{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]],"date-time":"2026-05-26T17:06:13Z","timestamp":1779815173170,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":225,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82360271"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82360271"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32460211"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32460211"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100018576","name":"Ten Thousand Talent Plans for Young Top-notch Talents of Yunnan Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100018576","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100018637","name":"Yunnan Key Research and Development Program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["YNWR-QNBJ-2018-056"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YNWR-QNBJ-2018-056"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100018637","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100018637","name":"Yunnan Key Research and Development Program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["YNWR-QNBJ-2018-027"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YNWR-QNBJ-2018-027"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100018637","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Behavioural Brain Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]],"date-time":"2026-02-02T15:47:44Z","timestamp":1770047264000},"page":"116078","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Combined transcranial electrical stimulation (tES) and cognitive training (CT) for cognitive impairment: Evidence from clinical applications and basic research"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"504","author":[{"given":"Shu","family":"Xing","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuan","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ping","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhuangfei","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1541","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.23661","article-title":"The economic impact of cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease","volume":"26","author":"Vossius","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S177","DOI":"10.37765\/ajmc.2020.88482","article-title":"Economic burden of Alzheimer disease and managed care considerations","volume":"26","author":"Wong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Manag. Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.15m10278","article-title":"The economic burden of schizophrenia in the United States in 2013","volume":"77","author":"Cloutier","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2021.102007","article-title":"The C factor: cognitive dysfunction as a transdiagnostic dimension in psychopathology","volume":"86","author":"Abramovitch","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1160","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30977-6","article-title":"Global age-sex-specific fertility, mortality, healthy life expectancy (HALE), and population estimates in 204 countries and territories, 1950\u20132019: a comprehensive demographic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019","volume":"396","author":"Collaborators","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharep.2014.09.004","article-title":"A review on Alzheimer's disease pathophysiology and its management: an update","volume":"67","author":"Kumar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pharm. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0b013e328318444d","article-title":"New approaches to the treatment of frontotemporal lobar degeneration","volume":"21","author":"Vossel","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2509","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa041470","article-title":"Rivastigmine for dementia associated with Parkinson's disease","volume":"351","author":"Emre","year":"2004","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S167","DOI":"10.37765\/ajmc.2020.88481","article-title":"Current and evolving treatment strategies for the Alzheimer disease continuum","volume":"26","author":"Marasco","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Manag. Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2023.13239","article-title":"Donanemab in early symptomatic Alzheimer disease: the TRAILBLAZER-ALZ 2 randomized clinical trial","volume":"330","author":"Sims","year":"2023","journal-title":"Jama"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2212948","article-title":"Lecanemab in early Alzheimer's disease","volume":"388","author":"van Dyck","year":"2023","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2198","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)01883-X","article-title":"Passive anti-amyloid \u03b2 immunotherapy in Alzheimer's disease-opportunities and challenges","volume":"404","author":"Heneka","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1186\/s13195-024-01505-9","article-title":"The cognitive effect of non-invasive brain stimulation combined with cognitive training in Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"16","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Alzheimers Res. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.25151","article-title":"Randomized trial of transcranial direct current stimulation for poststroke dysphagia","volume":"83","author":"Suntrup-Krueger","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2017.06.015","article-title":"Basic and functional effects of transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES)-An introduction","volume":"85","author":"Yavari","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib16","unstructured":"Yuan Y., Chen Z.F., Fu Y., Neuro-molecular mechanisms of transcranial electrical stimulation in improving Alzheimer's disease, Prog. Biochem. Biophys., n.d, pp. 1\u201322."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1541","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2022.11.008","article-title":"The benefits of simultaneous tDCS and working memory training on transfer outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"15","author":"Pergher","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"issue":"Pt 3","key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7793.2000.t01-1-00633.x","article-title":"Excitability changes induced in the human motor cortex by weak transcranial direct current stimulation","volume":"527","author":"Nitsche","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2005.092429","article-title":"Modulating parameters of excitability during and after transcranial direct current stimulation of the human motor cortex","volume":"568","author":"Nitsche","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.bioeng.9.061206.133100","article-title":"Noninvasive human brain stimulation","volume":"9","author":"Wagner","year":"2007","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1177\/1073858416631966","article-title":"Transcranial electrical stimulation: what we know and do not know about mechanisms","volume":"23","author":"Fertonani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuroscientist"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2318","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2017.09.007","article-title":"Plasticity induced by non-invasive transcranial brain stimulation: a position paper","volume":"128","author":"Huang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2013.00317","article-title":"Transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS)","volume":"7","author":"Antal","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/3616807","article-title":"Transcranial alternating current and random noise stimulation: possible mechanisms","volume":"2016","author":"Antal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neural Plast."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnsys.2021.782399","article-title":"Gamma oscillations in Alzheimer's disease and their potential therapeutic role","volume":"15","author":"Traikapi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Syst. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4560","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-88256-1","article-title":"Examining tolerability, safety, and blinding in 1032 transcranial electrical stimulation sessions for children and adolescents with neuropsychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders","volume":"15","author":"Battisti","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-79039-1","article-title":"Non-invasive brain stimulation in research and therapy","volume":"14","author":"Desarkar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3001973","article-title":"Transcranial electrical stimulation: how can a simple conductor orchestrate complex brain activity?","volume":"21","author":"Krause","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2017.00364","article-title":"Transcranial electric stimulation can impair gains during working memory training and affects the resting state connectivity","volume":"11","author":"M\u00f6ller","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib30","article-title":"Randomized trial of cognitive training and brain stimulation in non-demented older adults","volume":"8","author":"Antonenko","year":"2022","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-022-01062-y","article-title":"Non-invasive brain stimulation for improving gait, balance, and lower limbs motor function in stroke","volume":"19","author":"Veldema","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Neuroeng. Rehabil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1007\/s11065-020-09454-4","article-title":"Non-invasive brain stimulation does not improve working memory in schizophrenia: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials","volume":"31","author":"Sloan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuropsychol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib33","article-title":"Common and specific effects in brain oscillations and motor symptoms of tDCS and tACS in Parkinson's disease","volume":"6","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Rep. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1581","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-023-07156-2","article-title":"Impact of transcranial direct current stimulation combined with motor-cognitive intervention on post-stroke cognitive impairment","volume":"45","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2022.105328","article-title":"Key factors in the cortical response to transcranial electrical stimulations\u2013a multi-scale modeling study","volume":"144","author":"Chung","year":"2022","journal-title":"Comput. Biol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.70478\/psicothema.2025.37.11","article-title":"Transcranial alternating current stimulation and cognitive training enhanced performance and theta activity in adults with cognitive impairment","volume":"37","author":"Cid-Fern\u00e1ndez","year":"2025","journal-title":"Psicothema"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2017.11.008","article-title":"Improving cognitive function in patients with stroke: can computerized training be the future?","volume":"27","author":"De Luca","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Stroke Cereb. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/535618","article-title":"Neural plastic effects of cognitive training on aging brain","volume":"2015","author":"Leung","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neural Plast."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib39","article-title":"Cognitive training interventions for dementia and mild cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease","author":"Orgeta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1007\/s11065-017-9363-3","article-title":"The efficacy of cognitive intervention in mild cognitive impairment (MCI): a meta-analysis of outcomes on neuropsychological measures","volume":"27","author":"Sherman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuropsychol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intell.2019.101386","article-title":"Working memory training does not enhance older adults' cognitive skills: a comprehensive meta-analysis","volume":"77","author":"Sala","year":"2019","journal-title":"Intelligence"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.662139","article-title":"Why does cognitive training yield inconsistent benefits? A meta-analysis of individual differences in baseline cognitive abilities and training outcomes","volume":"12","author":"Traut","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib43","article-title":"Cognitive training and transcranial direct current stimulation for mild cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"2018","author":"Lawrence","year":"2018","journal-title":"Park. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci10090597","article-title":"Efficacy of noninvasive brain stimulation (tDCS or TMS) paired with language therapy in the treatment of primary progressive aphasia: an exploratory meta-analysis","volume":"10","author":"Nissim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2019.12.003","article-title":"Effectiveness of language training and non-invasive brain stimulation on oral and written naming performance in primary progressive aphasia: a meta-analysis and systematic review","volume":"108","author":"Cotelli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2348","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2015.04.016","article-title":"Effects of noninvasive brain stimulation on cognitive function in healthy aging and Alzheimer's disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"36","author":"Hsu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib47","first-page":"jrm00162","article-title":"Explore combined use of transcranial direct current stimulation and cognitive training on executive function after stroke","volume":"53","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Rehabil. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4955","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-55125-2","article-title":"Prefrontal theta-gamma transcranial alternating current stimulation improves non-declarative visuomotor learning in older adults","volume":"14","author":"Diedrich","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1080\/09602011.2011.622435","article-title":"Brain stimulation and behavioural cognitive rehabilitation: a new tool for neurorehabilitation?","volume":"21","author":"Miniussi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuropsychol. Rehabil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2015.00355","article-title":"Potentials and limits to enhance cognitive functions in healthy and pathological aging by tDCS","volume":"9","author":"Prehn","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Cell Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2018.00416","article-title":"Can transcranial direct-current stimulation alone or combined with cognitive training be used as a clinical intervention to improve cognitive functioning in persons with mild cognitive impairment and dementia? A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"Cruz Gonzalez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2019.100912","article-title":"Cognitive and neural plasticity in old age: a systematic review of evidence from executive functions cognitive training","volume":"53","author":"Nguyen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-012-3098-4","article-title":"Modulating behavioral inhibition by tDCS combined with cognitive training","volume":"219","author":"Ditye","year":"2012","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1017\/S1092852922000979","article-title":"Transcranial direct current stimulation in combination with cognitive training in individuals with mild cognitive impairment: a controlled 3-parallel-arm study","volume":"28","author":"Pallanti","year":"2023","journal-title":"CNS Spectr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1007\/s40520-021-01912-0","article-title":"A double-blind randomized controlled trial combining cognitive training (CoRe) and neurostimulation (tDCS) in the early stages of cognitive impairment","volume":"34","author":"Rodella","year":"2022","journal-title":"Aging Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1938","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.50823","article-title":"Randomized controlled trial of TDCS on cognition in 201 seniors with mild neurocognitive disorder","volume":"6","author":"Lu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Clin. Transl. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-191234","article-title":"Impact of 3-day combined anodal transcranial direct current stimulation-visuospatial training on object-location memory in healthy older adults and patients with mild cognitive impairment","volume":"75","author":"de Sousa","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3416","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.25857","article-title":"Modulation of network centrality and gray matter microstructure using multi-session brain stimulation and memory training","volume":"43","author":"Thams","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rehab.2021.101536","article-title":"Transcranial direct current stimulation as an adjunct to cognitive training for older adults with mild cognitive impairment: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"64","author":"Gonzalez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Phys. Rehabil. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-024-01313-0","article-title":"Can transcranial direct current stimulation combined with interactive computerized cognitive training boost cognition and gait performance in older adults with mild cognitive impairment? a randomized controlled trial","volume":"21","author":"Lau","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Neuroeng. Rehabil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-190306","article-title":"A pilot double-blind randomized controlled trial of cognitive training combined with transcranial direct current stimulation for amnestic mild cognitive impairment","volume":"71","author":"Martin","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/s13195-024-01381-3","article-title":"Cognitive training and brain stimulation in patients with cognitive impairment: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"16","author":"Antonenko","year":"2024","journal-title":"Alzheimers Res. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2019.00307","article-title":"Cognitive training and transcranial direct current stimulation in mild cognitive impairment: a randomized pilot trial","volume":"13","author":"Das","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1186\/s13256-021-02800-x","article-title":"Multisite transcranial direct current stimulation associated with cognitive training in episodic memory and executive functions in individuals with Alzheimer's disease: a case report","volume":"15","author":"Marchi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Med. Case Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib65","first-page":"247","article-title":"Inferior parietal transcranial direct current stimulation with training improves cognition in anomic Alzheimer's disease and frontotemporal dementia","volume":"3","author":"Roncero","year":"2017","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2014.00038","article-title":"Anodal tDCS during face-name associations memory training in Alzheimer's patients","volume":"6","author":"Cotelli","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fragi.2021.632545","article-title":"A novel program to improve cognitive function in individuals with dementia using transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) and tutored cognitive exercises","volume":"2","author":"Moussavi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Aging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina61040757","article-title":"Cognitive and neuropsychiatric effects of 40 Hz tACS simultaneously with cognitive exercises for dementia: a randomized, crossover, double-blind, sham-controlled study","volume":"61","author":"Uehara","year":"2025","journal-title":"Medicina"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2018.07.046","article-title":"Transcranial direct current stimulation combined with cognitive training for the treatment of Parkinson disease: a randomized, placebo-controlled study","volume":"11","author":"Manenti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1080\/01616412.2024.2337517","article-title":"Transcranial direct current stimulation combined with swimming exercise improves the learning and memory abilities of vascular dementia rats by regulating microglia through miR-223-3p\/PRMT8","volume":"46","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neurol. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-024-03613-3","article-title":"Computer-aided cognitive training combined with tDCS can improve post-stroke cognitive impairment and cerebral vasomotor function: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"24","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.31083\/j.jin2105130","article-title":"Efficacy of intermittent theta-burst stimulation and transcranial direct current stimulation in treatment of post-stroke cognitive impairment","volume":"21","author":"Chu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Integr. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1186\/s41983-018-0037-8","article-title":"Effect of transcranial direct current stimulation on cognitive function in stroke patients","volume":"54","author":"Shaker","year":"2018","journal-title":"Egypt. J. Neurol. Psychiatr. Neurosurg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.25284","article-title":"Reliability, sensitivity, and predictive value of fMRI during multiple object tracking as a marker of cognitive training gain in combination with tDCS in stroke survivors","volume":"42","author":"Kolsk\u00e5r","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib75","first-page":"88","article-title":"The e\ufb00ect of transcranial direct current stimulation and inhibitory control training on working memory in post-stroke rehabilitation","volume":"27","author":"Kazinczi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacol. Hung."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2016.00057","article-title":"Concomitant use of transcranial direct current stimulation and computer-assisted training for the rehabilitation of attention in traumatic brain injured patients: behavioral and neuroimaging results","volume":"10","author":"Sacco","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Behav. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2020.545174","article-title":"Cerebral perfusion effects of cognitive training and transcranial direct current stimulation in mild-moderate TBI","volume":"11","author":"Quinn","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2024.104553","article-title":"Transcranial direct current stimulation combined with cognitive training improves two executive functions: cognitive flexibility and information updating after traumatic brain injury","volume":"250","author":"Afsharian","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acta Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.5606\/tftrd.2024.12252","article-title":"Noninvasive neuromodulatory effect on cognition in individuals with traumatic brain injury: a single-blinded, two-arm parallel randomized clinical trial","volume":"70","author":"Kaushik","year":"2024","journal-title":"Turk. J. