Acid\/AhR signaling at the junction of inflammation and cardiovascular diseases","volume":"25","author":"Grishanova","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2026.101314_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2021.105287","article-title":"Kynurenine metabolites and ratios differ between chronic fatigue syndrome, fibromyalgia, and healthy controls","volume":"131","author":"Groven","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2026.101314_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1356","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-4658.2012.08485.x","article-title":"Quinolinic acid, the inescapable neurotoxin","volume":"279","author":"Guillemin","year":"2012","journal-title":"FEBS J."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2026.101314_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.2001.00498.x","article-title":"Kynurenine pathway metabolism in human astrocytes: a paradox for neuronal protection","volume":"78","author":"Guillemin","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2026.101314_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.20090","article-title":"Expression of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase and production of quinolinic acid by human microglia, astrocytes, and neurons","volume":"49","author":"Guillemin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Glia"},{"issue":"8 Suppl. l","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2026.101314_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2015.01.025","article-title":"Psychotropic medication use during inpatient rehabilitation for traumatic brain injury","volume":"96","author":"Hammond","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"issue":"23","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2026.101314_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2507","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2020.7038","article-title":"Mortality secondary to unintentional poisoning after inpatient rehabilitation among individuals with moderate to severe traumatic brain injury","volume":"37","author":"Hammond","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neurotrauma"},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2026.101314_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4159","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.19-27565","article-title":"Blast preconditioning protects retinal ganglion cells and reveals targets for prevention of neurodegeneration following blast-mediated traumatic brian injury","volume":"60","author":"Harper","year":"2019","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2026.101314_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1097\/HTR.0000000000000910","article-title":"Characterization and treatment of chronic pain after traumatic brain injury-comparison of characteristics between individuals with current pain, past pain, and no pain: a NIDILRR and VA TBI model systems collaborative project","volume":"39","author":"Harrison-Felix","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Head Trauma Rehabil."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2026.101314_bib70","first-page":"1147","article-title":"Blood-brain barrier disruption is an early event that May persist for many years after traumatic brain injury in humans","volume":"74","author":"Hay","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2026.101314_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/17448069241275097","article-title":"Understanding the kynurenine pathway: a narrative review on its impact across chronic pain conditions","volume":"20","author":"Hazrati","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol. Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2026.101314_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2015.06.022","article-title":"Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-dependent neurotoxic kynurenine metabolism mediates inflammation-induced deficit in recognition memory","volume":"50","author":"Heisler","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2026.101314_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1021\/ml500385d","article-title":"N1-Fluoroalkyltryptophan analogues: synthesis and in vitro study as potential substrates for indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase","volume":"6","author":"Henrottin","year":"2015","journal-title":"ACS Med. Chem. Lett."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2026.101314_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nucmedbio.2016.03.001","article-title":"Fully automated radiosynthesis of N(1)-[(18)F]fluoroethyl-tryptophan and study of its biological activity as a new potential substrate for indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase PET imaging","volume":"43","author":"Henrottin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nucl. Med. Biol."},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2026.101314_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7463","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.21-19-07463.2001","article-title":"The brain metabolite kynurenic acid inhibits alpha7 nicotinic receptor activity and increases non-alpha7 nicotinic receptor expression: physiopathological implications","volume":"21","author":"Hilmas","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2026.101314_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1005615","article-title":"Virus infections incite pain hypersensitivity by inducing indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase","volume":"12","author":"Huang","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2026.101314_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1202","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2015.4067","article-title":"Time course and size of blood-brain barrier opening in a mouse model of blast-induced traumatic brain injury","volume":"33","author":"Hue","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neurotrauma"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2026.101314_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2007.02.009","article-title":"Pain in depression: STAR*D study findings","volume":"63","author":"Husain","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Psychosom. Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2026.101314_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1017\/neu.2019.44","article-title":"Effects of IDO1 and TDO2 inhibition on cognitive deficits and anxiety following LPS-induced neuroinflammation","volume":"32","author":"Imbeault","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Neuropsychiatr."