{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T01:36:53Z","timestamp":1788745013648,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":184,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002713","name":"Imam Mohammed Ibn Saud Islamic University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002713","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100023673","name":"Deanship of Scientific Research, Imam Mohammed Ibn Saud Islamic University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100023673","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2025.152947","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]],"date-time":"2025-11-07T16:51:01Z","timestamp":1762534261000},"page":"152947","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Innovations and challenges in vaccine development: Lessons from the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic and prospects"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"792","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8874-6987","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed","family":"Mohammed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nasir A.","family":"Ibrahim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nosiba S.","family":"Basher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2025.152947_bib1","series-title":"Simply Put: Vaccination Saves Lives","first-page":"4031","author":"Orenstein","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2025.152947_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1326154","article-title":"Two centuries of vaccination: historical and conceptual approach and future perspectives","volume":"11","author":"Montero","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Public Health"},{"issue":"10354","key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2025.152947_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)01582-3","article-title":"Emergence of vaccine-derived poliovirus in high-income settings in the absence of oral polio vaccine use","volume":"400","author":"Hill","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2025.152947_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12283","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1400472111","article-title":"History of vaccination","volume":"111","author":"Plotkin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2025.152947_bib12","article-title":"Vaccines through centuries: major cornerstones of global health","volume":"3","author":"Gerges-Geagea","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Public Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2025.152947_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.24.3.611","article-title":"The history of vaccines and immunization: familiar patterns, new challenges","volume":"24","author":"Markel","year":"2005","journal-title":"Health Aff."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2025.152947_bib14","first-page":"109","article-title":"Vaccine process technology","author":"Buckland","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Bioeng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2025.152947_bib15","first-page":"435","article-title":"Historical advances in structural and molecular biology and how they impacted vaccine development","author":"Plotkin","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2025.152947_bib16","article-title":"Emerging concepts and technologies in vaccine development","volume":"11","author":"Ly","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2025.152947_bib17","article-title":"DNA vaccines: history, molecular mechanisms and future perspectives","author":"Rollier","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2025.152947_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.01963","article-title":"New vaccine technologies to combat outbreak situations","volume":"9","author":"Rauch","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2025.152947_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines11030682","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 vaccines, vaccine development technologies, and significant efforts in vaccine development during the pandemic: the lessons learned might help to fight against the next pandemic","volume":"11","author":"Chakraborty","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vaccines"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2025.152947_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2024.12.002","article-title":"Nanocarrier vaccines for respiratory infections","volume":"31","author":"Jiang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Trends Mol. Med."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2025.152947_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1737","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines11121737","article-title":"mRNA and adenoviral vector vaccine platforms utilized in COVID-19 vaccines: technologies, ecosystem, and future directions","volume":"11","author":"Okuyama","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vaccines"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2025.152947_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0281358","article-title":"Global inequity creates local insufficiency: a qualitative study of COVID-19 vaccine implementation challenges in low-and-middle-income countries","volume":"18","author":"Haldane","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2025.152947_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.5334\/aogh.4151","article-title":"Improving middle-income countries access to vaccines. a blueprint to overcome current challenges","volume":"89","author":"Espinal","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann. Glob. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2025.152947_bib9","series-title":"Vaccine Hesitancy: Public Trust, Expertise, and the War on Science","author":"Goldenberg","year":"2021"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2025.152947_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2012.08.002","article-title":"Vaccines and antibiotic resistance","volume":"15","author":"Mishra","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2025.152947_bib19","series-title":"Exploration","article-title":"A perspective of lipid nanoparticles for RNA delivery","author":"Ma","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2025.152947_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2130","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.02130","article-title":"Viral emerging diseases: challenges in developing vaccination strategies","volume":"11","author":"Trovato","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2025.152947_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1567116","article-title":"Artificial intelligence in vaccine research and development: an umbrella review","volume":"16","author":"El Arab","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2025.152947_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines10111946","article-title":"Nanoparticle-based delivery systems for vaccines","volume":"10","author":"Bezbaruah","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vaccines"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2025.152947_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1007\/s40588-021-00162-y","article-title":"Developmental status of the potential vaccines for the mitigation of the COVID-19 pandemic and a focus on the effectiveness of the Pfizer-BioNTech and moderna mRNA vaccines","volume":"8","author":"Noor","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Clin. Microbiol. