{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T11:12:45Z","timestamp":1782299565873,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,1]],"date-time":"2017-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1488326400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002081","name":"Irish Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002081","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Behavioural Brain Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2016.12.033","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,26]],"date-time":"2016-12-26T02:15:58Z","timestamp":1482718558000},"page":"28-35","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Computational EEG modelling of decision making under ambiguity reveals spatio-temporal dynamics of outcome evaluation"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"321","author":[{"given":"Lee","family":"Jollans","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Whelan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Louise","family":"Venables","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oliver H.","family":"Turnbull","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matteo","family":"Cella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simon","family":"Dymond","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2016.12.033_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0277(94)90018-3","article-title":"Insensitivity to future consequences following damage to human prefrontal cortex","volume":"50","author":"Bechara","year":"1994","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2016.12.033_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11020","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1279-09.2009","article-title":"Right ventromedial and dorsolateral prefrontal cortices mediate adaptive decisions under ambiguity by integrating choice utility and outcome evaluation","volume":"29","author":"Christakou","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2016.12.033_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1040","DOI":"10.1080\/13803395.2011.596820","article-title":"Comparing alternative metrics to assess performance on the Iowa Gambling Task","volume":"33","author":"Gansler","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Exp. Neuropsychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2016.12.033_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/bdm.681","article-title":"Degrees of uncertainty: an overview and framework for future research on experience-based choice","volume":"23","author":"Rakow","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Behav. Decis. Mak."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2016.12.033_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1080\/13803395.2013.789484","article-title":"Is there a recovery of decision-making function after frontal lobe damage? A study using alternative versions of the Iowa Gambling Task","volume":"35","author":"Xiao","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Exp. Neuropsychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2016.12.033_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2013.00665","article-title":"Iowa gambling task (IGT): twenty years after\u2013gambling disorder and IGT","volume":"4","author":"Brevers","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2016.12.033_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1081\/13803390490918354","article-title":"Subjective awareness on the Iowa Gambling Task: the key role of emotional experience in schizophrenia","volume":"27","author":"Evans","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Clin. Exp. Neuropsychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2016.12.033_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1037\/1040-3590.14.3.253","article-title":"A contribution of cognitive decision models to clinical assessment: decomposing performance on the Bechara gambling task","volume":"14","author":"Busemeyer","year":"2002","journal-title":"Psychol. Assess."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2016.12.033_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1376","DOI":"10.1080\/03640210802352992","article-title":"Comparison of decision learning models using the generalization criterion method","volume":"32","author":"Ahn","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2016.12.033_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1037\/a0020684","article-title":"A model-based fMRI analysis with hierarchical Bayesian parameter estimation","volume":"4","author":"Ahn","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Psychol. Econ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2016.12.033_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmp.2009.10.002","article-title":"Cognitive mechanisms underlying risky decision-making in chronic cannabis users","volume":"54","author":"Fridberg","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Math. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2016.12.033_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2013.00640","article-title":"Decomposing the roles of perseveration and expected value representation in models of the Iowa gambling task","volume":"4","author":"Worthy","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2016.12.033_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2009.11.013","article-title":"Impaired flexible decision-making in major depressive disorder","volume":"124","author":"Cella","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2016.12.033_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9280.2005.01646.x","article-title":"Using cognitive models to map relations between neuropsychological disorders and human decision-making deficits","volume":"16","author":"Yechiam","year":"2005","journal-title":"Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2016.12.033_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03193783","article-title":"Comparison of basic assumptions embedded in learning models for experience-based decision making","volume":"12","author":"Yechiam","year":"2005","journal-title":"Psychon. Bull. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2016.12.033_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1037\/a0029929","article-title":"Performance of healthy participants on the Iowa Gambling Task","volume":"25","author":"Steingroever","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychol. Assessment"},{"issue":"898","key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2016.12.033_bib0085","article-title":"Validating the PVL-Delta model for the Iowa gambling task","volume":"4","author":"Steingroever","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2016.12.033_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1037\/dec0000034","article-title":"W=. 2, a=. 8, c=. 6: So what? On the meaning of parameter estimates from reinforcement-learning models","volume":"2","author":"Steingroever","year":"2015","journal-title":"Decision"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2016.12.033_bib0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617712000215","article-title":"Hierarchical organization of cortical morphology of decision-making when deconstructing Iowa Gambling Task performance in healthy adults","volume":"18","author":"Gansler","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Int. Neuropsychol. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2016.12.033_bib0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1037\/bul0000006","article-title":"A neural reward prediction error revealed by a meta-analysis of ERPs using great grand averages","volume":"141","author":"Sambrook","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2016.12.033_bib0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.2004.00152.x","article-title":"Context dependence of the event\u2010related brain potential associated with reward and punishment","volume":"41","author":"Holroyd","year":"2004","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2016.12.033_bib0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.109.4.679","article-title":"The neural basis of human error processing: reinforcement learning, dopamine, and the error-related negativity","volume":"109","author":"Holroyd","year":"2002","journal-title":"Psychol Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2016.12.033_bib0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.2005.00278.x","article-title":"Brain potentials associated with expected and unexpected good and bad outcomes","volume":"42","author":"Hajcak","year":"2005","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2016.12.033_bib0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2009.06.032","article-title":"The P300 and reward valence magnitude, and expectancy in outcome evaluation","volume":"1286","author":"Wu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2016.12.033_bib0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2011.06.051","article-title":"An MEG signature corresponding to an axiomatic model of reward prediction error","volume":"59","author":"Talmi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2016.12.033_bib0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.03.062","article-title":"Electrophysiological correlates of anticipating improbable but desired events","volume":"78","author":"Fuentemilla","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2016.12.033_bib0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2005.04.001","article-title":"The feedback-related negativity reflects the binary evaluation of good versus bad outcomes","volume":"71","author":"Hajcak","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biol. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2016.12.033_bib0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2004.08.015","article-title":"Artificial time constraints on the Iowa Gambling Task: the effects on behavioural performance and subjective experience","volume":"57","author":"Bowman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Brain Cogn."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2016.12.033_bib0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2007.02.003","article-title":"Effects of decision-phase time constraints on emotion-based learning in the Iowa Gambling Task","volume":"64","author":"Cella","year":"2007","journal-title":"Brain Cogn."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2016.12.033_bib0150","article-title":"Revealing neuro-computational mechanisms of reinforcement learning and decision-making with the hBayesDM package","volume":"064287","author":"Ahn","year":"2016","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2016.12.033_bib0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1214\/ss\/1177011136","article-title":"Inference from iterative simulation using multiple sequences","volume":"4","author":"Gelman","year":"1992","journal-title":"Stat. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2016.12.033_bib0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1016\/S1388-2457(00)00527-7","article-title":"The five percent electrode system for high-resolution EEG and ERP measurements","volume":"112","author":"Oostenveld","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2016.12.033_bib0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2010.07.015","article-title":"FASTER: fully automated statistical thresholding for EEG artifact rejection","volume":"192","author":"Nolan","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2016.12.033_bib0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2003.10.009","article-title":"EEGLAB: an open source toolbox for analysis of single-trial EEG dynamics including independent component analysis","volume":"134","author":"Delorme","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2016.12.033_bib0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6258","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4537-03.2004","article-title":"Independent coding of reward magnitude and valence in the human brain","volume":"24","author":"Yeung","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2016.12.033_bib0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2013.00776","article-title":"Neural correlates of uncertain decision making: ERP evidence from the Iowa Gambling Task","volume":"7","author":"Cui","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2016.12.033_bib0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12539","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2925-08.2008","article-title":"Trial-by-trial fluctuations in the event-related electroencephalogram reflect dynamic changes in the degree of surprise","volume":"28","author":"Mars","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2016.12.033_bib0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2014.02.009","article-title":"Neural mechanisms and temporal dynamics of performance monitoring","volume":"18","author":"Ullsperger","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trends Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2016.12.033_bib0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-2626(03)00111-8","article-title":"Real versus facsimile reinforcers on the Iowa Gambling Task","volume":"53","author":"Bowman","year":"2003","journal-title":"Brain Cogn."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2016.12.033_bib0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2014.00849","article-title":"Decision-making in stimulant and opiate addicts in protracted abstinence: evidence from computational modeling with pure users","volume":"5","author":"Ahn","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2016.12.033_bib0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20130473","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2013.0473","article-title":"Uncovering the spatio-temporal dynamics of value-based decision-making in the human brain: a combined fMRI-EEG study","volume":"369","author":"Larsen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2016.12.033_bib0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1037\/dec0000005","article-title":"Absolute performance of reinforcement-learning models for the Iowa Gambling Task","volume":"1","author":"Steingroever","year":"2014","journal-title":"Decision"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2016.12.033_bib0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1037\/dec0000040","article-title":"Bayes factors for reinforcement-learning models of the Iowa gambling task","volume":"3","author":"Steingroever","year":"2016","journal-title":"Decision"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2016.12.033_bib0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2004.05.003","article-title":"Reinforcement-related brain potentials from medial frontal cortex: origins and functional significance","volume":"28","author":"Nieuwenhuis","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."}],"container-title":["Behavioural Brain Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0166432816313171?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0166432816313171?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,5]],"date-time":"2018-09-05T11:26:02Z","timestamp":1536146762000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0166432816313171"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,3]]},"references-count":44,"alternative-id":["S0166432816313171"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbr.2016.12.033","relation":{},"ISSN":["0166-4328"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0166-4328","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Computational EEG modelling of decision making under ambiguity reveals spatio-temporal dynamics of outcome evaluation","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Behavioural Brain Research","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbr.2016.12.033","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}