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2026.101314_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2023.05.013","article-title":"Traumatic brain injury and opioids: twin plagues of the twenty-first century","volume":"95","author":"Jammoul","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2026.101314_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2025.0206","article-title":"Should inflammation be a specifier for major depression in the DSM-6?","volume":"82","author":"Jha","year":"2025","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"issue":"7\u20138","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2026.101314_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1002\/jlcr.4027","article-title":"Automated radiosynthesis of 1-(2-[(18) F]fluoroethyl)-L-tryptophan ([(18) F]FETrp) for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of cancer in humans","volume":"66","author":"Jiang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Label. Compd. Radiopharm."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2026.101314_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1007\/s11307-019-01430-6","article-title":"Fluorine-18-Labeled PET radiotracers for imaging tryptophan uptake and metabolism: a systematic review","volume":"22","author":"John","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Imag. Biol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2026.101314_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"974","DOI":"10.1007\/s11682-020-00305-7","article-title":"Depression and tryptophan metabolism in patients with primary brain tumors: clinical and molecular imaging correlates","volume":"15","author":"John","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Imaging Behav."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2026.101314_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1994.81.5.0726","article-title":"Influence of major depression on 1-year outcome in patients with traumatic brain injury","volume":"81","author":"Jorge","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2026.101314_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.61.1.42","article-title":"Major depression following traumatic brain injury","volume":"61","author":"Jorge","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2026.101314_bib88","first-page":"525","article-title":"Blood-brain barrier permeability following traumatic brain injury","volume":"82","author":"Jungner","year":"2016","journal-title":"Minerva Anestesiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2026.101314_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5906","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-84730-8","article-title":"Blast-induced temporal alterations in blood-brain barrier properties in a rodent model","volume":"11","author":"Kawoos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2026.101314_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.70580","article-title":"T cell involvement in neuroinflammation after traumatic brain injury: implications for therapeutic intervention","volume":"31","author":"Kilgore","year":"2025","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci. Ther."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2026.101314_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2940","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI61884","article-title":"Brain indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase contributes to the comorbidity of pain and depression","volume":"122","author":"Kim","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2026.101314_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-024-01833-z","article-title":"The role of kynurenines in migraine-related neuroimmune pathways","volume":"25","author":"Kortesi","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Headache Pain"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2026.101314_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E47","DOI":"10.1097\/HTR.0000000000000439","article-title":"The effect of antidepressants on depression after traumatic brain injury: a meta-analysis","volume":"34","author":"Kreitzer","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Head Trauma Rehabil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2026.101314_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1509845","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2024.1509845","article-title":"Oxidative imbalance as a co-player in jaw functional limitations and biopsychosocial profile in patients with temporomandibular disorder-myofascial pain with referral","volume":"15","author":"Kuc","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2026.101314_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.2217\/bmm.11.68","article-title":"alpha-[(1)(1)C]-methyl-L-tryptophan PET for tracer localization of epileptogenic brain regions: clinical studies","volume":"5","author":"Kumar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biomarkers Med."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2026.101314_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.3233\/NRE-192893","article-title":"Factors affecting cognition and emotion in patients with traumatic brain injury","volume":"46","author":"Kwak","year":"2020","journal-title":"NeuroRehabilitation"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2026.101314_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1351","DOI":"10.1007\/s00109-007-0229-7","article-title":"IDO expression in the brain: a double-edged sword","volume":"85","author":"Kwidzinski","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Mol. Med. (Berl.)"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2026.101314_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2243","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-016-1939-4","article-title":"Repeated LPS injection induces distinct changes in the kynurenine pathway in mice","volume":"41","author":"Larsson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurochem. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2026.101314_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2023.156206","article-title":"IDO\/Kynurenine; novel insight for treatment of inflammatory diseases","volume":"166","author":"Lashgari","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2026.101314_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2017.07.008","article-title":"Upregulation of neuronal kynurenine 3-monooxygenase mediates depression-like behavior in a mouse model of neuropathic pain","volume":"66","author":"Laumet","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2026.101314_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-2094-10-87","article-title":"Intracerebroventricular administration of lipopolysaccharide induces indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase-dependent depression-like behaviors","volume":"10","author":"Lawson","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflammation"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2026.101314_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.1021\/jm00108a002","article-title":"Kynurenic acid derivatives. Structure-activity relationships for excitatory amino acid antagonism and identification of potent and selective antagonists at the glycine site on