{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T17:03:36Z","timestamp":1790787816980,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":104,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,1]],"date-time":"2012-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1341100800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,1]],"date-time":"2012-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1341100800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,1]],"date-time":"2012-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1341100800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,1]],"date-time":"2012-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1341100800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,1]],"date-time":"2012-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1341100800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,1]],"date-time":"2012-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1341100800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,1]],"date-time":"2012-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1341100800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DA027535A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DA027535A"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Behavioural Brain Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,7]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2012.05.001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,9]],"date-time":"2012-05-09T20:36:35Z","timestamp":1336595795000},"page":"191-200","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":57,"title":["Voluntary exercise offers anxiolytic potential and amplifies galanin gene expression in the locus coeruleus of the rat"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"233","author":[{"given":"Natale R.","family":"Sciolino","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rodney K.","family":"Dishman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philip V.","family":"Holmes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2012.05.001_bib0005","series-title":"Physical activity guidelines advisory committee report","author":"U.S. Department of Health and Human Services","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2012.05.001_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1159\/000327898","article-title":"Feasibility of exercise training for the short-term treatment of generalized anxiety disorder: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"81","author":"Herring","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2012.05.001_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1001\/archinternmed.2009.530","article-title":"The effect of exercise training on anxiety symptoms among patients: a systematic review","volume":"170","author":"Herring","year":"2010","journal-title":"Archives of Internal Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2012.05.001_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2008.07.036","article-title":"Voluntary exercise in C57 mice is anxiolytic across several measures of anxiety","volume":"197","author":"Salam","year":"2009","journal-title":"Behavioral Brain Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2012.05.001_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2007.12.047","article-title":"Voluntary exercise produces antidepressant and anxiolytic behavioral effects in mice","volume":"1199","author":"Duman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Brain Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2012.05.001_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2004.04.017","article-title":"Regular voluntary exercise reduces anxiety-related behaviour and impulsiveness in mice","volume":"155","author":"Binder","year":"2004","journal-title":"Behavioral Brain Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2012.05.001_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-9384(96)00102-3","article-title":"Increased open field locomotion and decreased striatal GABAA binding after activity wheel running","volume":"60","author":"Dishman","year":"1996","journal-title":"Physiology and Behavior"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2012.05.001_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2009.10.016","article-title":"Voluntary exercise improves both learning and consolidation of cued conditioned fear in C57 mice","volume":"207","author":"Falls","year":"2010","journal-title":"Behavioral Brain Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2012.05.001_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2010.01.017","article-title":"CB1 receptor deficiency decreases wheel-running activity: consequences on emotional behaviours and hippocampal neurogenesis","volume":"224","author":"Dubreucq","year":"2010","journal-title":"Experimental Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2012.05.001_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2010.05.009","article-title":"Exercise effects on motor and affective behavior and catecholamine neurochemistry in the MPTP-lesioned mouse","volume":"213","author":"Gorton","year":"2010","journal-title":"Behavioral Brain Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2012.05.001_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2010.06.006","article-title":"BDNF expression in perirhinal cortex is associated with exercise-induced improvement in object recognition memory","volume":"94","author":"Hopkins","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurobiology of Learning and Memory"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2012.05.001_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1037\/0735-7044.120.4.787","article-title":"The role of voluntary exercise in enriched rearing: a behavioral analysis","volume":"120","author":"Pietropaolo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Behavioral Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2012.05.001_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1007\/s11011-009-9162-5","article-title":"Effect of exercise on learning and memory in a rat model of developmental stress","volume":"24","author":"Grace","year":"2009","journal-title":"Metabolic Brain Disease"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2012.05.001_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0012769","article-title":"Deletion of running-induced hippocampal