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2025.152947_bib24","article-title":"Lipid nanoparticles in the development of mRNA vaccines for COVID-19","volume":"74","author":"Wilson","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2025.152947_bib25","article-title":"Emerging technologies for low\u2010cost, rapid vaccine manufacture","volume":"14","author":"Kontoravdi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biotechnol. J."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2025.152947_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1701","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24021701","article-title":"Recombinant protein vaccines against human betacoronaviruses: strategies, approaches and progress","volume":"24","author":"Kovalenko","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2025.152947_bib27","series-title":"Antibacterial and Antiviral Functional Materials","first-page":"221","article-title":"Gold nanoparticles based antibacterial and antiviral functional materials","volume":"vol. 2","author":"Naghib","year":"2024"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2025.152947_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1002\/bip.22759","article-title":"Different applications of virus\u2010like particles in biology and medicine: vaccination and delivery systems","volume":"105","author":"Shirbaghaee","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biopolymers"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2025.152947_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1080\/14760584.2025.2508517","article-title":"Virus-like particles: a versatile and effective vaccine platform","volume":"24","author":"Bachmann","year":"2025","journal-title":"Expet Rev. Vaccine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2025.152947_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2016.03.001","article-title":"Prevention of cervical cancer: journey to develop the first human papillomavirus virus-like particle vaccine and the next generation vaccine","volume":"32","author":"Bryan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2025.152947_bib31","first-page":"407","article-title":"Recent advancements and challenges in recombinant expression for commercial production of virus-like particles (VLPs)","author":"Rani","year":"2023","journal-title":"Bioprocess and Analytics Development for Virus-based Advanced Therapeutics and Medicinal Products (ATMPs)"},{"issue":"10487","key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2025.152947_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1343","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(25)00345-9","article-title":"Chikungunya virus virus-like particle vaccine safety and immunogenicity in adolescents and adults in the USA: a phase 3, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"405","author":"Richardson","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2025.152947_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines9101129","article-title":"Nanotechnology interventions in the management of COVID-19: prevention, diagnosis and virus-like particle vaccines","volume":"9","author":"Balkrishna","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vaccines"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2025.152947_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1007\/s12275-022-1608-z","article-title":"Nanoparticle and virus-like particle vaccine approaches against SARS-CoV-2","volume":"60","author":"Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2025.152947_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines12010030","article-title":"Nanoparticles and antiviral vaccines","volume":"12","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vaccines"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2025.152947_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.56098\/ijvtpr.v3i1.84","article-title":"Apparent cytotoxicity and intrinsic cytotoxicity of lipid nanomaterials contained in a COVID-19 mRNA vaccine","volume":"3","author":"Segalla","year":"2023","journal-title":"International Journal of Vaccine Theory, Practice, and Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2025.152947_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/cbdd.14383","article-title":"Discovery and development of COVID\u201019 vaccine from laboratory to clinic","volume":"103","author":"Saravanan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chem. Biol. Drug Des."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2025.152947_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.12659\/MSM.936523","article-title":"First approval of the protein-based adjuvanted nuvaxovid (NVX-CoV2373) novavax vaccine for SARS-CoV-2 could increase vaccine uptake and provide immune protection from viral variants","volume":"28","author":"Parums","year":"2022","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Monit.: international medical journal of experimental and clinical research"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2025.152947_bib54","first-page":"1","article-title":"Serious adverse events following COVID 19 vaccination in India: a retrospective study","volume":"2","author":"Punathukandi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Prev. Med.: Res. Rev."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2025.152947_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.53854\/liim-2903-3","article-title":"Review of COVID-19 viral vector-based vaccines and COVID-19 variants","volume":"29","author":"Vanaparthy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Infezioni Med. Le"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2025.152947_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.790121","article-title":"Virus-like particles: revolutionary platforms for developing vaccines against emerging infectious diseases","volume":"12","author":"Tariq","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2025.152947_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-023-00622-0","article-title":"Immunogenicity and protective efficacy of GBP510\/AS03 vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 Delta challenge in rhesus macaques","volume":"8","author":"Jacob-Dolan","year":"2023","journal-title":"npj Vaccines"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2025.152947_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.02224","article-title":"Nanoparticle vaccines against infectious diseases","volume":"9","author":"Pati","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2025.152947_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines5010006","article-title":"Harnessing nanoparticles for immunomodulation and vaccines","volume":"5","author":"Gomes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vaccines"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2025.152947_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines10020227","article-title":"Virus-like particles as preventive and therapeutic cancer vaccines","volume":"10","author":"Tornesello","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vaccines"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2025.152947_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1002\/wnan.119","article-title":"Viral