the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor","volume":"34","author":"Leeson","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2026.101314_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1744031","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2026.1744031","article-title":"TLR4 mediates post-traumatic depression via kynurenine pathway activation in a murine traumatic brain injury model","volume":"17","author":"Li","year":"2026","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2026.101314_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2016.05.036","article-title":"Spatiotemporal changes in blood-brain barrier permeability, cerebral blood flow, T2 and diffusion following mild traumatic brain injury","volume":"1646","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2026.101314_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110372","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2021.110372","article-title":"The prevalence of painful physical symptoms in major depressive disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies","volume":"111","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"20","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2026.101314_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1700","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2013.3286","article-title":"Experimental traumatic brain injury alters ethanol consumption and sensitivity","volume":"31","author":"Lowing","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neurotrauma"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2026.101314_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ntt.2011.07.002","article-title":"On the antioxidant properties of kynurenic acid: free radical scavenging activity and inhibition of oxidative stress","volume":"33","author":"Lugo-Huitron","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurotoxicol. Teratol."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2026.101314_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e100","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2013.301794","article-title":"Rates and predictors of suicidal ideation during the first year after traumatic brain injury","volume":"104","author":"Mackelprang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Publ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2026.101314_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580117","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.580117","article-title":"Non-inflammatory physiology of \"Inflammatory\" mediators - unalamation, a new paradigm","volume":"11","author":"Maddipati","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2026.101314_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4158","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-020-00951-9","article-title":"The kynurenine pathway in major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia: a meta-analysis of 101 studies","volume":"26","author":"Marx","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatr."},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2026.101314_bib115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1349","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2015.4118","article-title":"Smaller dentate gyrus and CA2 and CA3 volumes are associated with kynurenine metabolites in collegiate football athletes","volume":"33","author":"Meier","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neurotrauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2026.101314_bib116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2020.03.002","article-title":"Prospective study of the effects of sport-related concussion on serum kynurenine pathway metabolites","volume":"87","author":"Meier","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2026.101314_bib117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2024.10.015","article-title":"Association of concussion history with psychiatric symptoms, limbic system structure, and kynurenine pathway metabolites in healthy, collegiate-aged athletes","volume":"123","author":"Meier","year":"2025","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2026.101314_bib118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.116.179994","article-title":"Assessment of tryptophan uptake and kinetics using 1-(2-18F-Fluoroethyl)-l-Tryptophan and alpha-11C-Methyl-l-Tryptophan PET imaging in mice implanted with patient-derived brain tumor xenografts","volume":"58","author":"Michelhaugh","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2026.101314_bib119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2021.07.007","article-title":"The association between plasma tryptophan catabolites and depression: the role of symptom profiles and inflammation","volume":"97","author":"Milaneschi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2026.101314_bib120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2009.06.003","article-title":"Electrophysiological characterisation of the actions of kynurenic acid at ligand-gated ion channels","volume":"57","author":"Mok","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2026.101314_bib123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2009.07.100","article-title":"Glutamate modulation of antinociception, but not tolerance, produced by morphine microinjection into the periaqueductal gray of the rat","volume":"1295","author":"Morgan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2026.101314_bib124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2021.113191","article-title":"Kynurenine 3-monooxygenase deficiency induces depression-like behavior via enhanced antagonism of alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors by kynurenic acid","volume":"405","author":"Mori","year":"2021","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"issue":"Suppl. 1","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2026.101314_bib125","first-page":"47","article-title":"Species and cell types difference in tryptophan metabolism","volume":"6","author":"Murakami","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Tryptophan Res."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2026.101314_bib126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1097\/00004647-199706000-00007","article-title":"Analysis of [C-11]alpha-methyl-tryptophan kinetics for the estimation of serotonin synthesis rate in vivo","volume":"17","author":"Muzik","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2026.101314_bib127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1007\/s11307-023-01877-8","article-title":"The first human application of an F-18-Labeled tryptophan analog for PET imaging of cancer","volume":"26","author":"Muzik","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol. Imag. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2026.101314_bib128","series-title":"National Neurotrauma Society","article-title":"Morphine amplifies Traumatic Brain injury-induced neuroinflammation via the kynurenine pathway","author":"Nahmoud","year":"2025"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2026.101314_bib129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.300.6.711","article-title":"Prevalence of chronic pain after traumatic brain injury: a systematic review","volume":"300","author":"Nampiaparampil","year":"2008","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2026.101314_bib130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2024.11.020","article-title":"Sex-specific alterations of the kynurenine pathway in association with risk for and remission of depression in adolescence","volume":"98","author":"Nikkheslat","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2026.101314_bib131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-005-0343-z","article-title":"Subchronic treatment with kynurenine and probenecid: effects on prepulse inhibition and firing of midbrain dopamine neurons","volume":"113","author":"Nilsson","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Neural Transm."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2026.101314_bib134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mp.4002148","article-title":"Lipopolysaccharide-induced depressive-like behavior is mediated by indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase activation in mice","volume":"14","author":"O'Connor","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatr."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2026.101314_bib135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2007.06.033","article-title":"The biochemical origin of pain: the origin of all pain is inflammation and the inflammatory response. Part 2 of 3 - inflammatory profile of pain syndromes","volume":"69","author":"Omoigui","year":"2007","journal-title":"Med. Hypotheses"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2026.101314_bib136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2023.07.078","article-title":"The kynurenine pathway in major depressive disorder under different disease states: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"339","author":"Ou","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2026.101314_bib137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2017.04.001","article-title":"Why are depressed patients inflamed? A reflection on 20 years of research on depression, glucocorticoid resistance and inflammation","volume":"27","author":"Pariante","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2026.101314_bib138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/tp.2016.200","article-title":"Neurotoxic kynurenine metabolism is increased in the dorsal hippocampus and drives distinct depressive behaviors during inflammation","volume":"6","author":"Parrott","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2026.101314_bib140","first-page":"1","article-title":"Quinolinic acid, an endogenous molecule combining excitotoxicity, oxidative stress and other toxic mechanisms","volume":"5","author":"Perez-De La Cruz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Tryptophan Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2026.101314_bib141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(83)91084-3","article-title":"Quinolinic acid: regional variations in neuronal sensitivity","volume":"259","author":"Perkins","year":"1983","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2026.101314_bib142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1365","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1532-2149.2013.00305.x","article-title":"The L-kynurenine-probenecid combination reduces neuropathic pain in rats","volume":"17","author":"Pineda-Farias","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pain"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2026.101314_bib143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1734","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2010.39","article-title":"Reduction of endogenous kynurenic acid formation enhances extracellular glutamate, hippocampal plasticity, and cognitive behavior","volume":"35","author":"Potter","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"issue":"16\u201318","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2026.101314_bib145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2021.0215","article-title":"Kynurenine\/Aryl hydrocarbon receptor modulates mitochondria-mediated oxidative stress and neuronal apoptosis in experimental intracerebral hemorrhage","volume":"37","author":"Ren","year":"2022","journal-title":"Antioxidants Redox Signal."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2026.101314_bib146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2018.00724","article-title":"Pharmacological inhibition of indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase-2 and Kynurenine 3-Monooxygenase, enzymes of the Kynurenine Pathway, significantly diminishes neuropathic pain in a rat model","volume":"9","author":"Rojewska","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2026.101314_bib147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2018.09.001","article-title":"Zaprinast diminished pain and enhanced opioid analgesia in a rat neuropathic pain model","volume":"839","author":"Rojewska","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2026.101314_bib148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ibneur.2023.08.1086","article-title":"Sex differences in the kynurenine pathway in chronic pain and depression comorbidity: clinical and preclinical studies","author":"Rosa","year":"2023","journal-title":"IBRO Neurosci.Rep."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2026.101314_bib149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1080\/02699050410001719988","article-title":"Use of the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) with persons with traumatic brain injury: analysis of factorial structure","volume":"19","author":"Rowland","year":"2005","journal-title":"Brain Inj."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2026.101314_bib150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.25338","article-title":"IDO-1 inhibition improves outcome after fluid percussion injury in adult male rats","volume":"102","author":"Sadek","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Res."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2026.101314_bib151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2061","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1993.tb07443.x","article-title":"Kynurenine pathway enzymes in brain: responses to ischemic brain injury versus systemic immune activation","volume":"61","author":"Saito","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2026.101314_bib152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2022.148190","article-title":"Linking nervous and immune systems in psychiatric illness: a meta-analysis of the kynurenine pathway","volume":"1800","author":"Sales","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2026.101314_bib153","article-title":"Cellular localization of kynurenine 3-Monooxygenase in the brain: challenging the dogma","volume":"11","author":"Sathyasaikumar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Antioxidants (Basel)"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2026.101314_bib154","first-page":"23","article-title":"Rehabilitation needs of combat-injured service members admitted to the VA Polytrauma rehabilitation centers: the role of PM&R in the care of wounded warriors","volume":"1","author":"Sayer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pharm. Manag. PM R"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2026.101314_bib155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.apha.2016.01.005","article-title":"Kynurenines and glutamate: multiple links and therapeutic implications","volume":"76","author":"Schwarcz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Pharmacol."