{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:04:55Z","timestamp":1790813095488,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":123,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]],"date-time":"2025-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740787200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]],"date-time":"2025-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740787200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]],"date-time":"2025-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740787200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]],"date-time":"2025-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740787200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]],"date-time":"2025-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740787200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]],"date-time":"2025-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740787200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]],"date-time":"2025-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740787200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Behavioural Brain Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2024.115393","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,10]],"date-time":"2024-12-10T16:27:46Z","timestamp":1733848066000},"page":"115393","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Consciousness disturbance in patients with chronic kidney disease: Rare but potentially treatable complication. Clinical and neuroradiological review"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"480","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7248-3916","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabio","family":"Pilato","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Davide","family":"Norata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Grazia","family":"Rossi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vincenzo","family":"Di Lazzaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosalinda","family":"Calandrelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2024.115393_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1080\/21548331.2023.2241340","article-title":"Peritoneal dialysis in the setting of acute brain injury: an underappreciated modality","volume":"51","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hosp. Pract."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2024.115393_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2022.11.142","article-title":"Dialysis disequilibrium syndrome and intracranial pressure fluctuations in neurosurgical patients undergoing renal replacement therapy: systematic review and pooled analysis","volume":"170","author":"Parsons","year":"2023","journal-title":"World Neurosurg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2024.115393_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2021.09.025","article-title":"Uremic encephalopathy","volume":"101","author":"Rosner","year":"2022","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2024.115393_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(62)91365-X","article-title":"Urea levels in cerebrospinal fluid after haemodialysis","author":"Kennedy","year":"1962","journal-title":"Lancet Lond. Engl. 1"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2024.115393_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1542-4758.2008.00272.x","article-title":"Dialysis disequilibrium syndrome presenting as a focal neurological deficit","volume":"12","author":"Attur","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hemodial. Int. Int. Symp. Home Hemodial."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2024.115393_bib6","first-page":"30","article-title":"Blood-brain barrier derangement in uremic encephalopathy","volume":"92","author":"Jeppsson","year":"1982","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2024.115393_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-139X.2011.00925.x","article-title":"Vascular incompetence in dialysis patients--protein-bound uremic toxins and endothelial dysfunction","volume":"24","author":"Jourde-Chiche","year":"2011","journal-title":"Semin. Dial."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2024.115393_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.65.6.810","article-title":"Neurology and the kidney","volume":"65","author":"Burn","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2024.115393_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1159\/000045240","article-title":"Hypertension as an etiopathological factor in the development of cerebral atrophy in hemodialyzed patients","volume":"81","author":"Savazzi","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nephron"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2024.115393_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2736","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2020.07.015","article-title":"Clinical and advanced neurophysiology in the prognostic and diagnostic evaluation of disorders of consciousness: review of an IFCN-endorsed expert group","volume":"131","author":"Comanducci","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol. Off. J. Int. Fed. Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2024.115393_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.72.3.414","article-title":"Changes in excitability of motor cortex in severe hepatic failure","volume":"72","author":"Oliviero","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2024.115393_bib12","article-title":"Kidney disease and epilepsy","volume":"30","author":"Sazgar","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Stroke Cerebrovasc. Dis. Off. J. Natl. Stroke Assoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2024.115393_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.31887\/DCNS.2009.11.4\/mbrammer","article-title":"The role of neuroimaging in diagnosis and personalized medicine--current position and likely future directions","volume":"11","author":"Brammer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Dialog. Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2024.115393_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1007\/s003300000688","article-title":"MRI of neurologic complications in end-stage renal failure patients on hemodialysis: pictorial review","volume":"11","author":"A\u011fildere","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur. Radiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2024.115393_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.1880010103","article-title":"Imaging of diffusion and microcirculation with gradient sensitization: design, strategy, and significance","volume":"1","author":"Le Bihan","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Magn. Reson. Imaging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2024.115393_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.161.2.3763909","article-title":"MR imaging of intravoxel incoherent motions: application to diffusion and perfusion in neurologic disorders","volume":"161","author":"Le Bihan","year":"1986","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2024.115393_bib17","first-page":"E100","article-title":"Atypical posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome in a noncompliant hemodialysis patient: case report and literature review","volume":"23","author":"Chiang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hemodial. Int. Int. Symp. Home Hemodial."