nanoparticles and virus\u2010like particles: platforms for contemporary vaccine design","volume":"3","author":"Plummer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Wiley Interdiscip. Rev. Nanomed. Nanobiotechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2025.152947_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2021.633776","article-title":"A guide to nucleic acid vaccines in the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases and cancers: from basic principles to current applications","volume":"9","author":"Qin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2025.152947_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21186582","article-title":"mRNA vaccine Era\u2014mechanisms, drug platform and clinical prospection","volume":"21","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2025.152947_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-022-01294-2","article-title":"The clinical progress of mRNA vaccines and immunotherapies","volume":"40","author":"Barbier","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2025.152947_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12929-023-00977-5","article-title":"mRNA-based vaccines and therapeutics: an in-depth survey of current and upcoming clinical applications","volume":"30","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2025.152947_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s13273-021-00171-4","article-title":"Modifications of mRNA vaccine structural elements for improving mRNA stability and translation efficiency","volume":"18","author":"Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Molecular & cellular toxicology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2025.152947_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-025-02645-6","article-title":"Revolutionizing immunization: a comprehensive review of mRNA vaccine technology and applications","volume":"22","author":"Leong","year":"2025","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2025.152947_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1584876","article-title":"Nucleic acid vaccines: innovations, efficacy, and applications in at-risk populations","volume":"16","author":"Konopka","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2025.152947_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12929-024-01102-w","article-title":"Advances in nucleic acid-based cancer vaccines","volume":"32","author":"Liao","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2025.152947_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19113605","article-title":"DNA vaccines\u2014how far from clinical use?","volume":"19","author":"Hobernik","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2025.152947_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctrv.2022.102429","article-title":"Therapeutic cancer vaccines: from biological mechanisms and engineering to ongoing clinical trials","volume":"109","author":"Sobhani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancer Treat Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2025.152947_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12929-024-01082-x","article-title":"Molecular targets and strategies in the development of nucleic acid cancer vaccines: from shared to personalized antigens","volume":"31","author":"Chi","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2025.152947_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1038\/s41571-024-00902-1","article-title":"Cancer mRNA vaccines: clinical advances and future opportunities","volume":"21","author":"Sayour","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2025.152947_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics15041106","article-title":"Dendrimer-mediated delivery of DNA and RNA vaccines","volume":"15","author":"Kisakova","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2025.152947_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2021.01.014","article-title":"Polymeric delivery systems for nucleic acid therapeutics: approaching the clinic","volume":"331","author":"van den Berg","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Contr. Release"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2025.152947_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1089\/jamp.2023.0025","article-title":"Research Progress on liposome pulmonary delivery of Mycobacterium tuberculosis nucleic acid vaccine and its mechanism of action","volume":"37","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Aerosol Med. Pulm. Drug Deliv."},{"issue":"7798","key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2025.152947_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2012-7","article-title":"A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin","volume":"579","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"nature"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2025.152947_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2035389","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of the mRNA-1273 SARS-CoV-2 vaccine","volume":"384","author":"Baden","year":"2021","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2025.152947_bib184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2022.03.032","article-title":"mRNA vaccines for COVID-19 and diverse diseases","volume":"345","author":"Hussain","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Contr. Release"},{"issue":"10269","key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2025.152947_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)32661-1","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine (AZD1222) against SARS-CoV-2: an interim analysis of four randomised controlled trials in Brazil, South Africa, and the UK","volume":"397","author":"Voysey","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2025.152947_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.579250","article-title":"Progress and pitfalls in the quest for effective SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) vaccines","volume":"11","author":"Flanagan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"issue":"27","key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2025.152947_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2603","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2034577","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of the BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 vaccine","volume":"383","author":"Polack","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2025.152947_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.15190\/d.2021.1","article-title":"First COVID-19 vaccines receiving the US FDA and EMA emergency use authorization","volume":"9","author":"Fortner","year":"2021","journal-title":"Discoveries"},{"issue":"23","key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2025.152947_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2187","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2101544","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of single-dose Ad26. COV2. S vaccine against Covid-19","volume":"384","author":"Sadoff","year":"2021","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2025.152947_bib150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.14218\/ERHM.2023.00023","article-title":"Efficacy