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2026.101314_bib156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3257","article-title":"Kynurenines in the mammalian brain: when physiology meets pathology","volume":"13","author":"Schwarcz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2026.101314_bib157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0221163","article-title":"MicroRNA profiling identifies a novel compound with antidepressant properties","volume":"14","author":"Sell","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2026.101314_bib158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.2174\/1871527316666170413110605","article-title":"Abnormalities in Kynurenine pathway metabolism in treatment-resistant depression and suicidality: a systematic review","volume":"16","author":"Serafini","year":"2017","journal-title":"CNS Neurol. Disord.: Drug Targets"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2026.101314_bib159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2015-311369","article-title":"Mood symptoms correlate with kynurenine pathway metabolites following sports-related concussion","volume":"87","author":"Singh","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2026.101314_bib160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1080\/02699052.2017.1376756","article-title":"Prevalence of depression after TBI in a prospective cohort: the SHEFBIT study","volume":"32","author":"Singh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain Inj."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2026.101314_bib162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1097\/00004647-199806000-00002","article-title":"Quinolinic acid is increased in CSF and associated with mortality after traumatic brain injury in humans","volume":"18","author":"Sinz","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2026.101314_bib163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716980","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.716980","article-title":"Brain versus blood: a systematic review on the concordance between peripheral and central Kynurenine pathway measures in psychiatric disorders","volume":"12","author":"Skorobogatov","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2026.101314_bib164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5383","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.13-12-05383.1993","article-title":"Effects of the excitatory amino acid receptor antagonists kynurenate and indole-2-carboxylic acid on behavioral and neurochemical outcome following experimental brain injury","volume":"13","author":"Smith","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2026.101314_bib165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2017.11.001","article-title":"Quantitative analysis of Kynurenine Aminotransferase II in the adult rat brain reveals high expression in proliferative zones and Corpus Callosum","volume":"369","author":"Song","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2026.101314_bib167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-2094-8-94","article-title":"Severe depression is associated with increased microglial quinolinic acid in subregions of the anterior cingulate gyrus: evidence for an immune-modulated glutamatergic neurotransmission?","volume":"8","author":"Steiner","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflammation"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2026.101314_bib168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.14907","article-title":"Does kynurenic acid act on nicotinic receptors? An assessment of the evidence","volume":"152","author":"Stone","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2026.101314_bib169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2023.04.006","article-title":"Modulation of T cells by tryptophan metabolites in the kynurenine pathway","volume":"44","author":"Stone","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol. Sci."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2026.101314_bib171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110462","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2022.110462","article-title":"Nociceptor-derived Reg3gamma prevents endotoxic death by targeting kynurenine pathway in microglia","volume":"38","author":"Sugisawa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2026.101314_bib172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2014.02.001","article-title":"Comorbidity of pain and depression among persons with traumatic brain injury","volume":"95","author":"Sullivan-Singh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2026.101314_bib173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2020.01.011","article-title":"The relationship between plasma serotonin and kynurenine pathway metabolite levels and the treatment response to escitalopram and desvenlafaxine","volume":"87","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2026.101314_bib175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25706","DOI":"10.31083\/FBL25706","article-title":"Oxidative and excitatory neurotoxic stresses in CRISPR\/Cas9-Induced Kynurenine Aminotransferase Knockout mice: a novel model for despair-based depression and post-traumatic stress disorder","volume":"30","author":"Szabo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Biosci. (Landmark Ed.)"