neurogenesis by irradiation prevents development of an anxious phenotype in mice","volume":"5","author":"Fuss","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2012.05.001_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1002\/hipo.20634","article-title":"Voluntary exercise induces anxiety-like behavior in adult C57BL\/6J mice correlating with hippocampal neurogenesis","volume":"20","author":"Fuss","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hippocampus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2012.05.001_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2004.05.086","article-title":"The effects of chronic treadmill and wheel running on behavior in rats","volume":"1019","author":"Burghardt","year":"2004","journal-title":"Brain Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2012.05.001_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2171","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1460-9568.2003.02658.x","article-title":"Influence of regular voluntary exercise on spontaneous and social stress-affected sleep in mice","volume":"17","author":"Lancel","year":"2003","journal-title":"European Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2012.05.001_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2004.11.037","article-title":"The consequences of uncontrollable stress are sensitive to duration of prior wheel running","volume":"1033","author":"Greenwood","year":"2005","journal-title":"Brain Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2012.05.001_bib0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2889","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.23-07-02889.2003","article-title":"Freewheel running prevents learned helplessness\/behavioral depression: role of dorsal raphe serotonergic neurons","volume":"23","author":"Greenwood","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2012.05.001_bib0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1037\/0735-7044.122.4.943","article-title":"Exercise is associated with reduction in the anxiogenic effect of mCPP on acoustic startle","volume":"122","author":"Fox","year":"2008","journal-title":"Behavioral Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2012.05.001_bib0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-008-1167-y","article-title":"Anxiety-like behaviors produced by acute fluoxetine administration in male Fischer 344 rats are prevented by prior exercise","volume":"199","author":"Greenwood","year":"2008","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berlin)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2012.05.001_bib0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"992","DOI":"10.1037\/0735-7044.121.5.992","article-title":"Therapeutic effects of exercise: wheel running reverses stress-induced interference with shuttle box escape","volume":"121","author":"Greenwood","year":"2007","journal-title":"Behavioral Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2012.05.001_bib0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1016\/S0361-9230(96)00329-2","article-title":"Activity wheel running reduces escape latency and alters brain monoamine levels after footshock","volume":"42","author":"Dishman","year":"1997","journal-title":"Brain Research Bulletin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2012.05.001_bib0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2005.10.007","article-title":"Beneficial effects of exercise and its molecular mechanisms on depression in rats","volume":"168","author":"Zheng","year":"2006","journal-title":"Behavioral Brain Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2012.05.001_bib0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1553","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2010.05.012","article-title":"Voluntary exercise and palatable high-fat diet both improve behavioural profile and stress responses in male rats exposed to early life stress: role of hippocampus","volume":"35","author":"Maniam","year":"2010","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2012.05.001_bib0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2009.141","article-title":"Voluntary exercise and sucrose consumption enhance cannabinoid CB1 receptor sensitivity in the striatum","volume":"35","author":"De Chiara","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2012.05.001_bib0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1007\/s12017-008-8029-y","article-title":"Exercise, learned helplessness, and the stress-resistant brain","volume":"10","author":"Greenwood","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuromolecular Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2012.05.001_bib0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1249\/00003677-199600240-00011","article-title":"Exercise training and the cross-stressor adaptation hypothesis","volume":"24","author":"Sothmann","year":"1996","journal-title":"Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2012.05.001_bib0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1097\/JES.0b013e31821f7e45","article-title":"Exercise, stress resistance, and central serotonergic systems","volume":"39","author":"Greenwood","year":"2011","journal-title":"Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2012.05.001_bib0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2009.03.020","article-title":"Effects of long-term voluntary exercise on learning and memory processes: dependency of the task and level of exercise","volume":"202","author":"Garcia-Capdevila","year":"2009","journal-title":"Behavioral Brain Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2012.05.001_bib0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-9384(03)00157-4","article-title":"Bringing natural behaviors into the laboratory: a tribute to Paul MacLean","volume":"79","author":"Blanchard","year":"2003","journal-title":"Physiology and Behavior"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2012.05.001_bib0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-2999(03)01278-0","article-title":"Defensive burying in rodents: ethology, neurobiology and psychopharmacology","volume":"463","author":"De Boer","year":"2003","journal-title":"European Journal of Pharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2012.05.001_bib0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/S0149-7634(01)00009-4","article-title":"Mouse defensive behaviors: pharmacological and behavioral assays for anxiety and panic","volume":"25","author":"Blanchard","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2012.05.001_bib0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1016\/S0149-7634(01)00056-2","article-title":"Human defensive behaviors to threat scenarios show parallels to fear- and anxiety-related defense patterns of non-human mammals","volume":"25","author":"Blanchard","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2012.05.001_bib0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1625","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3908(95)00121-2","article-title":"Further evidence that the mouse defense test battery is useful for screening anxiolytic and panicolytic drugs: effects of acute and chronic treatment with alprazolam","volume":"34","author":"Griebel","year":"1995","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2012.05.001_bib0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1016\/0091-3057(81)90219-7","article-title":"Conditioned defensive burying: a new paradigm for the study of anxiolytic agents","volume":"15","author":"Treit","year":"1981","journal-title":"Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2012.05.001_bib0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2006.46","article-title":"Neurobiology of exercise","volume":"14","author":"Dishman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Obesity (Silver Spring)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2012.05.001_bib0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2005.08.007","article-title":"Role of brain norepinephrine in the behavioral response to stress","volume":"29","author":"Morilak","year":"2005","journal-title":"Progress in Neuropsychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2012.05.001_bib0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1016\/0196-9781(85)90118-4","article-title":"Immunohistochemical mapping of galanin-like neurons in the rat central nervous system","volume":"6","author":"Skofitsch","year":"1985","journal-title":"Peptides"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2012.05.001_bib0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3640","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.06-12-03640.1986","article-title":"Coexistence of galanin-like immunoreactivity with catecholamines, 5-hydroxytryptamine, GABA and neuropeptides in the rat CNS","volume":"6","author":"Melander","year":"1986","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2012.05.001_bib0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-328X(95)00295-4","article-title":"Olfactory bulbectomy increases prepro-galanin mRNA levels in the rat locus coeruleus","volume":"36","author":"Holmes","year":"1996","journal-title":"Molecular Brain Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2012.05.001_bib0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(88)90076-0","article-title":"Locus coeruleus neurons in the rat containing neuropeptide Y, tyrosine hydroxylase or galanin and their efferent projections to the spinal cord, cerebral cortex and hypothalamus","volume":"24","author":"Holets","year":"1988","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2012.05.001_bib0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2006.04.057","article-title":"Voluntary exercise and clomipramine treatment elevate prepro-galanin mRNA levels in the locus coeruleus in rats","volume":"408","author":"Holmes","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuroscience Letters"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2012.05.001_bib0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2009.02.030","article-title":"Chronic activity wheel running reduces the severity of kainic acid-induced seizures in the rat: possible role of galanin","volume":"1266","author":"Reiss","year":"2009","journal-title":"Brain Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2012.05.001_bib0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1378","DOI":"10.1037\/0735-7044.118.6.1378","article-title":"Effects of beta-adrenoreceptor blockade during chronic exercise on contextual fear conditioning and mRNA for galanin and brain-derived neurotrophic factor","volume":"118","author":"Van Hoomissen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Behavioral Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2012.05.001_bib0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1037\/0735-7044.113.3.558","article-title":"Brain noradrenergic responses to footshock after chronic activity-wheel running","volume":"113","author":"Soares","year":"1999","journal-title":"Behavioral Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2012.05.001_bib0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.3109\/07435800009066173","article-title":"Human galanin secretion is increased upon normal exercise test in middle-age individuals","volume":"26","author":"Legakis","year":"2000","journal-title":"Endocrine Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2012.05.001_bib0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1016\/0091-3057(94)00334-3","article-title":"Chronic social stress increases levels of preprogalanin mRNA in the rat locus coeruleus","volume":"50","author":"Holmes","year":"1995","journal-title":"Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2012.05.001_bib0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1527-3458.2007.00025.x","article-title":"Pharmacology of the beta-carboline FG-7,142, a partial inverse agonist at the benzodiazepine allosteric site of the GABA A receptor: neurochemical, neurophysiological, and behavioral effects","volume":"13","author":"Evans","year":"2007","journal-title":"CNS Drug Reviews"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2012.05.001_bib0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0706056","article-title":"Anxiogenic properties of an inverse agonist selective for alpha3 subunit-containing GABA A receptors","volume":"144","author":"Atack","year":"2005","journal-title":"British Journal of Pharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2012.05.001_bib0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2004.03556.x","article-title":"Genetic deletion and pharmacological blockade of CB1 receptors modulates anxiety in the shock-probe burying