{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T14:40:47Z","timestamp":1791038447276,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,11,1]],"date-time":"2008-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1225497600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2008.08.096","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,9,7]],"date-time":"2008-09-07T17:31:31Z","timestamp":1220808691000},"page":"271-276","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":120,"title":["Role of TLR9 in hepatic stellate cells and experimental liver fibrosis"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"376","author":[{"given":"Erwin","family":"G\u00e4bele","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcus","family":"M\u00fchlbauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christoph","family":"Dorn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas S.","family":"Weiss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthias","family":"Froh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernd","family":"Schnabl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reiner","family":"Wiest","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00fcrgen","family":"Sch\u00f6lmerich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Florian","family":"Obermeier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claus","family":"Hellerbrand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2008.08.096_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI24282","article-title":"Liver fibrosis","volume":"115","author":"Bataller","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2008.08.096_bib2","first-page":"423","article-title":"Increased expression of monocyte chemotactic protein-1 during active hepatic fibrogenesis: correlation with monocyte infiltration","volume":"152","author":"Marra","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2008.08.096_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1002\/jlb.55.1.120","article-title":"Monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1) expression occurs in toxic rat liver injury and human liver disease","volume":"55","author":"Czaja","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2008.08.096_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2364","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2002.05791.x","article-title":"Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth in human cirrhosis is associated with systemic endotoxemia","volume":"97","author":"Bauer","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2008.08.096_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(95)90027-6","article-title":"Antibiotics prevent liver injury in rats following long-term exposure to ethanol","volume":"108","author":"Adachi","year":"1995","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2008.08.096_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1038\/90609","article-title":"Toll-like receptors: critical proteins linking innate and acquired immunity","volume":"2","author":"Akira","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2008.08.096_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-2478(02)00228-6","article-title":"Recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns by TLR family","volume":"85","author":"Akira","year":"2003","journal-title":"Immunol. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2008.08.096_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2003.50182","article-title":"Toll-like receptor 4 mediates inflammatory signaling by bacterial lipopolysaccharide in human hepatic stellate cells","volume":"37","author":"Paik","year":"2003","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2008.08.096_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1038\/labinvest.3700422","article-title":"Hepatic stellate cells primed with cytokines upregulate inflammation in response to peptidoglycan or lipoteichoic acid","volume":"86","author":"Paik","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lab. Invest."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2008.08.096_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G1318","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00405.2005","article-title":"LPS signaling enhances hepatic fibrogenesis caused by experimental cholestasis in mice","volume":"290","author":"Isayama","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2008.08.096_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1324","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1663","article-title":"TLR4 enhances TGF-beta signaling and hepatic fibrosis","volume":"13","author":"Seki","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2008.08.096_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1038\/35047123","article-title":"A Toll-like receptor recognizes bacterial DNA","volume":"408","author":"Hemmi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2008.08.096_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1038\/374546a0","article-title":"CpG motifs in bacterial DNA trigger direct B-cell activation","volume":"374","author":"Krieg","year":"1995","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2008.08.096_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.194.6.863","article-title":"Subsets of human dendritic cell precursors express different toll-like receptors and respond to different microbial antigens","volume":"194","author":"Kadowaki","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2008.08.096_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.168.2.554","article-title":"Tissue expression of human Toll-like receptors and differential regulation of Toll-like receptor mRNAs in leukocytes in response to microbes, their products, and cytokines","volume":"168","author":"Zarember","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2008.08.096_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4531","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.168.9.4531","article-title":"Quantitative expression of toll-like receptor 1\u201310 mRNA in cellular subsets of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells and sensitivity to CpG oligodeoxynucleotides","volume":"168","author":"Hornung","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2008.08.096_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.20055","article-title":"A sequential study of serum bacterial DNA in patients with advanced cirrhosis and ascites","volume":"39","author":"Frances","year":"2004","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2008.08.096_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2002.33715","article-title":"Detection and identification of bacterial DNA in patients with cirrhosis and culture-negative, nonneutrocytic ascites","volume":"36","author":"Such","year":"2002","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2008.08.096_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2003.027425","article-title":"Bacterial DNA activates cell mediated immune response and nitric oxide overproduction in peritoneal macrophages from patients with cirrhosis and ascites","volume":"53","author":"Frances","year":"2004","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2008.08.096_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3433","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.70.7.3433-3442.2002","article-title":"Role of toll-like receptors in changes in gene expression and NF-kappa B activation in mouse hepatocytes stimulated with lipopolysaccharide","volume":"70","author":"Liu","year":"2002","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2008.08.096_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-2478(02)00010-X","article-title":"Up-regulation of TLR9 gene expression by LPS in mouse macrophages via activation of NF-kappaB, ERK and p38 MAPK signal pathways","volume":"81","author":"An","year":"2002","journal-title":"Immunol. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2008.08.096_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2005.09.020","article-title":"Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) is present in murine liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) and mediates the effect of CpG-oligonucleotides","volume":"44","author":"Martin-Armas","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2008.08.096_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13374","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M409444200","article-title":"The role of p70S6K in hepatic stellate cell collagen gene expression and cell proliferation","volume":"280","author":"G\u00e4bele","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2008.08.096_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(03)01213-7","article-title":"A novel MCP-1 gene polymorphism is associated with hepatic MCP-1 expression and severity of HCV-related liver disease","volume":"125","author":"Muhlbauer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2008.08.096_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2005.06.061","article-title":"CpG motifs of bacterial DNA essentially contribute to the perpetuation of chronic intestinal inflammation","volume":"129","author":"Obermeier","year":"2005","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2008.08.096_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2172-4-8","article-title":"Interferon-alpha\/beta receptor-mediated selective induction of a gene cluster by CpG oligodeoxynucleotide 2006","volume":"4","author":"Kato","year":"2003","journal-title":"BMC Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2008.08.096_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0676.2000.020002114.x","article-title":"Acute obstructive cholangiopathy in interleukin-6 deficient mice: compensation by leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) suggests importance of gp-130 signaling in the ductular reaction","volume":"20","author":"Liu","year":"2000","journal-title":"Liver"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2008.08.096_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2007.129544","article-title":"The novel gene MIA2 acts as a tumour suppressor in hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"57","author":"Hellerbrand","year":"2008","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2008.08.096_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1234","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.72.6.1234","article-title":"Regulation of gene expression in mouse macrophages stimulated with bacterial CpG-DNA and lipopolysaccharide","volume":"72","author":"Gao","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2008.08.096_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2006.12.002","article-title":"Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2\u20139 agonists-induced cytokines and chemokines: I. Comparison with T cell receptor-induced responses","volume":"243","author":"Ghosh","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cell. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2008.08.096_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellsig.2007.09.003","article-title":"Toll-like receptor 9-stimulated monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 is mediated via JNK-cytosolic phospholipase A2-ROS signaling","volume":"20","author":"Lee","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cell. Signal."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2008.08.096_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.42.2.293","article-title":"Conclusive evidence of endotoxemia in biliary obstruction","volume":"42","author":"Clements","year":"1998","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2008.08.096_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1198","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510300515","article-title":"Increased sensitivity to endotoxemia in the bile duct-ligated cirrhotic rat","volume":"30","author":"Harry","year":"1999","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2008.08.096_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2963","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.168.6.2963","article-title":"Role of lipopolysaccharide-binding protein in early alcohol-induced liver injury in mice","volume":"168","author":"Uesugi","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2008.08.096_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4737","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.166.7.4737","article-title":"Reduced early alcohol-induced liver injury in CD14-deficient mice","volume":"166","author":"Yin","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2008.08.096_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2004.03.016","article-title":"HSP60 and CpG-DNA-oligonucleotides differentially regulate LPS-tolerance of hepatic Kupffer cells","volume":"93","author":"Schuchmann","year":"2004","journal-title":"Immunol. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2008.08.096_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1006\/clin.1997.4380","article-title":"Bacterial DNA-induced NK cell IFN-gamma production is dependent on macrophage secretion of IL-12","volume":"84","author":"Chace","year":"1997","journal-title":"Clin. Immunol. Immunopathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2008.08.096_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.20.100301.064842","article-title":"CpG motifs in bacterial DNA and their immune effects","volume":"20","author":"Krieg","year":"2002","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2008.08.096_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5394","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.157.12.5394","article-title":"Rapid immune activation by CpG motifs in bacterial DNA. Systemic induction of IL-6 transcription through an antioxidant-sensitive pathway","volume":"157","author":"Yi","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2008.08.096_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.03-0646fje","article-title":"Activation of toll-like receptor-9 induces progression of renal disease in MRL-Fas(lpr) mice","volume":"18","author":"Anders","year":"2004","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2008.08.096_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3565(24)37605-0","article-title":"In vivo distribution and metabolism of a phosphorothioate oligonucleotide within rat liver after intravenous administration","volume":"286","author":"Graham","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2008.08.096_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1509","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.21867","article-title":"Apoptotic hepatocyte DNA inhibits hepatic stellate cell chemotaxis via toll-like receptor 9","volume":"46","author":"Watanabe","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2008.08.096_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1617","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.164.3.1617","article-title":"Delineation of a CpG phosphorothioate oligodeoxynucleotide for activating primate immune responses in vitro and in vivo","volume":"164","author":"Hartmann","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Immunol."}],"container-title":["Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0006291X0801629X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0006291X0801629X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,31]],"date-time":"2025-01-31T21:18:24Z","timestamp":1738358304000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0006291X0801629X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,11]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,11]]}},"alternative-id":["S0006291X0801629X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbrc.2008.08.096","relation":{},"ISSN":["0006-291X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0006-291X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,11]]}}}