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2026.101314_bib174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11328","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-38107-8","article-title":"The kynurenic acid analog SZR104 induces cytomorphological changes associated with the anti-inflammatory phenotype in cultured microglia","volume":"13","author":"Szabo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2026.101314_bib177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21041460","article-title":"Homeostasis imbalance of microglia and astrocytes leads to alteration in the metabolites of the kynurenine pathway in LPS-induced depressive-like mice","volume":"21","author":"Tao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2026.101314_bib178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2016.09.050","article-title":"Kynurenine 3-monooxygenase is implicated in antidepressants-responsive depressive-like behaviors and monoaminergic dysfunctions","volume":"317","author":"Tashiro","year":"2017","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2026.101314_bib180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105080","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2020.105080","article-title":"Long-lasting blood-brain barrier dysfunction and neuroinflammation after traumatic brain injury","volume":"145","author":"van Vliet","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2026.101314_bib181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-018-0075-z","article-title":"Motivational changes that develop in a mouse model of inflammation-induced depression are independent of indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase","volume":"44","author":"Vichaya","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2026.101314_bib182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-010-1663-2","article-title":"Measuring serotonin synthesis: from conventional methods to PET tracers and their (pre)clinical implications","volume":"38","author":"Visser","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imag."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2026.101314_bib183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1124\/pr.113.008144","article-title":"Neuroinflammation and comorbidity of pain and depression","volume":"66","author":"Walker","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2026.101314_bib185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1957","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.01957","article-title":"Kynurenic acid: the janus-faced role of an immunomodulatory tryptophan metabolite and its link to pathological conditions","volume":"8","author":"Wirthgen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2026.101314_bib186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2013.00018","article-title":"The role of markers of inflammation in traumatic brain injury","volume":"4","author":"Woodcock","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2026.101314_bib187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1254446","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1254446","article-title":"GPR35 acts a dual role and therapeutic target in inflammation","volume":"14","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2026.101314_bib188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/cpr.13092","article-title":"T-cell infiltration, contribution and regulation in the central nervous system post-traumatic injury","volume":"54","author":"Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Prolif."},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2026.101314_bib189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11154421","article-title":"Cortical and subcortical alterations and clinical correlates after traumatic brain injury","volume":"11","author":"Xue","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2026.101314_bib190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2017.03.014","article-title":"Characterization of the effects of L-4-Chlorokynurenine on nociception in rodents","volume":"18","author":"Yaksh","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2026.101314_bib191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-015-0328-2","article-title":"Activation of the kynurenine pathway and increased production of the excitotoxin quinolinic acid following traumatic brain injury in humans","volume":"12","author":"Yan","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflammation"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2026.101314_bib193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e328","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000002291","article-title":"Prevalence of chronic pain among adults in the United States","volume":"163","author":"Yong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2026.101314_bib194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106490","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2026.106490","article-title":"Changes in kynurenine pathway metabolites and brain structure in response to behavioral activation therapy","author":"Youn","year":"2026","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2026.101314_bib195","article-title":"Contribution of colony-stimulating factor 1 to neuropathic pain","volume":"6","author":"Yu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pain Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2026.101314_bib196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.24489","article-title":"Modification of kynurenine pathway via inhibition of kynurenine hydroxylase attenuates surgical brain injury complications in a male rat model","volume":"98","author":"Zakhary","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Res."},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2026.101314_bib199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1097\/WNR.0000000000001817","article-title":"Blast-related traumatic brain injury is mediated by the kynurenine pathway","volume":"33","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2026.101314_bib198","article-title":"Traumatic injury leads to inflammation and altered Tryptophan metabolism in the juvenile rabbit brain","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neurotrauma"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2026.101314_bib200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1010366","article-title":"Kynurenine-3-monooxygenase (KMO) broadly inhibits viral infections via triggering NMDAR\/Ca2+ influx and CaMKII\/IRF3-mediated IFN-beta production","volume":"18","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2026.101314_bib201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2015.01.013","article-title":"Peripheral indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 is required for comorbid depression-like behavior but does not contribute to neuropathic pain in mice","volume":"46","author":"Zhou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."}],"container-title":["Brain, Behavior, & Immunity - Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S266635462600147X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S266635462600147X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T20:20:18Z","timestamp":1789158018000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S266635462600147X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"references-count":172,"alternative-id":["S266635462600147X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbih.2026.101314","relation":{},"ISSN":["2666-3546"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2666-3546","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"The role of the kynurenine pathway in the pathogenesis of pain and affective disorders after traumatic brain injury","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Brain, Behavior, & Immunity - Health","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbih.2026.101314","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"101314"}}