of COVID-19 vaccines against the omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2: a review","volume":"9","author":"Rajsri","year":"2024","journal-title":"Explor. Res. Hypothesis Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2025.152947_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2023.104585","article-title":"Mucosal vaccines for SARS-CoV-2: triumph of hope over experience","volume":"92","author":"Pilapitiya","year":"2023","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2025.152947_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-024-09889-7","article-title":"Effectiveness of inactivated COVID-19 vaccines in preventing COVID-19-related hospitalization during the omicron BF. 7-predominant epidemic wave in beijing, China: a cohort study","volume":"24","author":"Zhao","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2025.152947_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7406a1","article-title":"Interim estimates of 2024\u20132025 COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness among adults aged\u2265 18 years\u2014Vision and IVY networks, September 2024\u2013January 2025","volume":"74","author":"Link-Gelles","year":"2025","journal-title":"MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2025.152947_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1007\/s40121-024-01082-2","article-title":"Respiratory virus vaccines: pathways to recommendations and enhanced coverage for at-risk populations","volume":"14","author":"Maggi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Ther."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2025.152947_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.02.058","article-title":"Structure, function, and antigenicity of the SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein","volume":"181","author":"Walls","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2025.152947_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.12659\/MSM.934625","article-title":"First full regulatory approval of a COVID-19 vaccine, the BNT162b2 Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine, and the real-world implications for public health policy","volume":"27","author":"Parums","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Monit.: international medical journal of experimental and clinical research"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2025.152947_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt.2828","article-title":"Safety monitoring of COVID\u201019 vaccines: perspective from the European medicines agency","volume":"113","author":"Durand","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Pharmacol. Therapeut."},{"issue":"23","key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2025.152947_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2212","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2105000","article-title":"Vaccine breakthrough infections with SARS-CoV-2 variants","volume":"384","author":"Hacisuleyman","year":"2021","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"issue":"43","key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2025.152947_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabj3107","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abj3107","article-title":"Mechanism of a COVID-19 nanoparticle vaccine candidate that elicits a broadly neutralizing antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 variants","volume":"7","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2025.152947_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.1967","article-title":"Reports of anaphylaxis after receipt of mRNA COVID-19 vaccines in the US\u2014December 14, 2020-January 18, 2021","volume":"325","author":"Shimabukuro","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2025.152947_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines9080848","article-title":"Antigen presentation of mRNA-based and virus-vectored SARS-CoV-2 vaccines","volume":"9","author":"Rijkers","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vaccines"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2025.152947_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1656(99)00107-8","article-title":"Production of recombinant subunit vaccines: protein immunogens, live delivery systems and nucleic acid vaccines","volume":"73","author":"Liljeqvist","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Biotechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2025.152947_bib74","series-title":"Animal Biotechnology","first-page":"523","article-title":"Vaccines: present status and applications","author":"Yadav","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2025.152947_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2024.01.017","article-title":"Protein subunit vaccines: promising frontiers against COVID-19","volume":"366","author":"Chavda","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Contr. Release"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2025.152947_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(21)00127-4","article-title":"Safety and immunogenicity of a recombinant tandem-repeat dimeric RBD-based protein subunit vaccine (ZF2001) against COVID-19 in adults: two randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 1 and 2 trials","volume":"21","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2025.152947_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2023.01.006","article-title":"Advanced subunit vaccine delivery technologies: from vaccine cascade obstacles to design strategies","volume":"13","author":"Hou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Pharm. Sin. B"},{"issue":"7885","key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2025.152947_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-021-03025-0","article-title":"How protein-based COVID vaccines could change the pandemic","volume":"599","author":"Dolgin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2025.152947_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e34691","article-title":"Unlocking insights: navigating COVID-19 challenges and emulating future pandemic resilience strategies with strengthening natural immunity","volume":"10","author":"Wimalawansa","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2025.152947_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1080\/14760584.2023.2156861","article-title":"Effectiveness of mRNA, protein subunit vaccine and viral vectors vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 in people over 18 years old: a systematic review","volume":"22","author":"Sandoval","year":"2023","journal-title":"Expet Rev. Vaccine"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2025.152947_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2116185","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of NVX-CoV2373 in adults in the United States and Mexico","volume":"386","author":"Dunkle","year":"2022","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2025.152947_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.927306","article-title":"A comprehensive review of the protein subunit vaccines against COVID-19","volume":"13","author":"Heidary","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2025.152947_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1186\/s40794-022-00176-4","article-title":"Vaccines platforms and COVID-19: what you need to know","volume":"8","author":"Acosta-Coley","year":"2022","journal-title":"Tropical diseases, travel medicine and vaccines"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2025.152947_bib84","first-page":"e54","article-title":"Safety and adverse events related to inactivated COVID-19 vaccines and novavax; a systematic review","volume":"10","author":"Dadras","year":"2022","journal-title":"Archives of Academic Emergency Medicine"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2025.152947_bib85","first-page":"117","article-title":"The safety profile of COVID-19 vaccines: a narrative review","volume":"7","author":"Homa","year":"2024","journal-title":"Immunol. Genet. J."