{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T11:11:24Z","timestamp":1780053084012,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,1]],"date-time":"2021-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625097600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,1]],"date-time":"2021-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625097600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,23]],"date-time":"2021-04-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619136000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Behavioural Brain Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2021.113323","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,25]],"date-time":"2021-04-25T09:41:00Z","timestamp":1619343660000},"page":"113323","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Multiple cholinesterase inhibitors have antidepressant-like properties in the mouse forced swim test"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"409","author":[{"given":"Paul J.","family":"Fitzgerald","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5061-2089","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pho J.","family":"Hale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anjesh","family":"Ghimire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brendon O.","family":"Watson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2021.113323_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.3390\/geriatrics1030023","article-title":"Medically serious and non-serious suicide attempts in persons aged 70 and above","volume":"1","author":"Wiktorsson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Geriatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2021.113323_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1425","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15071425","article-title":"Epidemiology of suicide and the psychiatric perspective","volume":"15","author":"Bachmann","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2021.113323_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2017.4602","article-title":"Epidemiology of adult DSM-5 major depressive disorder and its specifiers in the United States","volume":"75","author":"Hasin","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2021.113323_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1571","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.15966","article-title":"Adverse effects of pharmacologic treatments of major depression in older adults","volume":"67","author":"Sobieraj","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2021.113323_bib0025","first-page":"17","article-title":"Prevalence and management of treatment-resistant depression","volume":"68","author":"Nemeroff","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2021.113323_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-020-00928-w","article-title":"The cholinesterase inhibitor donepezil has antidepressant-like properties in the mouse forced swim test","volume":"10","author":"Fitzgerald","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2021.113323_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1235","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-016-4206-0","article-title":"Antidepressant, anxiolytic and procognitive effects of rivastigmine and donepezil in the chronic mild stress model in rats","volume":"233","author":"Papp","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berl.)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2021.113323_bib0040","first-page":"606","article-title":"Interaction with 1 protein, but not N-Methyl-D-aspartate receptor","volume":"317","author":"Maurice","year":"2006","journal-title":"Is Involved in the Pharmacological Activity of Donepezil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2021.113323_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2014.04.046","article-title":"Rivastigmine improves hippocampal neurogenesis and depression-like behaviors via 5-HT1A receptor stimulation in olfactory bulbectomized mice","volume":"272","author":"Islam","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2021.113323_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2018.02.011","article-title":"Normalization and the cholinergic microcircuit: a unified basis for attention","volume":"22","author":"Schmitz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends Cogn. Sci. (Regul. Ed.)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2021.113323_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2016.09.013","article-title":"Cholinergic circuits in cognitive flexibility","volume":"345","author":"Prado","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuroscience."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2021.113323_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s13670-018-0234-4","article-title":"Recent advances in cholinergic imaging and cognitive decline\u2014revisiting the cholinergic hypothesis of dementia","volume":"7","author":"Bohnen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Geriatr. Reports"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2021.113323_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1111\/jphp.12919","article-title":"Muscarinic and nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonists: current scenario in Alzheimer\u2019s disease therapy","volume":"70","author":"Verma","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2021.113323_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3455","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-015-4000-4","article-title":"Modeling bipolar disorder in mice by increasing acetylcholine or dopamine: chronic lithium treats most, but not all features","volume":"232","author":"Van Enkhuizen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berl.)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2021.113323_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2015.04.002","article-title":"Ventral tegmental area cholinergic mechanisms mediate behavioral responses in the forced swim test","volume":"288","author":"Addy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2021.113323_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3539","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-015-4001-3","article-title":"Antidepressant-like effects of guanfacine and sex-specific differences in effects on c-fos immunoreactivity and paired-pulse ratio in male and female mice","volume":"232","author":"Mineur","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berl.)