test","volume":"20","author":"Degroot","year":"2004","journal-title":"European Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2012.05.001_bib0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2009.11.002","article-title":"Potential anxiogenic effects of cannabinoid CB1 receptor antagonists\/inverse agonists in rats: comparisons between AM4113, AM251, and the benzodiazepine inverse agonist FG-7142","volume":"20","author":"Sink","year":"2010","journal-title":"European Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2012.05.001_bib0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-4328(90)90023-8","article-title":"Behavioral analysis of the effects of benzodiazepine receptor ligands in the conditioned burying paradigm","volume":"38","author":"Rohmer","year":"1990","journal-title":"Behavioral Brain Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2012.05.001_bib0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2917","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.07-09-02917.1987","article-title":"Effects of an anxiogenic benzodiazepine receptor ligand on motor activity and dopamine release in nucleus accumbens and striatum in the rat","volume":"7","author":"Brose","year":"1987","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2012.05.001_bib0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.npp.1300308","article-title":"Nociceptin\/orphanin FQ increases anxiety-related behavior and circulating levels of corticosterone during neophobic tests of anxiety","volume":"29","author":"Fernandez","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2012.05.001_bib0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3908(89)90072-5","article-title":"Sodium phenobarbitone reverses the anxiogenic effects of compounds acting at three different central sites","volume":"28","author":"Johnston","year":"1989","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2012.05.001_bib0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/0091-3057(93)90470-E","article-title":"FG7142 causes opposite changes in [3H]GABA release from nigrocollicular regions","volume":"44","author":"Peris","year":"1993","journal-title":"Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2012.05.001_bib0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3565(25)20226-9","article-title":"Chronic benzodiazepine administration. VIII. Receptor upregulation produced by chronic exposure to the inverse agonist FG-7142","volume":"258","author":"Pritchard","year":"1991","journal-title":"Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2012.05.001_bib0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2011.04.010","article-title":"Enhancement of endocannabinoid signaling with JZL184, an inhibitor of the 2-arachidonoylglycerol hydrolyzing enzyme monoacylglycerol lipase, produces anxiolytic effects under conditions of high environmental aversiveness in rats","volume":"64","author":"Sciolino","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pharmacological Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2012.05.001_bib0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-9384(01)00528-5","article-title":"The use of behavioral test batteries: effects of training history","volume":"73","author":"McIlwain","year":"2001","journal-title":"Physiology and Behavior"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2012.05.001_bib0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2011.11.042","article-title":"The use of a test battery assessing affective behavior in rats: order effects","volume":"228","author":"Blokland","year":"2012","journal-title":"Behavioral Brain Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2012.05.001_bib0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2005.09.002","article-title":"The use of behavioral test batteries, II: effect of test interval","volume":"87","author":"Paylor","year":"2006","journal-title":"Physiology and Behavior"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2012.05.001_bib0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1601-183X.2003.0044.x","article-title":"Behavioral alterations induced by repeated testing in C57BL\/6J and 129S2\/Sv mice: implications for phenotyping screens","volume":"3","author":"Voikar","year":"2004","journal-title":"Genes, Brain and Behavior"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2012.05.001_bib0320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1016\/j.npep.2005.06.004","article-title":"Administration of the galanin antagonist M40 into lateral septum attenuates shock probe defensive burying behavior in rats","volume":"39","author":"Echevarria","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neuropeptides"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2012.05.001_bib0325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-9384(90)90155-W","article-title":"Septal lesions inhibit fear reactions in two animal models of anxiolytic drug action","volume":"47","author":"Treit","year":"1990","journal-title":"Physiology and Behavior"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2012.05.001_bib0330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2826.2008.01772.x","article-title":"Behavioural assays to model cognitive and affective dimensions of depression and anxiety in rats","volume":"20","author":"Lapiz-Bluhm","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroendocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2012.05.001_bib0335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-9384(99)00027-X","article-title":"Role of aversively motivated behavior in the olfactory bulbectomy syndrome","volume":"67","author":"Primeaux","year":"1999","journal-title":"Physiology and Behavior"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2012.05.001_bib0340","series-title":"The rat brain: in stereotaxic coordinates","author":"Paxinos","year":"1998"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2012.05.001_bib0345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2010.09.005","article-title":"Locus coeruleus galanin expression is enhanced after exercise in rats selectively bred for high capacity for aerobic activity","volume":"31","author":"Murray","year":"2010","journal-title":"Peptides"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2012.05.001_bib0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02289823","article-title":"On methods in the analysis of profile