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2025.152947_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/jcla.24418","article-title":"An overview on inactivated and live\u2010attenuated SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 vaccines","volume":"36","author":"Khoshnood","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clin. Lab. Anal."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2025.152947_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5255","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2021.1977057","article-title":"Vaccines and vaccination: history and emerging issues","volume":"17","author":"Kayser","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hum. Vaccines Immunother."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2025.152947_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2022.2096970","article-title":"CoronaVac: a review of efficacy, safety, and immunogenicity of the inactivated vaccine against SARS-CoV-2","volume":"18","author":"Jin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hum. Vaccines Immunother."},{"issue":"10296","key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2025.152947_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)01429-X","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of an inactivated whole-virion SARS-CoV-2 vaccine (CoronaVac): interim results of a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial in Turkey","volume":"398","author":"Tanriover","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2025.152947_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2023.12.005","article-title":"Real-world effectiveness of the inactivated COVID-19 vaccines against variant of concerns: meta-analysis","volume":"17","author":"Sarwar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Infection and Public Health"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2025.152947_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1753","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines10101753","article-title":"Effectiveness of inactivated COVID-19 vaccines against COVID-19 caused by the SARS-CoV-2 Delta and omicron variants: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"10","author":"Hua","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vaccines"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2025.152947_bib92","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of COVID-19 inactivated vaccine: a meta-analysis","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2025.152947_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.6026\/973206300200029","article-title":"Artificial intelligence in Immuno-genetics","volume":"20","author":"Farzan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Bioinformation"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2025.152947_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3238","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-81749-9","article-title":"An in silico deep learning approach to multi-epitope vaccine design: a SARS-CoV-2 case study","volume":"11","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2025.152947_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1678","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines10101678","article-title":"IntegralVac: a machine learning-based comprehensive multivalent epitope vaccine design method","volume":"10","author":"Suri","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vaccines"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2025.152947_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s43556-024-00238-3","article-title":"The role of artificial intelligence in pandemic responses: from epidemiological modeling to vaccine development","volume":"6","author":"Gawande","year":"2025","journal-title":"Molecular Biomedicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2025.152947_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2936","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.02936","article-title":"Trained immunity-based vaccines: a new paradigm for the development of broad-spectrum anti-infectious formulations","volume":"9","author":"S\u00e1nchez-Ram\u00f3n","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2025.152947_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.2588","article-title":"Understanding immunosenescence to improve responses to vaccines","volume":"14","author":"Goronzy","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2025.152947_bib106","series-title":"The Immune Response: Basic and Clinical Principles","author":"Mak","year":"2005"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2025.152947_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.4103\/0974-777X.77299","article-title":"Fundamentals of vaccine immunology","volume":"3","author":"Clem","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Global Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2025.152947_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1317","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.01317","article-title":"The humoral immune response to BCG vaccination","volume":"10","author":"Tanner","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2025.152947_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0300-9475.2004.01382.x","article-title":"Influenza virus: immunity and vaccination strategies. Comparison of the immune response to inactivated and live, attenuated influenza vaccines","volume":"59","author":"Cox","year":"2004","journal-title":"Scand. J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2025.152947_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.00298","article-title":"Subunit vaccines against emerging pathogenic human coronaviruses","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2025.152947_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0011144","article-title":"CD8+ T cell priming by dendritic cell vaccines requires antigen transfer to endogenous antigen presenting cells","volume":"5","author":"Yewdall","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2025.152947_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2008.04.036","article-title":"Vaccine adjuvant systems: enhancing the efficacy of sub-unit protein antigens","volume":"364","author":"Perrie","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2025.152947_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1038\/mt.2009.41","article-title":"Biological gene delivery vehicles: beyond viral vectors","volume":"17","author":"Seow","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol. Ther."