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2021.113323_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2118","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-018-0024-x","article-title":"Interaction between noradrenergic and cholinergic signaling in amygdala regulates anxiety- and depression-related behaviors in mice","volume":"43","author":"Mineur","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2021.113323_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1903","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.13769","article-title":"Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors Hippocampal \u03b17 nicotinic ACh receptors contribute to modulation of depression-like behaviour in C57BL\/6J mice","volume":"175","author":"Mineur","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2021.113323_bib0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3573","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1219731110","article-title":"Cholinergic signaling in the hippocampus regulates social stress resilience and anxiety- and depression-like behavior","volume":"110","author":"Mineur","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2021.113323_bib0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(72)93021-8","article-title":"A cholinergic-adrenergic hypothesis of mania and depression","volume":"2","author":"Janowsky","year":"1972","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2021.113323_bib0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-018-0219-x","article-title":"Cholinergic regulation of mood: from basic and clinical studies to emerging therapeutics","volume":"24","author":"Dulawa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2021.113323_bib0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1177\/088307380101600407","article-title":"Molecular ontogeny of major neurotransmitter receptor systems in the mammalian central nervous system: norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin, acetylcholine, and glycine","volume":"16","author":"Rho","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Child Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2021.113323_bib0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"i151","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhm066","article-title":"Differential regulation of fronto-executive function by the monoamines and acetylcholine","volume":"17","author":"Robbins","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2021.113323_bib0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.20717","article-title":"Chemistry of the mind: neurochemical modulation of prefrontal cortical function","volume":"493","author":"Robbins","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2021.113323_bib0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2010.11.027","article-title":"The antidepressant action of imipramine and venlafaxine involves suppression of nitric oxide synthesis","volume":"218","author":"Krass","year":"2011","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2021.113323_bib0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellsig.2011.09.009","article-title":"Functional significance of glycogen synthase kinase-3 regulation by serotonin","volume":"24","author":"Polter","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell. Signal."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2021.113323_bib0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.114.216804","article-title":"M1 and M2 muscarinic receptor subtypes regulate antidepressant-like effects of the rapidly acting antidepressant scopolamine","volume":"351","author":"Witkin","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2021.113323_bib0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1007\/s002130050879","article-title":"Antidepressant effects of nicotine in an animal model of depression","volume":"142","author":"Tizabi","year":"1999","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berl.)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2021.113323_bib0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1097\/FBP.0b013e32832c713e","article-title":"Antidepressant-like effects of nicotine and mecamylamine in the mouse forced swim and tail suspension tests: role of strain, test and sex","volume":"20","author":"Andreasen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Behav. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2021.113323_bib0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2016.12.085","article-title":"Coordinated Acetylcholine Release in Prefrontal Cortex and Hippocampus Is Associated with Arousal and Reward on Distinct Timescales","volume":"18","author":"Teles-Grilo Ruivo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2021.113323_bib0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2020.598811","article-title":"Acetylcholine muscarinic receptors in ventral Hippocampus Modulate stress-induced anxiety-like behaviors in mice","volume":"13","author":"Mei","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Mol. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2021.113323_bib0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2018.05.009","article-title":"Disruption of medial septum and diagonal bands of Broca cholinergic projections to the ventral hippocampus disrupt auditory fear memory","volume":"152","author":"Staib","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Learn. Mem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2021.113323_bib0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1002\/syn.21581","article-title":"The impact of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors on the extracellular acetylcholine concentrations in the adult rat brain: a meta-analysis","volume":"66","author":"Noori","year":"2012","journal-title":"Synapse."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2021.113323_bib0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-7254.2006.00411.x","article-title":"Comparative studies of huperzine A, donepezil, and rivastigmine on brain acetylcholine, dopamine, norepinephrine, and 5-hydroxytryptamine levels in freely-moving rats","volume":"27","author":"Liang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acta Pharmacol. Sin."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2021.113323_bib0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2005.12.001","article-title":"Changes in cerebral neurotransmitters and metabolites induced by acute donepezil and memantine administrations: a microdialysis study","volume":"69","author":"Shearman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Brain Res. Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2021.113323_bib0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1503\/jpn.150205","article-title":"Why is depression more prevalent in women?","volume":"40","author":"Albert","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Psychiatry Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2021.113323_bib0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1002\/da.22230","article-title":"Challenging the myth of an \u201cepidemic\u201d of common mental disorders: trends in the global prevalence of anxiety and depression between 1990 and 2010","volume":"31","author":"Baxter","year":"2014","journal-title":"Depress. Anxiety"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2021.113323_bib0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1575","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)61611-6","article-title":"Global burden of disease attributable to mental and substance use disorders: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010","volume":"382","author":"Whiteford","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2021.113323_bib0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2016.06.022","article-title":"A threshold model for opposing actions of acetylcholine on reward behavior: molecular mechanisms and implications for treatment of substance abuse disorders","volume":"312","author":"Grasing","year":"2016","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2021.113323_bib0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00216074","article-title":"Physostigmine improves water maze performance following nucleus basalis magnocellularis lesions in rats","volume":"96","author":"Mandel","year":"1988","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berl.)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2021.113323_bib0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-2999(96)00072-6","article-title":"An inverted U-shaped curve for heptylphysostigmine on radial maze performance in rats: comparison with other cholinesterase inhibitors","volume":"302","author":"Braida","year":"1996","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2021.113323_bib0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"i6","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhm033","article-title":"Catecholamine and second messenger influences on prefrontal cortical networks of \u201crepresentational knowledge\u201d: a rational bridge between genetics and the symptoms of mental illness","volume":"17","author":"Arnsten","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2021.113323_bib0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2016.01.009","article-title":"Revisiting propranolol and PTSD: Memory erasure or extinction enhancement?","volume":"130","author":"Giustino","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Learn. Mem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2021.113323_bib0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2018.00043","article-title":"Noradrenergic modulation of fear conditioning and extinction","volume":"12","author":"Giustino","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Behav. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2021.113323_bib0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1455","DOI":"10.1007\/s00210-019-01684-5","article-title":"Biphasic effects of 5-HT1A agonism on impulsive responding are dissociable from effects on anxiety in the variable consecutive number task","volume":"392","author":"Groft","year":"2019","journal-title":"Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2021.113323_bib0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-015-1392-5","article-title":"Nucleus basalis of Meynert revisited: anatomy, history and differential involvement in Alzheimer\u2019s and Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"129","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2021.113323_bib0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2017.06.023","article-title":"The fate of the brain cholinergic neurons in neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"1670","author":"Pepeu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2021.113323_bib0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-016-0483-0","article-title":"Myeloid dendritic cells are decreased in peripheral blood of Alzheimer\u2019s disease patients in association with disease progression and severity of depressive symptoms","volume":"13","author":"Ciaramella","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2021.113323_bib0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2016.15020248","article-title":"Effects of citalopram on neuropsychiatric symptoms in Alzheimer\u2019s dementia: evidence from the CitAD study","volume":"173","author":"Leonpacher","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2021.113323_bib0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03324693","article-title":"Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and depressive symptoms in patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"19","author":"P.A","year":"2007","journal-title":"Aging Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2021.113323_bib0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1097\/WAD.0b013e318260ab0a","article-title":"Rivastigmine patch ameliorates depression in mild AD: preliminary evidence from a 6-month open-label observational study","volume":"27","author":"C.L","year":"2013","journal-title":"Alzheimer Dis. Assoc. Disord."}],"container-title":["Behavioural Brain Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0166432821002114?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0166432821002114?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,28]],"date-time":"2025-09-28T13:29:11Z","timestamp":1759066151000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0166432821002114"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]},"references-count":51,"alternative-id":["S0166432821002114"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbr.2021.113323","relation":{},"ISSN":["0166-4328"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0166-4328","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Multiple cholinesterase inhibitors have antidepressant-like properties in the mouse forced swim test","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Behavioural Brain Research","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbr.2021.113323","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"113323"}}