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2024.115393_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/S0303-8467(03)00039-8","article-title":"Dialysis disequilibrium: another reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome?","volume":"105","author":"Sheth","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin. Neurol. Neurosurg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2024.115393_bib19","first-page":"207","article-title":"Hypertensive posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome causing posterior fossa edema and hydrocephalus","volume":"21","author":"Grossbach","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Neurosci. Off. J. Neurosurg. Soc. Austral"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2024.115393_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI118847","article-title":"Hemodialysis increases apparent diffusion coefficient of brain water in nephrectomized rats measured by isotropic diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"98","author":"Galons","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2024.115393_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1007\/s002340050572","article-title":"Osmotic demyelination syndrome with a dysequilibrium syndrome: reversible MRI findings","volume":"40","author":"A\u011fildere","year":"1998","journal-title":"Neuroradiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2024.115393_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1159\/000045903","article-title":"Haemodialysis and cerebral oedema","volume":"87","author":"Walters","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nephron"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2024.115393_bib23","first-page":"68","article-title":"A preliminary report of brain edema in patients with uremia at first hemodialysis: evaluation by diffusion-weighted MR imaging","volume":"28","author":"Chen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Neuroradiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2024.115393_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.194.3.7862964","article-title":"Cerebral metabolite patterns in dialysis patients: evaluation with H-1 MR spectroscopy","volume":"194","author":"Geissler","year":"1995","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2024.115393_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1542-4758.2008.00271.x","article-title":"Practical guidance for dialyzing a hemodialysis patient following acute brain injury","volume":"12","author":"Davenport","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hemodial. Int. Int. Symp. Home Hemodial."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2024.115393_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1786","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra2100152","article-title":"Peritoneal dialysis","volume":"385","author":"Teitelbaum","year":"2021","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2024.115393_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.1007\/s11255-012-0322-x","article-title":"Views of Japanese patients on the advantages and disadvantages of hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis","volume":"45","author":"Nakamura-Taira","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. Urol. Nephrol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2024.115393_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1038\/s41440-023-01565-8","article-title":"Brain atrophy in patients on peritoneal dialysis treatment","volume":"47","author":"Akimoto","year":"2024","journal-title":"Hypertens. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2024.115393_bib29","first-page":"1984","article-title":"Molecular basis for the dialysis disequilibrium syndrome: altered aquaporin and urea transporter expression in the brain","volume":"20","author":"Trinh-Trang-Tan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. Off. Publ. Eur. Dial. Transpl. Assoc. Eur. Ren. Assoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2024.115393_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2021.102743","article-title":"Neurological effects of hemodialysis on white matter microstructure in end-stage renal disease","volume":"31","author":"Mu","year":"2021","journal-title":"NeuroImage Clin."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2024.115393_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1507","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2005.02.016","article-title":"Brain dysfunction in uremia: a question of cortical hyperexcitability?","volume":"116","author":"Battaglia","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol. Off. J. Int. Fed. Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2024.115393_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2019.105459","article-title":"Acute radiological pattern and outcome in posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome patients","volume":"185","author":"Pilato","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Neurol. Neurosurg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2024.115393_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1608","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-016-8377-8","article-title":"Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome","volume":"264","author":"Fischer","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2024.115393_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4407","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-021-10709-0","article-title":"Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome and brain haemorrhage as COVID-19 complication: a review of the available literature","volume":"268","author":"Motolese","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2024.115393_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1177\/0885066610393634","article-title":"Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome","volume":"27","author":"Staykov","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2024.115393_bib36","article-title":"Association between renal insufficiency and lesion characteristics of posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome","author":"Jeong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neurol. Sci. Off. J. Ital. Neurol. Soc. Ital. Soc. Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2024.115393_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ekir.2017.10.017","article-title":"Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome in kidney disease","volume":"3","author":"Ganesh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Kidney Int. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2024.115393_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.4065\/mcp.2009.0590","article-title":"Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome: associated clinical and radiologic findings","volume":"85","author":"Fugate","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mayo Clin. Proc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2024.115393_bib39","article-title":"Influence of blood pressure variations during hemodialysis on the prognosis of dialysis patients","volume":"45","author":"Ohta","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Hypertens. N. Y."