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2025.152947_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-022-00503-y","article-title":"The use of viral vectors in vaccine development","volume":"7","author":"Travieso","year":"2022","journal-title":"npj Vaccines"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2025.152947_bib115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1080\/08830185.2018.1471479","article-title":"Developing effective vaccines: cues from natural infection","volume":"37","author":"Bhurani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Immunol."},{"issue":"9\u201310","key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2025.152947_bib116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-410X(99)00271-6","article-title":"DNA and RNA-based vaccines: principles, progress and prospects","volume":"18","author":"Leitner","year":"1999","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2025.152947_bib117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines7020037","article-title":"A comparison of plasmid DNA and mRNA as vaccine technologies","volume":"7","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vaccines"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2025.152947_bib118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-023-01557-7","article-title":"Vaccine adjuvants: mechanisms and platforms","volume":"8","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Targeted Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2025.152947_bib119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1038\/s41573-021-00163-y","article-title":"Emerging concepts in the science of vaccine adjuvants","volume":"20","author":"Arunachalam","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2025.152947_bib120","first-page":"5226","article-title":"Polysaccharides as vaccine adjuvants","volume":"36 35","author":"Zhao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2025.152947_bib121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines10050819","article-title":"An overview of vaccine adjuvants: current evidence and future perspectives","volume":"10","author":"Facciol\u00e0","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vaccines"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2025.152947_bib122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2017.1415684","article-title":"Adjuvanted influenza vaccines","volume":"14","author":"Russell","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hum. Vaccines Immunother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2025.152947_bib123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smim.2018.05.001","article-title":"Correlates of adjuvanticity: a review on adjuvants in licensed vaccines","volume":"39","author":"Del Giudice","year":"2018","journal-title":"Semin. Immunol."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2025.152947_bib124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2017.06.002","article-title":"An overview of novel adjuvants designed for improving vaccine efficacy","volume":"38","author":"Bonam","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2025.152947_bib125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-025-03560-2","article-title":"Novel adjuvant delivery system constructed by alum-emulsion hybrid nanoparticles with TLR9 agonists boosts vaccine immunity","volume":"23","author":"Zeng","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Nanobiotechnol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2025.152947_bib126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anai.2020.01.025","article-title":"Key steps in vaccine development","volume":"125","author":"Stern","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2025.152947_bib127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2367","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.055921-0","article-title":"Vaccinia virus immune evasion: mechanisms, virulence and immunogenicity","volume":"94","author":"Smith","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2025.152947_bib128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-022-00809-x","article-title":"The impact of pre-existing cross-reactive immunity on SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccine responses","volume":"23","author":"Murray","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2025.152947_bib129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.959379","article-title":"The role of cell-mediated immunity against influenza and its implications for vaccine evaluation","volume":"13","author":"Janssens","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"issue":"1\u20133","key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2025.152947_bib130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-409X(01)00169-7","article-title":"Manipulating the immune system: humoral versus cell-mediated immunity","volume":"51","author":"McNeela","year":"2001","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2025.152947_bib131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1597","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3409","article-title":"Key roles of adjuvants in modern vaccines","volume":"19","author":"Reed","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2025.152947_bib132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/29947677.2024.2443439","article-title":"Enhancing vaccine quality and accessibility: strategies for efficient storage and distribution in resource-constrained environment","volume":"1","author":"Scott","year":"2025","journal-title":"Outbreak Management and Response"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2025.152947_bib133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines12080891","article-title":"Lessons from the COVID-19 pandemic: promoting vaccination and public health resilience, a narrative review","volume":"12","author":"Pennisi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Vaccines"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2025.152947_bib134","series-title":"The Principles and Practice of Disease Eradication","first-page":"69","article-title":"Global measles and Rubella eradication","author":"Andrus","year":"2024"},{"issue":"52","key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2025.152947_bib135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6655","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2016.10.016","article-title":"Vaccine development: from concept to early clinical testing","volume":"34","author":"Cunningham","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2025.152947_bib136","first-page":"1427","article-title":"Regulation and testing of vaccines","author":"Baylor","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vaccines"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2025.152947_bib137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3459","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S315727","article-title":"Overview of the main anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccines: mechanism of action, efficacy and safety","author":"Mascellino","year":"2021","journal-title":"Infect. Drug Resist."