data","volume":"24","author":"Greenhouse","year":"1959","journal-title":"Psychometrika"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2012.05.001_bib0355","series-title":"Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences","author":"Cohen","year":"1998"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2012.05.001_bib0360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2958.2002.tb00828.x","article-title":"Eta squared, partial eta squared, and misreporting of effect size in communication research","volume":"28","author":"Levine","year":"2002","journal-title":"Human Communication Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2012.05.001_bib0365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.1177\/0013164404264848","article-title":"Cautionary note on reporting eta-squared values from multifactor ANOVA designs","volume":"64","author":"Pierce","year":"2004","journal-title":"Educational and Psychological Measurement"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2012.05.001_bib0370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2007.07.006","article-title":"Wheel-running activity increases with social stress in male DBA mice","volume":"93","author":"Uchiumi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Physiology and Behavior"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2012.05.001_bib0375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.1037\/a0021200","article-title":"Interpreting the effects of exercise on fear conditioning: the influence of time of day","volume":"124","author":"Hopkins","year":"2010","journal-title":"Behavioral Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2012.05.001_bib0380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2008.03.014","article-title":"The impact of voluntary exercise on mental health in rodents: a neuroplasticity perspective","volume":"192","author":"Pietropaolo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Behavioral Brain Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2012.05.001_bib0385","article-title":"Voluntary exercise does not ameliorate context memory and hyperarousal in a mouse model for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)","author":"Cacciaglia","year":"2011","journal-title":"The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry: The Official Journal of the World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2012.05.001_bib0390","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-2011-101635","article-title":"Physical exercise protects against Alzheimer's disease in 3xTg-AD mice","volume":"24","author":"Garcia-Mesa","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Alzheimer's Disease: JAD"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2012.05.001_bib0395","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1607","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2011.10.006","article-title":"Anxiety- and depression-like behaviors are accompanied by an increase in oxidative stress in a rat model of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: protective effects of voluntary physical exercise","volume":"62","author":"Brocardo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2012.05.001_bib0400","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2008.07.041","article-title":"Forced and voluntary exercise differentially affect brain and behavior","volume":"156","author":"Leasure","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2012.05.001_bib0405","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1002\/hipo.20778","article-title":"Emotional consequences of wheel running in mice: which is the appropriate control?","volume":"21","author":"Dubreucq","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hippocampus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2012.05.001_bib0410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1159\/000118460","article-title":"Kindling with the beta-carboline FG7142 suggests separation between changes in seizure threshold and anxiety-related behaviour","volume":"19","author":"Taylor","year":"1988","journal-title":"Neuropsychobiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2012.05.001_bib0415","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00451698","article-title":"Effects of a single or repeated administration of the benzodiazepine inverse agonist FG7142 on behaviour and cortical adrenoceptor binding in the rat","volume":"98","author":"Stanford","year":"1989","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berlin)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2012.05.001_bib0420","first-page":"12","article-title":"Aggression and anxiety: social context and neurobiological links","volume":"4","author":"Neumann","year":"2010","journal-title":"Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2012.05.001_bib0425","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1126\/science.289.5479.591","article-title":"Dysfunction in the neural circuitry of emotion regulation \u2013 a possible prelude to violence","volume":"289","author":"Davidson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2012.05.001_bib0430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1016\/S0163-1047(87)90461-4","article-title":"Effect of voluntary exercise on open-field behavior and on aggression in the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR)","volume":"47","author":"Hoffmann","year":"1987","journal-title":"Behavioral and Neural Biology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2012.05.001_bib0435","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/S0018-506X(03)00140-5","article-title":"Predatory aggression, but not maternal or intermale aggression, is associated with high voluntary wheel-running behavior in mice","volume":"44","author":"Gammie","year":"2003","journal-title":"Hormones and Behavior"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2012.05.001_bib0440","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1037\/0735-7044.118.5.1123","article-title":"Effects of exercise on Pavlovian fear conditioning","volume":"118","author":"Baruch","year":"2004","journal-title":"Behavioral Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2012.05.001_bib0445","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2006.05.015","article-title":"Alterations in fear conditioning and amygdalar activation following chronic wheel running in rats","volume":"84","author":"Burghardt","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2012.05.001_bib0450","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2008.06.051","article-title":"Intact