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2024.115393_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A0928","article-title":"Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome, part 1: fundamental imaging and clinical features","volume":"29","author":"Bartynski","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Neuroradiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2024.115393_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A0929","article-title":"Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome, part 2: controversies surrounding pathophysiology of vasogenic edema","volume":"29","author":"Bartynski","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Neuroradiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2024.115393_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1776","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2016.03.042","article-title":"Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome: clinical differences in patients with exclusive involvement of posterior circulation compared to anterior or global involvement","volume":"25","author":"Marrone","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Stroke Cerebrovasc. Dis. Off. J. Natl. Stroke Assoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2024.115393_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(15)00111-8","article-title":"Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome: clinical and radiological manifestations, pathophysiology, and outstanding questions","volume":"14","author":"Fugate","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2024.115393_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurad.2008.08.003","article-title":"Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome: a case of unusual diffusion-weighted MR images","volume":"36","author":"Benziada-Boudour","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Neuroradiol. J. Neuroradiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2024.115393_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2020.00034","article-title":"Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome and reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome: clinical and radiological considerations","volume":"11","author":"Pilato","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2024.115393_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2369-15-10","article-title":"Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome in an adult patient undergoing peritoneal dialysis: a case report and literature review","volume":"15","author":"Graham","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Nephrol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2024.115393_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/iid3.1074","article-title":"Antiglomerular basement membrane antibody type rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis with seizures: two cases and literature review","volume":"11","author":"Han","year":"2023","journal-title":"Immun. Inflamm. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2024.115393_bib48","article-title":"Concurrent pituitary apoplexy and posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome in a patient with end-stage renal disease on hemodialysis: a case report","volume":"99","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2024.115393_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1111\/nep.12930","article-title":"Three cases of posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome with chronic kidney disease triggered by infection","volume":"Vic 22","author":"Nasu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nephrology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2024.115393_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1007\/s13730-020-00473-x","article-title":"Anti-glomerular basement membrane disease complicated with posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome and subcortical cerebral hemorrhage: a case report and review of the literature","volume":"9","author":"Tsuneyoshi","year":"2020","journal-title":"CEN Case Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2024.115393_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2020.00071","article-title":"Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome: clinical features and outcome","volume":"11","author":"Hinduja","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2024.115393_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000005725","article-title":"Delayed onset of posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome in a case of scleroderma renal crisis with maintenance hemodialysis: case report and literature review","volume":"95","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2024.115393_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.12.9677","article-title":"Central-variant posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome: brainstem or basal ganglia involvement lacking cortical or subcortical cerebral edema","volume":"201","author":"McKinney","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Roentgenol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2024.115393_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.47.0461","article-title":"Isolated cerebellar reversible leukoencephalopathy syndrome in a patient with end stage renal disease","volume":"47","author":"Lim","year":"2008","journal-title":"Intern. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2024.115393_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diii.2012.02.005","article-title":"Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES): features on CT and MR imaging","volume":"94","author":"Hugonnet","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diagn. Interv. Imaging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2024.115393_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"904","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.07.2024","article-title":"Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome: incidence of atypical regions of involvement and imaging findings","volume":"189","author":"McKinney","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Roentgenol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2024.115393_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1007\/s00062-012-0162-1","article-title":"Isolated pons involvement in posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome in a patient with chronic renal insufficiency: case report and literature review","volume":"22","author":"Gao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Neuroradiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2024.115393_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1007\/s10157-010-0335-7","article-title":"A case of reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome in a patient on peritoneal dialysis","volume":"14","author":"Kitamura","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Nephrol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2024.115393_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2022.861714","article-title":"Advances in the role of endothelial cells in cerebral small vessel disease","volume":"13","author":"Bai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2024.115393_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2019.105459","article-title":"Acute radiological pattern and outcome in posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome patients","volume":"185","author":"Pilato","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2024.115393_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejro.2018.10.004","article-title":"Review of diffuse cortical injury on diffusion-weighted imaging in acutely encephalopathic patients with an acronym: \u201cCRUMPLED,\u201d","volume":"5","author":"Koksel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Radiol. Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2024.115393_bib62","unstructured":"C.G. Olano, S.M. Akram, M.F. Hashmi, H. Bhatt, Uremic Encephalopathy, in: StatPearls, StatPearls Publishing, Treasure Island (FL), 2024. http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK564327\/ (accessed September 10, 2024)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2024.115393_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-7020-4086-3.00025-4","article-title":"Nervous system disorders in dialysis patients","volume":"119","author":"Bansal","year":"2014","journal-title":"Handb. Clin. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2024.115393_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1934","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.2003.00924.x","article-title":"European Uremic Toxin Work Group (EUTox), review on uremic toxins: classification, concentration, and interindividual variability","volume":"63","author":"Vanholder","year":"2003","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2024.115393_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"948","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-003-1122-0","article-title":"The syndrome of acute bilateral basal ganglia lesions in diabetic uremic patients","volume":"250","author":"Wang","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2024.115393_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.3348\/kjr.2012.13.6.808","article-title":"Uremic encephalopathy with atypical magnetic resonance features on diffusion-weighted images","volume":"13","author":"Kang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Korean J. Radiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2024.115393_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-018-1174-0","article-title":"Syndrome of uremic encephalopathy and bilateral basal ganglia lesions in non-diabetic hemodialysis patient: a case report","volume":"19","author":"Gong","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Nephrol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2024.115393_bib68","article-title":"An irreversible radiological finding of lentiform fork sign in a patient with uremic encephalopathy: a case report","volume":"15","author":"Ali","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2024.115393_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10613","DOI":"10.4081\/ejtm.2022.10613","article-title":"Uremic encephalopathy: a definite diagnosis by magnetic resonance imaging?","volume":"32","author":"Sina","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Transl. Myol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2024.115393_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-017-0936-9","article-title":"Uremic encephalopathy with isolated brainstem involvement revealed by magnetic resonance image: a case report","volume":"17","author":"Jia","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2024.115393_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1552-6569.2003.tb00160.x","article-title":"MRI findings of hemolytic uremic syndrome with encephalopathy: widespread symmetrical distribution","volume":"13","author":"Nakamura","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Neuroimaging\u00a0Off. J. Am. Soc. Neuroimaging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2024.115393_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1604","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A4776","article-title":"Uremic encephalopathy: MR imaging findings and clinical correlation","volume":"37","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Neuroradiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2024.115393_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/ccr3.8233","article-title":"Uremic encephalopathy manifesting with a unique MRI finding (the lentiform fork sign) in an adult male: a case report","volume":"11","author":"Alhusseini","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Case Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2024.115393_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2012.05.007","article-title":"Brain edema in diseases of different etiology","volume":"61","author":"Adeva","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurochem. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2024.115393_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-139X.2008.00474.x","article-title":"Dialysis disequilibrium syndrome: a narrative review","volume":"21","author":"Patel","year":"2008","journal-title":"Semin. Dial."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2024.115393_bib76","first-page":"207","article-title":"Metabolic basis of brain edema","volume":"28","author":"Fishman","year":"1980","journal-title":"Adv. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2024.115393_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00296558","article-title":"Classification of the cerebral edemas with reference to hydrocephalus and pseudotumor cerebri","volume":"8","author":"Milhorat","year":"1992","journal-title":"Childs Nerv. Syst. ChNS Off. J. Int. Soc. Pediatr. Neurosurg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2024.115393_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1139\/y67-014","article-title":"The effects of rapid hemodialysis on brain tissues and cerebrospinal fluid of dogs","volume":"45","author":"Pappius","year":"1967","journal-title":"Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2024.115393_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1973.100","article-title":"Brain water and electrolyte metabolism in uremia: effects of slow and rapid hemodialysis","volume":"4","author":"Arieff","year":"1973","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2024.115393_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1159\/000185032","article-title":"Pathogenesis of cerebral atrophy in uraemia. State of the art","volume":"49","author":"Savazzi","year":"1988","journal-title":"Nephron"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2024.115393_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00856852","article-title":"Cell volume regulation: a review of cerebral adaptive mechanisms and implications for clinical treatment of osmolal disturbances: II","volume":"6","author":"Trachtman","year":"1992","journal-title":"Pediatr. Nephrol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2024.115393_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2369-5-9","article-title":"Dialysis disequilibrium syndrome: brain death following hemodialysis for metabolic acidosis and acute renal failure--a case report","volume":"5","author":"Bagshaw","year":"2004","journal-title":"BMC Nephrol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2024.115393_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1093\/ckj\/sfab165","article-title":"Recovery of severe dialysis disequilibrium syndrome with uncal herniation following therapy with mannitol, hyperventilation and hypertonic saline","volume":"15","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Kidney J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2024.115393_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1177\/08830738030180040701","article-title":"Central pontine and extrapontine myelinolysis owing to disequilibrium syndrome","volume":"18","author":"Aydin","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Child Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2024.115393_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1177\/039139880703000512","article-title":"Prevention of dialysis disequilibrium by use of CVVH","volume":"30","author":"Bunchman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Artif. Organs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2024.115393_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1097\/00005792-199311000-00001","article-title":"Pontine and extrapontine myelinolysis: a neurologic disorder following rapid correction of hyponatremia","volume":"72","author":"Karp","year":"1993","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2024.115393_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00689995","article-title":"Central pontine myelinolysis. A study of 37 cases in 1,000 consecutive autopsies","volume":"53","author":"Endo","year":"1981","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2024.115393_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.168.3.3406409","article-title":"Central pontine myelinolysis and its imitators: MR findings","volume":"168","author":"Miller","year":"1988","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2024.115393_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI108473","article-title":"Central nervous system pH in uremia and the effects of hemodialysis","volume":"58","author":"Arieff","year":"1976","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2024.115393_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1097\/00004728-198903000-00025","article-title":"Central pontine myelinolysis with clinical recovery: MR documentation","volume":"13","author":"Ragland","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Comput. Assist. Tomogr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2024.115393_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.182.3.1820809","article-title":"Osmotic demyelination syndrome in end-stage renal disease after recent hemodialysis: MRI of the brain","volume":"182","author":"Tarhan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Roentgenol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2024.115393_bib92","first-page":"609","article-title":"Osmotic demyelination syndrome in a normonatremic patient of chronic kidney disease","volume":"18","author":"Jha","year":"2014","journal-title":"Indian J. Crit. Care Med. Peer-Rev. Off. Publ. Indian Soc. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2024.115393_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1080\/02841850500479677","article-title":"Diffusion magnetic resonance imaging may provide prognostic information in osmotic demyelination syndrome: report of a case","volume":"47","author":"Dervisoglu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acta Radiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2024.115393_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2006.10.012","article-title":"Cerebellar peduncular myelinolysis in a patient receiving hemodialysis","volume":"253","author":"Kim","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2024.115393_bib95","first-page":"64","article-title":"Acute onset of parkinsonism an end-stage renal disease patient","volume":"26","author":"Lai","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Neurol. Taiwan."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2024.115393_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1016\/j.transproceed.2005.12.113","article-title":"Evaluation of neurologic complications by brain MRI in kidney and liver transplant recipients","volume":"38","author":"Agildere","year":"2006","journal-title":"Transplant. Proc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2024.115393_bib97","first-page":"1476","article-title":"Decreased diffusion in central pontine myelinolysis","volume":"22","author":"Cramer","year":"2001","journal-title":"AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2024.115393_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0404.2001.00096.x","article-title":"Diffusion-weighted MR findings of central pontine and extrapontine myelinolysis","volume":"104","author":"Chu","year":"2001","journal-title":"Acta Neurol. Scand."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2024.115393_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1053\/crad.2002.0977","article-title":"MRI findings in osmotic myelinolysis","volume":"57","author":"Chua","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin. Radiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2024.115393_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1007\/s00234-012-1083-z","article-title":"Value of diffusion-weighted imaging in central pontine and extrapontine myelinolysis","volume":"55","author":"F\u00f6rster","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuroradiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2024.115393_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.35816","article-title":"Central pontine myelinolysis with carbamazepine-induced syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone and its management: a case report and literature review","author":"Joseph","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2024.115393_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1111\/hdi.12587","article-title":"The nature, consequences, and management of neurological disorders in chronic kidney disease","volume":"22","author":"Jabbari","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hemodial. Int. Int. Symp. Home Hemodial."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2024.115393_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197601222940402","article-title":"The dialysis encephalopathy syndrome. Possible aluminum intoxication","volume":"294","author":"Alfrey","year":"1976","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2024.115393_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-6386(82)80090-5","article-title":"Uremic encephalopathies: clinical, biochemical, and experimental features","volume":"2","author":"Mahoney","year":"1982","journal-title":"Am. J. Kidney Dis. Off. J. Natl. Kidney Found."