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2025.152947_bib138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1304","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines11081304","article-title":"Next-generation TB vaccines: progress, challenges, and prospects","volume":"11","author":"Zhuang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vaccines"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2025.152947_bib139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.13588.1","article-title":"Progress and challenges in TB vaccine development","volume":"7","author":"Voss","year":"2018","journal-title":"F1000Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2025.152947_bib158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1042\/EBC20253009","article-title":"Advancing mRNA vaccines for infectious diseases: key components, innovations, and clinical progress","volume":"69","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Essays Biochem."},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2025.152947_bib141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241512054","article-title":"Evolution of vaccines formulation to tackle the challenge of anti-microbial resistant pathogens","volume":"24","author":"Tognetti","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2025.152947_bib140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-022-01247-x","article-title":"Cancer vaccines as promising immuno-therapeutics: platforms and current progress","volume":"15","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Hematol. Oncol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2025.152947_bib143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-019-0103-y","article-title":"Turning the corner on therapeutic cancer vaccines","volume":"4","author":"Hollingsworth","year":"2019","journal-title":"npj Vaccines"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2025.152947_bib145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1038\/s43587-024-00597-0","article-title":"Targeting aging and age-related diseases with vaccines","volume":"4","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Aging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2025.152947_bib142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1755","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.01755","article-title":"Challenges for clinical development of vaccines for prevention of hospital-acquired bacterial infections","volume":"11","author":"Bekeredjian-Ding","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2025.152947_bib144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2024.103991","article-title":"Multifaceted therapeutic applications of biomimetic nanovaccines","author":"Chheda","year":"2024","journal-title":"Drug Discov. Today"},{"issue":"10278","key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2025.152947_bib146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00306-8","article-title":"Challenges in ensuring global access to COVID-19 vaccines: production, affordability, allocation, and deployment","volume":"397","author":"Wouters","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2025.152947_bib147","series-title":"Efficacy and Public Trust","article-title":"Unveiling the emergency use authorization of COVID\u201019 vaccines: safety","author":"Saeed","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2025.152947_bib148","series-title":"Emergency Use Authorizations (Euas) Versus FDA Approval: Implications for COVID-19 and Public Health","first-page":"1065","author":"Zuckerman","year":"2021"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2025.152947_bib149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-022-00997-x","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant: recent progress and future perspectives","volume":"7","author":"Fan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Targeted Ther."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2025.152947_bib151","article-title":"Evolutionary traits and genomic surveillance of SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 in South America","volume":"2022","author":"Ortiz-Pineda","year":"2022","journal-title":"Global Health, Epidemiology and Genomics"},{"issue":"39\u201340","key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2025.152947_bib152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6852","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2007.07.027","article-title":"Influenza vaccine: the challenge of antigenic drift","volume":"25","author":"Carrat","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2025.152947_bib153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2841","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-021-03806-6","article-title":"Antigenic characterization of influenza and SARS-CoV-2 viruses","volume":"414","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2025.152947_bib154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hlc.2022.03.003","article-title":"Myocarditis and cardiac complications associated with COVID-19 and mRNA vaccination: a pragmatic narrative review to guide clinical practice","volume":"31","author":"Holland","year":"2022","journal-title":"Heart Lung Circ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2025.152947_bib155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119413431.ch20","article-title":"Pharmacoepidemiologic studies of vaccine safety","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pharmacoepidemiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2025.152947_bib156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-biodatasci-020722-041304","article-title":"Challenges and progress in designing broad-spectrum vaccines against rapidly mutating viruses","volume":"6","author":"Bedi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Annual Review of Biomedical Data Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2025.152947_bib157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2018.04.024","article-title":"Zika virus vaccines: immune response, current status, and future challenges","volume":"53","author":"Richner","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Immunol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2025.152947_bib159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines12040348","article-title":"Global disparities in access to vaccine clinical trials: a review of the literature","volume":"12","author":"Mardini","year":"2024","journal-title":"Vaccines"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2025.152947_bib160","series-title":"JAMA Health Forum","article-title":"Vaccine hesitancy is a scapegoat for structural racism","author":"Corbie-Smith","year":"2021"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2025.152947_bib161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2021.03.023","article-title":"Racial\/ethnic and socioeconomic disparities in adult vaccination coverage","volume":"61","author":"Kawai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Prev. Med."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2025.152947_bib162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2021.10.008","article-title":"Racial and ethnic disparities in COVID-19 vaccination coverage: the contribution of socioeconomic and demographic factors","volume":"62","author":"Williams","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Prev. Med."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2025.152947_bib163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2130","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-021-06698-5","article-title":"No populations left behind: vaccine hesitancy and equitable diffusion of effective COVID-19 vaccines","volume":"36","author":"Webb Hooper","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Gen. Intern. Med."