neurogenesis is required for benefits of exercise on spatial memory but not motor performance or contextual fear conditioning in C57BL\/6J mice","volume":"155","author":"Clark","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2012.05.001_bib0455","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"988","DOI":"10.1002\/hipo.20534","article-title":"A behavioral analysis of the impact of voluntary physical activity on hippocampus-dependent contextual conditioning","volume":"19","author":"Greenwood","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hippocampus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2012.05.001_bib0460","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1007\/s10571-009-9488-x","article-title":"Biological mechanisms of physical activity in preventing cognitive decline","volume":"30","author":"Lista","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2012.05.001_bib0465","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/0197-4580(85)90066-1","article-title":"Effect of exercise on longevity, body weight, locomotor performance, and passive-avoidance memory of C57BL\/6J mice","volume":"6","author":"Samorajski","year":"1985","journal-title":"Neurobiology of Aging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2012.05.001_bib0470","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2011.03.017","article-title":"Cognitive and locomotor\/exploratory behavior after chronic exercise in the olfactory bulbectomy animal model of depression","volume":"222","author":"Van Hoomissen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Behavioral Brain Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2012.05.001_bib0475","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2007.02.002","article-title":"Chronic and voluntary exercise enhances learning of conditioned place preference to morphine in rats","volume":"86","author":"Eisenstein","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2012.05.001_bib0480","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3940(00)01780-8","article-title":"Prepro-galanin messenger RNA levels are increased in rat locus coeruleus after treadmill exercise training","volume":"299","author":"O\u2019Neal","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neuroscience Letters"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2012.05.001_bib0485","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(94)00450-J","article-title":"Galanin induces a hyperpolarization of norepinephrine-containing locus coeruleus neurons in the brainstem slice","volume":"64","author":"Pieribone","year":"1995","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2012.05.001_bib0490","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1779","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-200106130-00052","article-title":"Galanin enhances noradrenaline-induced outward current on locus coeruleus noradrenergic neurons","volume":"12","author":"Xu","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2012.05.001_bib0495","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-2999(89)90481-0","article-title":"Galanin decreases the activity of locus coeruleus neurons in vitro","volume":"164","author":"Seutin","year":"1989","journal-title":"European Journal of Pharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2012.05.001_bib0500","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-2999(93)90806-S","article-title":"Galanin receptors inhibit the spontaneous firing of locus coeruleus neurones and interact with mu-opioid receptors","volume":"230","author":"Sevcik","year":"1993","journal-title":"European Journal of Pharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2012.05.001_bib0505","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0270(01)00403-4","article-title":"Microdialysis in freely moving mice: determination of acetylcholine, serotonin and noradrenaline release in galanin transgenic mice","volume":"109","author":"Kehr","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2012.05.001_bib0510","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3940(03)00020-X","article-title":"Galanin attenuates basal and antidepressant drug-induced increase of extracellular serotonin and noradrenaline levels in the rat hippocampus","volume":"339","author":"Yoshitake","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neuroscience Letters"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2012.05.001_bib0515","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2826.2010.02007.x","article-title":"Hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis responses to low-intensity stressors are reduced after voluntary wheel running in rats","volume":"22","author":"Campeau","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroendocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2012.05.001_bib0520","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4522(03)00047-2","article-title":"Voluntary freewheel running selectively modulates catecholamine content in peripheral tissue and c-Fos expression in the central sympathetic circuit following exposure to uncontrollable stress in rats","volume":"120","author":"Greenwood","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neuroscience"}],"container-title":["Behavioural Brain Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0166432812003221?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0166432812003221?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,28]],"date-time":"2025-09-28T13:04:12Z","timestamp":1759064652000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0166432812003221"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,7]]},"references-count":104,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,7]]}},"alternative-id":["S0166432812003221"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbr.2012.05.001","relation":{},"ISSN":["0166-4328"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0166-4328","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Voluntary exercise offers anxiolytic potential and amplifies galanin gene expression in the locus coeruleus of the rat","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Behavioural Brain Research","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbr.2012.05.001","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}