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E20","DOI":"10.1097\/HTR.0b013e318292a4c2","article-title":"Effects of repeated anodal tDCS coupled with cognitive training for patients with severe traumatic brain injury: a pilot randomized controlled trial","volume":"29","author":"Le\u015bniak","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Head Trauma Rehabil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2016.12.013","article-title":"Stimulating cognition in schizophrenia: a controlled pilot study of the effects of prefrontal transcranial direct current stimulation upon memory and learning","volume":"10","author":"Orlov","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2022.01.026","article-title":"Concurrent anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) with cognitive training to improve cognition in schizophrenia","volume":"241","author":"Lo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2016.01.053","article-title":"TDCS produces incremental gain when combined with working memory training in patients with schizophrenia: a proof of concept pilot study","volume":"172","author":"Nienow","year":"2016","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1038\/s41537-025-00647-5","article-title":"Investigating the effects of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on working memory training in individuals with schizophrenia","volume":"11","author":"Schwippel","year":"2025","journal-title":"Schizophrenia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib85","article-title":"Feasibility and acceptability of combining cognitive remediation and tDCS in long-term psychiatric clinical care","volume":"42","author":"Poppe","year":"2025","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res. Cogn."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2022.09.002","volume":"248","author":"Schilling","year":"2022","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib87","article-title":"Effect of combined transcranial direct current stimulation and cognitive training on brain microstructure and network homogeneity in late-life depression: a pilot study","volume":"21","author":"Ha","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458515587597","article-title":"Neuroenhancement through cognitive training and anodal tDCS in multiple sclerosis","volume":"22","author":"Mattioli","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mult. Scler."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2022.104392","article-title":"The effectiveness of anodal tDCS and cognitive training on cognitive functions in multiple sclerosis; a randomized, double-blind, parallel-group study","volume":"68","author":"Simani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2022.08.022","article-title":"Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) in children with ADHD: a randomized, sham-controlled pilot study","volume":"155","author":"Schertz","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2022.791478","article-title":"Examining the effect of transcranial electrical stimulation and cognitive training on processing speed in pediatric attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a pilot study","volume":"16","author":"Dakwar-Kawar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ibneur.2021.12.005","article-title":"The effect of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) combined with cognitive training on EEG spectral power in adolescent boys with ADHD: a double-blind, randomized, sham-controlled trial","volume":"12","author":"Westwood","year":"2022","journal-title":"IBRO Neurosci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib93","first-page":"497","article-title":"Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) combined with cognitive training in adolescent boys with ADHD: a double-blind, randomised, sham-controlled trial","volume":"53","author":"Westwood","year":"2023","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2022.1009262","article-title":"Older adults with lower working memory capacity benefit from transcranial direct current stimulation when combined with working memory training: a preliminary study","volume":"14","author":"Assecondi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2022.827188","article-title":"Working memory training coupled with transcranial direct current stimulation in older adults: a randomized controlled experiment","volume":"14","author":"Teixeira-Santos","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2016.04.001","article-title":"Older adults improve on everyday tasks after working memory training and neurostimulation","volume":"9","author":"Stephens","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2019.00340","article-title":"Effects of transcranial direct current stimulation paired with cognitive training on functional connectivity of the working memory network in older adults","volume":"11","author":"Nissim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4075","DOI":"10.1007\/s11357-024-01205-0","article-title":"Facilitation of working memory capacity by transcranial direct current stimulation: a secondary analysis from the augmenting cognitive training in older adults (ACT) study","volume":"46","author":"Aksu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Geroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib99","article-title":"Longitudinal neurostimulation in older adults improves working memory","volume":"10","author":"Jones","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2017.09.017","article-title":"Neuronal and behavioral effects of multi-day brain stimulation and memory training","volume":"61","author":"Antonenko","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-08322-6","article-title":"Enhanced cognitive performance in older adults through combined cognitive training and transcranial direct current stimulation","volume":"15","author":"Ben Izhak","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archger.2025.106000","article-title":"Effects of a combined intervention of music-based movement, neuromodulation-synchronized cognitive training, and emotion regulation on cognitive function in community-dwelling older adults: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"139","author":"Ma","year":"2025","journal-title":"Arch. Gerontol. Geriatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"904","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2023.05.021","article-title":"Primary outcome from the augmenting cognitive training in older adults study (ACT): a tDCS and cognitive training randomized clinical trial","volume":"16","author":"Hausman","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1361","DOI":"10.1007\/s11357-024-01455-y","article-title":"Effect of transcranial direct current stimulation with cognitive training on executive functions in healthy older adults: a secondary analysis from the ACT trial","volume":"47","author":"Aksu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Geroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797617698139","article-title":"Direct-current stimulation does little to improve the outcome of working memory training in older adults","volume":"28","author":"Nilsson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2017.00746","article-title":"No effects of non-invasive brain stimulation on multiple sessions of object-location-memory training in healthy older adults","volume":"11","author":"K\u00fclzow","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-020-00979-5","article-title":"Evidence against benefits from cognitive training and transcranial direct current stimulation in healthy older adults","volume":"5","author":"Horne","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2021.01.034","article-title":"Transcranial electrical stimulation improves cognitive training effects in healthy elderly adults with low cognitive performance","volume":"132","author":"Krebs","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2023.1243099","article-title":"The moderating effects of sex, age, and education on the outcome of combined cognitive training and transcranial electrical stimulation in older adults","volume":"14","author":"Krebs","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-13075-y","article-title":"Anodal tDCS applied during multitasking training leads to transferable performance gains","volume":"7","author":"Filmer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib111","first-page":"3675","article-title":"Improvements in attention and decision-making following combined behavioral training and brain stimulation","volume":"27","author":"Filmer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11679","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhad406","article-title":"Neural