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2025.152947_bib164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jval.2018.08.005","article-title":"Economic analysis of vaccination programs: an ISPOR good practices for outcomes research task force report","volume":"21","author":"Jit","year":"2018","journal-title":"Value Health : the journal of the International Society for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2025.152947_bib165","article-title":"Cost\u2013benefit analysis of the national immunization program in Spain","volume":"20","author":"Dur\u00e1n","year":"2024","journal-title":"Hum. Vaccines Immunother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2025.152947_bib166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2021.07.029","article-title":"Cost-benefit analysis of vaccination against four preventable diseases in older adults: impact of an aging population","volume":"39","author":"Carrico","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2025.152947_bib167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jval.2021.10.017","article-title":"Economic evaluation of vaccination programs: a guide for selecting modeling approaches","volume":"25","author":"Mauskopf","year":"2022","journal-title":"Value Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2025.152947_bib168","article-title":"The broad socioeconomic benefits of vaccination","volume":"10","author":"Fan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2025.152947_bib169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3999","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2022.04.026","article-title":"Capturing the value of vaccination within health technology assessment and health economics: country analysis and priority value concepts","volume":"40","author":"Postma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2025.152947_bib170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1007\/s10754-024-09367-2","article-title":"Simple economics of vaccination: public policies and incentives","volume":"24","author":"Villota-Miranda","year":"2024","journal-title":"International Journal of Health Economics and Management"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2025.152947_bib171","article-title":"Equity-informative economic evaluations of vaccines: a systematic literature review","volume":"11","author":"Lambach","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vaccines"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2025.152947_bib172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1589","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.02.030","article-title":"Novel approaches for vaccine development","volume":"184","author":"Carfi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2025.152947_bib173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.1038\/s41573-024-01041-z","article-title":"Advanced technologies for the development of infectious disease vaccines","volume":"23","author":"Gupta","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2025.152947_bib174","article-title":"A T7 autogene-mediated DNA vaccine platform for SARS-CoV-2: overcoming DNA vaccine limitations with enhanced spike mRNA production","author":"Nam","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Contr. Release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society"},{"issue":"30","key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2025.152947_bib175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2699","DOI":"10.1080\/17435889.2024.2419815","article-title":"Design and development of mRNA and self-amplifying mRNA vaccine nanoformulations","volume":"19","author":"Omidi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nanomedicine"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2025.152947_bib176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines12030318","article-title":"Self-amplifying RNA: a second revolution of mRNA vaccines against COVID-19","volume":"12","author":"Silva-Pilipich","year":"2024","journal-title":"Vaccines"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2025.152947_bib177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.3390\/v17040566","article-title":"Self-amplifying RNA: advantages and challenges of a versatile platform for vaccine development","volume":"17","author":"Vallet","year":"2025","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2025.152947_bib178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-023-01561-x","article-title":"Circular RNA vaccine in disease prevention and treatment","volume":"8","author":"Niu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Targeted Ther."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2025.152947_bib179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1728","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2022.03.044","article-title":"Circular RNA vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 and emerging variants","volume":"185","author":"Qu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2025.152947_bib180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.52711\/0975-4377.2025.00011","article-title":"Redefining immunization: recent advances and innovations in vaccine development","volume":"17","author":"Gupta","year":"2025","journal-title":"Res. J. Pharm. Dosage Forms Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2025.152947_bib181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biologicals.2024.101750","article-title":"The role of real-world evidence for regulatory and public health decision-making for accelerated vaccine Deployment-a meeting report","volume":"85","author":"Bollaerts","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biologicals"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2025.152947_bib182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/biot.201970055","article-title":"Emerging technologies for low-cost, rapid vaccine manufacture","volume":"14","author":"Kis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biotechnol. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2025.152947_bib183","article-title":"Vaccine development: current trends and technologies","author":"Poria","year":"2023","journal-title":"Life Sci."}],"container-title":["Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0006291X25016638?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0006291X25016638?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T09:00:37Z","timestamp":1773824437000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0006291X25016638"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"references-count":184,"alternative-id":["S0006291X25016638"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbrc.2025.152947","relation":{},"ISSN":["0006-291X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0006-291X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Innovations and challenges in vaccine development: Lessons from the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic and prospects","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbrc.2025.152947","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 Elsevier Inc. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"152947"}}