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2024.115393_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1053\/ajkd.2001.28578","article-title":"Thiamine deficiency and unexplained encephalopathy in hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis patients","volume":"38","author":"Hung","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Kidney Dis. Off. J. Natl. Kidney Found."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2024.115393_bib106","first-page":"171","article-title":"Acute encephalopathy due to thiamine deficiency (Wernicke\u2019s encephalopathy) in a chronic hemodialyzed patient: a case report","volume":"35","author":"Descombes","year":"1991","journal-title":"Clin. Nephrol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2024.115393_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.3988\/jcn.2006.2.2.141","article-title":"Diffusion-weighted MRI in recurrent Wernicke\u2019s encephalopathy: a remarkable cerebellar lesion","volume":"2","author":"Kim","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Clin. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2024.115393_bib108","first-page":"676","article-title":"\u201cPugliese-Ciaccio\u201d hospital of catanzaro collaborators, Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome in end-stage renal disease: a case report","volume":"22","author":"Nicotera","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ther. Apher. Dial. Off. Peer-Rev. J. Int. Soc. Apher. Jpn. Soc. Apher. Jpn. Soc. Dial. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2024.115393_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.5414\/CN107182","article-title":"Development of Wernicke\u2019s encephalopathy during initiation of hemodialysis in an elderly non-alcoholic patient","volume":"78","author":"Kimura","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Nephrol."},{"issue":"23","key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2024.115393_bib110","first-page":"S1051","article-title":"Wernicke\u2019s encephalopathy in acute and chronic kidney disease: a systematic review","author":"Oudman","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Ren. Nutr. Off. J. Counc. Ren. Nutr. Natl. Kidney Found."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2024.115393_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.8910-21","article-title":"Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome in a young adult on dialysis who showed bilateral ganglia lesions","volume":"62","author":"Hidaka","year":"2023","journal-title":"Intern. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2024.115393_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1007\/s13730-021-00669-9","article-title":"A case of Wernicke encephalopathy arising in the early stage after the start of hemodialysis","volume":"11","author":"Seto","year":"2022","journal-title":"CEN Case Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2024.115393_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.171.4.9763009","article-title":"Usefulness of CT and MR imaging in the diagnosis of acute Wernicke\u2019s encephalopathy, AJR","volume":"171","author":"Antunez","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. J. Roentgenol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2024.115393_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.217.2.r00nv24331","article-title":"Diffusion-weighted MR imaging of the brain","volume":"217","author":"Schaefer","year":"2000","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2024.115393_bib115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.58.4.655","article-title":"Diffusion abnormalities in patients with Wernicke encephalopathy","volume":"58","author":"Doherty","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2024.115393_bib116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1863","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2004.52508.x","article-title":"Cognitive impairment in chronic kidney disease","volume":"52","author":"Kurella","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2024.115393_bib117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-6386(97)90563-1","article-title":"Prevalence, recognition, and implications of mental impairment among hemodialysis patients","volume":"30","author":"Sehgal","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am. J. Kidney Dis. Off. J. Natl. Kidney Found."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2024.115393_bib118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1159\/000013551","article-title":"Morphologic abnormalities in the brain of chronically hemodialyzed patients without cerebrovascular disease","volume":"20","author":"Kamata","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Nephrol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2024.115393_bib119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0059055","article-title":"Effects of hemodiafiltration and high flux hemodialysis on nerve excitability in end-stage kidney disease","volume":"8","author":"Arnold","year":"2013","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2024.115393_bib120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.19719","article-title":"Effect of hemodiafiltration versus hemodialysis on cognitive function among patients with end-stage renal disease: a multicenter study","author":"Kashgary","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2024.115393_bib121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1401","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13051401","article-title":"Cognitive impairment and brain atrophy in patients with chronic kidney disease","volume":"13","author":"Tsuruya","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2024.115393_bib122","first-page":"91","article-title":"Cerebral atrophy in end-stage uremia","volume":"7","author":"Passer","year":"1977","journal-title":"Proc. Clin. Dial. Transpl. Forum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2024.115393_bib123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1159\/000046040","article-title":"Cerebral imaging changes in patients with chronic renal failure treated conservatively or in hemodialysis","volume":"89","author":"Savazzi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nephron"}],"container-title":["Behavioural Brain Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0166432824005497?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0166432824005497?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,10]],"date-time":"2025-02-10T07:50:41Z","timestamp":1739173841000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0166432824005497"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"references-count":123,"alternative-id":["S0166432824005497"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbr.2024.115393","relation":{},"ISSN":["0166-4328"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0166-4328","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Consciousness disturbance in patients with chronic kidney disease: Rare but potentially treatable complication. Clinical and neuroradiological review","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Behavioural Brain Research","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbr.2024.115393","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"115393"}}