substrates of individual differences in learning generalization via combined brain stimulation and multitasking training","volume":"33","author":"Wards","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhae209","article-title":"Stimulating prefrontal cortex facilitates training transfer by increasing representational overlap","volume":"34","author":"Wards","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2024.120792","article-title":"tDCS-enhanced cognitive training improves attention and alters connectivity in control and somatomotor networks: a triple blind study","volume":"298","author":"Kazinka","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/srep22003","article-title":"Combining brain stimulation and video game to promote long-term transfer of learning and cognitive enhancement","volume":"6","author":"Looi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.570030","article-title":"Predicting working memory training benefits from transcranial direct current stimulation using resting-state fMRI","volume":"11","author":"Cerreta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00423.2020","article-title":"The influence of tDCS intensity on decision-making training and transfer outcomes","volume":"125","author":"Ehrhardt","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2022.108397","article-title":"tDCS augments decision-making efficiency in an intensity dependent manner: a training study","volume":"176","author":"Ehrhardt","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1676-23.2024","article-title":"Neurochemical predictors of generalized learning induced by brain stimulation and training","volume":"44","author":"Ehrhardt","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhaf229","article-title":"Generalized learning induced by training and tDCS is predicted by prefrontal cortical morphology","volume":"35","author":"Ehrhardt","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1358","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.07.006","article-title":"Enhancing cognitive control training with transcranial direct current stimulation: a systematic parameter study","volume":"13","author":"Weller","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1186\/s13293-023-00561-4","article-title":"Sex matters for the enhancement of cognitive training with transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS)","volume":"14","author":"Weller","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biol. Sex Differ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9094","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-59927-2","article-title":"Evidence and sources of placebo effects in transcranial direct current stimulation during a single session of visuospatial working memory practice","volume":"14","author":"Hooyman","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2020.116615","article-title":"Frontoparietal theta-gamma interactions track working memory enhancement with training and tDCS","volume":"211","author":"Jones","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2017.10.002","article-title":"Combination of a short cognitive training and tDCS to enhance visuospatial skills: a comparison between online and offline neuromodulation","volume":"1678","author":"Oldrati","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2020.105552","article-title":"The effects of transcranial direct current stimulation on within- and cross-paradigm transfer following multi-session backward recall training","volume":"141","author":"Byrne","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Cogn."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2351","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.24784","article-title":"Post-training stimulation of the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex impairs working memory training performance","volume":"99","author":"Au","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5531","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-84298-3","article-title":"Impact of tDCS on working memory training is enhanced by strategy instructions in individuals with low working memory capacity","volume":"11","author":"Assecondi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2014.181","article-title":"Classifying neurocognitive disorders: the DSM-5 approach","volume":"10","author":"Sachdev","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1590\/2237-6089-2015-0043","article-title":"Effect of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) over the prefrontal cortex combined with cognitive training for treating schizophrenia: a sham-controlled randomized clinical trial","volume":"38","author":"Shiozawa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trends Psychiatry Psychother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-021-01089-0","article-title":"Mechanisms underlying dorsolateral prefrontal cortex contributions to cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia","volume":"47","author":"Smucny","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2021.645209","article-title":"The role of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex for speech and language processing","volume":"15","author":"Hertrich","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2013.00688","article-title":"Origins of specificity during tDCS: anatomical, activity-selective, and input-bias mechanisms","volume":"7","author":"Bikson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2016.03.028","article-title":"Can transcranial direct current stimulation counteract age-associated functional impairment?","volume":"65","author":"Perceval","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1516941112","article-title":"Reply to Hoy and Fitzgerald: considering homeostatic mechanisms in long-term treatments","volume":"112","author":"Wefelmeyer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00608.2009","article-title":"Time course of the induction of homeostatic plasticity generated by repeated transcranial direct current stimulation of the human motor cortex","volume":"105","author":"Fricke","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1037\/a0013487","article-title":"Genetic and vascular modifiers of age-sensitive cognitive skills: effects of COMT, BDNF, ApoE, and hypertension","volume":"23","author":"Raz","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuropsychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-3445.134.3.368","article-title":"Binding and inhibition in working memory: individual and age differences in short-term recognition","volume":"134","author":"Oberauer","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Exp. Psychol. Gen."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1927","DOI":"10.1017\/S1461145713000539","article-title":"Can transcranial direct current stimulation enhance outcomes from cognitive training? A randomized controlled trial in healthy participants","volume":"16","author":"Martin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2022.104690","article-title":"Cross-frequency coupling in psychiatric disorders: a systematic review","volume":"138","author":"Yakubov","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1314","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2012.05.021","article-title":"The importance of timing in segregated theta phase-coupling for cognitive performance","volume":"22","author":"Polan\u00eda","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2016.00120","article-title":"tACS phase locking of frontal midline theta oscillations disrupts working memory performance","volume":"10","author":"Chander","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awq369","article-title":"Left inferior frontal cortex and syntax: function, structure and behaviour in patients with left hemisphere damage","volume":"134","author":"Tyler","year":"2011","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/S1567-424X(09)70231-4","article-title":"Modulation of motor consolidation by external DC stimulation","volume":"56","author":"Lang","year":"2003","journal-title":"Suppl. Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2013.03.013","article-title":"Anodal tDCS to V1 blocks visual perceptual learning consolidation","volume":"51","author":"Peters","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1186\/s13195-025-01677-y","article-title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis of the impact of transcranial direct current stimulation on cognitive function in older adults with cognitive impairments: the influence of dosage parameters","volume":"17","author":"Prathum","year":"2025","journal-title":"Alzheimers Res. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib147","article-title":"Transcranial direct current stimulation enhances cognitive function in patients with mild cognitive impairment and early\/mid Alzheimer's disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1080\/09602011.2020.1831555","article-title":"Effectiveness of computer-based training on post-stroke cognitive rehabilitation: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"32","author":"Mingming","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuropsychol. Rehabil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2022.07.005","article-title":"Rehabilitation efficacy comparison of virtual reality technology and computer-assisted cognitive rehabilitation in patients with post-stroke cognitive impairment: a network meta-analysis","volume":"103","author":"Xiao","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/mpr.1882","article-title":"The effect of early cognitive training and rehabilitation for patients with cognitive dysfunction in stroke","volume":"30","author":"Xuefang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Methods Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.3233\/NRE-210271","article-title":"Effects of computerized cognitive training on cognitive function, activity, and participation in individuals with stroke: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"51","author":"Ho","year":"2022","journal-title":"NeuroRehabilitation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2019.05.009","article-title":"Reviewing working memory training gains in healthy older adults: a meta-analytic review of transfer for cognitive outcomes","volume":"103","author":"Teixeira-Santos","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2017.00368","article-title":"Influence of sequential vs. simultaneous dual-task exercise training on cognitive function in older adults","volume":"9","author":"Tait","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/s11556-020-00240-y","article-title":"The effects of cognitive-motor training interventions on executive functions in older people: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"17","author":"Wollesen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Rev. Aging Phys. Act."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucli.2020.10.010","article-title":"Cognitive and physical impact of cognitive-motor dual-task training in cognitively impaired older adults: An overview","volume":"50","author":"Gallou-Guyot","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurophysiol. Clin."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2020.101232","article-title":"Combined physical and cognitive training for older adults with and without cognitive impairment: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"66","author":"Gavelin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1186\/s12966-018-0697-x","article-title":"Physical activity to improve cognition in older adults: can physical activity programs enriched with cognitive challenges enhance the effects? A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"15","author":"Gheysen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2023.110761","article-title":"Cognitive-exercise dual-task intervention ameliorates cognitive decline in natural aging rats via inhibiting the promotion of LncRNA NEAT1\/miR-124-3p on caveolin-1-PI3K\/Akt\/GSK3\u03b2 pathway","volume":"202","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain Res. Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib159","article-title":"A dual-task paradigm combining physical and cognitive training in mice: application to aging","author":"Attoh-Mensah","year":"2024","journal-title":"Aging Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2021.01.005","article-title":"Effects of repeated anodal transcranial direct current stimulation on auditory fear extinction in C57BL\/6J mice","volume":"14","author":"Van Schuerbeek","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2022.857415","article-title":"Transcranial direct current stimulation alleviates neurovascular unit dysfunction in mice with preclinical Alzheimer's disease","volume":"14","author":"Luo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib162","first-page":"3557","article-title":"Cerebral blood microcirculation measurement in APP\/PS1 double transgenic mice at the preclinical stage of Alzheimer's disease: preliminary data on the early intervention of anodal transcranial direct current stimulation(.)","volume":"2020","author":"Luo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Annu. Int. Conf. IEEE Eng. Med. Biol. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2022.968451","article-title":"Anodal and cathodal transcranial direct current stimulations of prefrontal cortex in a rodent model of Alzheimer's disease","volume":"14","author":"Duan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci10080547","article-title":"Cognitive function improvement in mouse model of Alzheimer's disease following transcranial direct current stimulation","volume":"10","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2020.00541","article-title":"Plasma BDNF levels following transcranial direct current stimulation allow prediction of synaptic plasticity and memory deficits in 3\u00d7Tg-AD mice","volume":"8","author":"Cocco","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2019.04.016","article-title":"Transcranial direct current stimulation does not improve memory deficits or alter pathological hallmarks in a rodent model of Alzheimer's disease","volume":"114","author":"Gondard","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2024.1492838","article-title":"Aftereffect of single transcranial direct and alternating current stimulation on spontaneous home-cage and open-field EEG activities in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease","volume":"16","author":"Sun","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2060","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2023.3265378","article-title":"Transcranial alternating current stimulation improves memory function in Alzheimer's mice by ameliorating abnormal gamma oscillation","volume":"31","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2022.980636","article-title":"Long-term gamma transcranial alternating current stimulation improves the memory function of mice with Alzheimer's disease","volume":"14","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2019.02.002","article-title":"After-effects of repetitive anodal transcranial direct current stimulation on learning and memory in a rat model of Alzheimer's disease","volume":"161","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Learn. Mem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2015.06.003","article-title":"Intensity-dependent effects of repetitive anodal transcranial direct current stimulation on learning and memory in a rat model of Alzheimer's disease","volume":"123","author":"Yu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Learn. Mem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib172","article-title":"Ameliorative effects of different transcranial electrical stimulation paradigms on the novel object recognition task in a rat model of Alzheimer disease","volume":"8","author":"Zarifkar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Galen. Med. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1007\/s12017-021-08654-2","article-title":"Activation of ephrinb1\/EPHB2\/MAP-2\/NMDAR mediates hippocampal neurogenesis promoted by transcranial direct current stimulation in cerebral-ischemic mice","volume":"23","author":"Ma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuromol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.25247","article-title":"Effects of transcranial direct current stimulation on the glutamatergic pathway in the male rat hippocampus after experimental focal cerebral ischemia","volume":"102","author":"Ak\u00e7ay","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-91287-5_5","article-title":"Increases in microvascular perfusion and tissue oxygenation via vasodilatation after anodal transcranial direct current stimulation in the healthy and traumatized mouse brain","volume":"1072","author":"Bragina","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2016.02.005","article-title":"Effects of anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on behavioral and spatial memory during the early stage of traumatic brain injury in the rats","volume":"362","author":"Yoon","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib177","first-page":"343","article-title":"Effects of transcranial direct current stimulation on motor and cognitive dysfunction in an experimental traumatic brain injury model","volume":"34","author":"Akcay","year":"2024","journal-title":"Turk. Neurosurg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2827","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2019.6470","article-title":"Cathodal transcranial direct-current stimulation selectively decreases impulsivity after traumatic brain injury in rats","volume":"36","author":"Martens","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neurotrauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2020.00028","article-title":"Transcranial direct current stimulation ameliorates cognitive impairment via modulating oxidative stress, inflammation, and autophagy in a rat model of vascular dementia","volume":"14","author":"Guo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2022.114145","article-title":"Effects of transcranial direct current stimulation on improving performance of delayed- reinforcement attentional set-shifting tasks in attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder rat model","volume":"437","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2015.11.012","article-title":"Transcranial direct current stimulation improves short-term memory in an animal model of attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder","volume":"26","author":"Leffa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2018.04.001","article-title":"Transcranial direct current stimulation improves long-term memory deficits in an animal model of attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder and modulates oxidative and inflammatory parameters","volume":"11","author":"Leffa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/srep22180","article-title":"Anodal transcranial direct current stimulation boosts synaptic plasticity and memory in mice via epigenetic regulation of Bdnf expression","volume":"6","author":"Podda","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1476-22.2022","article-title":"Multisession anodal transcranial direct current stimulation enhances adult hippocampal neurogenesis and context discrimination in mice","volume":"43","author":"Yu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib185","first-page":"623","article-title":"Effects of left prefrontal transcranial direct current stimulation on the acquisition of contextual and cued fear memory","volume":"20","author":"Abbasi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Iran. J. Basic Med. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2023.107750","article-title":"Hippocampal-prefrontal long-term potentiation-like plasticity with transcranial direct current stimulation in rats","volume":"201","author":"Watanabe","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Learn. Mem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2018.11.012","article-title":"Transcranial direct current stimulation induces hippocampal metaplasticity mediated by brain-derived neurotrophic factor","volume":"144","author":"Yu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1523\/ENEURO.0311-19.2019","article-title":"Noninvasive brain stimulation enhances memory acquisition and is associated with synaptoneurosome modification in the rat hippocampus","volume":"6","author":"Jung","year":"2019","journal-title":"eNeuro"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2008.03.014","article-title":"What does phase information of oscillatory brain activity tell us about cognitive processes?","volume":"32","author":"Sauseng","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib190","article-title":"Enhanced medial prefrontal cortex and hippocampal activity improves memory generalization in APP\/PS1 mice: a multimodal animal MRI study","volume":"16","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-023-05506-6","article-title":"Repeated multi-domain cognitive training prevents cognitive decline, anxiety and amyloid pathology found in a mouse model of Alzheimer disease","volume":"6","author":"Mehla","year":"2023","journal-title":"Commun. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-200161","article-title":"Early cognitive training rescues remote spatial memory but reduces cognitive flexibility in Alzheimer's disease mice","volume":"75","author":"Rai","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2021.766745","article-title":"A preclinical model of computerized cognitive training: touchscreen cognitive testing enhances cognition and hippocampal cellular plasticity in wildtype and Alzheimer's disease mice","volume":"15","author":"Shepherd","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Behav. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-221185","article-title":"Mid-adulthood cognitive training improves performance in a spatial task but does not ameliorate hippocampal pathology in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease","volume":"93","author":"Williams","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-215016","article-title":"Spatial training attenuates long-term Alzheimer's disease-related pathogenic processes in APP\/PS1 mice","volume":"85","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-018-00698-w","article-title":"Spatial training ameliorates long-term Alzheimer's disease-like pathological deficits by reducing NLRP3 inflammasomes in PR5 mice","volume":"16","author":"Ren","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2023.114435","article-title":"Cognitive trajectories in longitudinally trained 3xTg-AD mice","volume":"275","author":"Duggan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-160674","article-title":"Intensive 'brain training' intervention fails to reduce amyloid pathologies or cognitive deficits in transgenic mouse models of Alzheimer's disease","volume":"55","author":"Anderson","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2019.03.007","article-title":"Physical and cognitive training are able to prevent recognition memory deficits related to amyloid beta neurotoxicity","volume":"365","author":"Rossi Dare","year":"2019","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2019.10.007","article-title":"Physical and cognitive training attenuate hippocampal ischemia-induced memory impairments in rat","volume":"155","author":"Farokhi-Sisakht","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Res. Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2281","DOI":"10.1007\/s11682-019-00179-4","article-title":"Exploratory relationships between cognitive improvements and training induced plasticity in hippocampus and cingulum in a rat model of mild traumatic brain injury: a diffusion MRI study","volume":"14","author":"Braeckman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Imaging Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2022.113836","article-title":"Effects of repetitive training on learning and memory performance of TLR2 KO mice","volume":"426","author":"Bae","year":"2022","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2018.12.011","article-title":"Cognitive training improves the disturbed behavioral architecture of schizophrenia-like rats, \"Wisket\"","volume":"201","author":"Horvath","year":"2019","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2023.114184","article-title":"Sequential treadmill exercise and cognitive training synergistically increase adult hippocampal neurogenesis in mice","volume":"266","author":"\u00c1vila-G\u00e1miz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2024.1326501","article-title":"Cognitive training of mice attenuates age-related decline in associative learning and behavioral flexibility","volume":"18","author":"Attalla","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Behav. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.1002\/hipo.22560","article-title":"Spatial learning and neurogenesis: Effects of cessation of wheel running and survival of novel neurons by engagement in cognitive tasks","volume":"26","author":"Motta-Teixeira","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hippocampus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1422","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-017-2196-x","article-title":"Forced treadmill exercise prevents spatial memory deficits in aged rats probably through the activation of Na(+), K(+)-ATPase in the hippocampus","volume":"42","author":"Vanzella","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurochem. Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2024.02.009","article-title":"In patients with late-life depression and cognitive decline, adding tDCS to cognitive training does not significantly affect depressive symptoms but shows potential benefits on cognition as measured by fMRI","volume":"17","author":"Ha","year":"2024","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2024.1418647","article-title":"Simultaneous and cumulative effects of tDCS on cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen in multiple sclerosis","volume":"18","author":"Muccio","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3325","DOI":"10.1007\/s11357-024-01077-4","article-title":"The impact of a tDCS and cognitive training intervention on task-based functional connectivity","volume":"46","author":"Kraft","year":"2024","journal-title":"Geroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/6664479","article-title":"Cognitive after effects of acute tDCS coupled with cognitive training: an fMRI study in healthy seniors","volume":"2021","author":"\u0160imko","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neural Plast."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3184","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-38910-x","article-title":"Microstructural and functional plasticity following repeated brain stimulation during cognitive training in older adults","volume":"14","author":"Antonenko","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2021.761348","article-title":"Impact of transcranial direct current stimulation and cognitive training on frontal lobe neurotransmitter concentrations","volume":"13","author":"Alvarez-Alvarado","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2145","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.123.042808","article-title":"Transcranial direct current stimulation reverses stroke-induced network alterations in mice","volume":"54","author":"Blaschke","year":"2023","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1377","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.24793","article-title":"Activation response and functional connectivity change in rat cortex after bilateral transcranial direct current stimulation\u2013an exploratory study","volume":"99","author":"Boonzaier","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib216","article-title":"A single immediate use of the cathodal transcranial direct current stimulation induces neuroprotection of hippocampal region against global cerebral ischemia","volume":"31","author":"Kaviannejad","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Stroke Cereb. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1503","DOI":"10.1007\/s11011-022-00985-8","article-title":"Using dual polarities of transcranial direct current stimulation in global cerebral ischemia and its following reperfusion period attenuates neuronal injury","volume":"37","author":"Kaviannejad","year":"2022","journal-title":"Metab. Brain Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1523\/ENEURO.0329-22.2023","article-title":"Touchscreen-based cognitive training alters functional connectivity patterns in aged but not young male rats","volume":"10","author":"Gaynor","year":"2023","journal-title":"eNeuro"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2010.06.004","article-title":"Improving working memory: the effect of combining cognitive activity and anodal transcranial direct current stimulation to the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex","volume":"4","author":"Andrews","year":"2011","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1007\/s11357-021-00503-1","article-title":"Cingulo-opercular and frontoparietal control network connectivity and executive functioning in older adults","volume":"44","author":"Hausman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Geroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/s11689-016-9135-z","article-title":"Atypical functional connectivity in resting-state networks of individuals with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome: associations with neurocognitive and psychiatric functioning","volume":"8","author":"Mattiaccio","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neurodev. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2021.11.018","article-title":"Sex difference in tDCS current mediated by changes in cortical anatomy: a study across young, middle and older adults","volume":"15","author":"Bhattacharjee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib223","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03654795","article-title":"Cognitive Reserve Index questionnaire (CRIq): a new instrument for measuring cognitive reserve","volume":"24","author":"Nucci","year":"2012","journal-title":"Aging Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib224","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-012-0902-z","article-title":"Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation combined with cognitive training is a safe and effective modality for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease: a randomized, double-blind study","volume":"120","author":"Rabey","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neural Transm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078_bib225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2020.00200","article-title":"Corticomotor plasticity predicts clinical efficacy of combined neuromodulation and cognitive training in Alzheimer's disease","volume":"12","author":"Brem","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."}],"container-title":["Behavioural Brain Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0166432826000549?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0166432826000549?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]],"date-time":"2026-05-26T16:43:31Z","timestamp":1779813811000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0166432826000549"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"references-count":225,"alternative-id":["S0166432826000549"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078","relation":{},"ISSN":["0166-4328"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0166-4328","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Combined transcranial electrical stimulation (tES) and cognitive training (CT) for cognitive impairment: Evidence from clinical applications and basic research","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Behavioural Brain Research","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbr.2026.116078","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier B.V. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"116078"}}