{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T18:15:52Z","timestamp":1773944152556,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]],"date-time":"2025-12-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765497600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Biochemistry and Biophysics Reports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrep.2025.102416","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]],"date-time":"2026-01-06T05:08:04Z","timestamp":1767676084000},"page":"102416","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Live cell imaging of exogenous \u03b1-synuclein fibrils in primary microglia and neuron co-cultures"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"45","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-3120-9252","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C.","family":"Paquette","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"T.","family":"Charlton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0571-3483","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"N.","family":"Prowse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"T.","family":"Fortin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"H.","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Hayley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrep.2025.102416_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2005.11.012","article-title":"Gastric \u03b1-synuclein immunoreactive inclusions in Meissner's and Auerbach's plexuses in cases staged for Parkinson's disease-related brain pathology","volume":"396","author":"Braak","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrep.2025.102416_bib2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Studying pre-formed fibril induced \u03b1-synuclein accumulation in primary embryonic mouse midbrain dopamine neurons","volume":"2020","author":"Er","year":"2020","journal-title":"JoVE J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrep.2025.102416_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2018.00295","article-title":"Alpha-synuclein: from early synaptic dysfunction to neurodegeneration","volume":"9","author":"Ghiglieri","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrep.2025.102416_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a008888","article-title":"Genetics of Parkinson's disease","volume":"2","author":"Klein","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrep.2025.102416_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.3233\/JPD-171248","article-title":"Best practices for generating and using alpha-synuclein pre-formed fibrils to model Parkinson's disease in rodents","volume":"8","author":"Polinski","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Parkinsons Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrep.2025.102416_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2011.08.033","article-title":"Exogenous \u03b1-Synuclein fibrils induce lewy body pathology leading to synaptic dysfunction and neuron death","volume":"72","author":"Volpicelli-Daley","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrep.2025.102416_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2012.06.025","article-title":"Regionally-specific microglial activation in young mice over-expressing human wildtype alpha-synuclein","volume":"237","author":"Watson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrep.2025.102416_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1038\/s41583-018-0057-5","article-title":"Microglial signatures and their role in health and disease","volume":"19","author":"Butovsky","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrep.2025.102416_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/cells8020105","article-title":"Novel immunotherapeutic approaches to target alpha-synuclein and related neuroinflammation in parkinson's disease","volume":"8","author":"Zella","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrep.2025.102416_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2022.105696","article-title":"Extracellular alpha-synuclein: sensors, receptors, and responses","volume":"168","author":"Domingues","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrep.2025.102416_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-014-9070-5","article-title":"Differential roles of M1 and M2 microglia in neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"53","author":"Tang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrep.2025.102416_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.04-2751com","article-title":"Aggregated \u03b1-synuclein activates microglia: a process leading to disease progression in Parkinson's disease","volume":"19","author":"Zhang","year":"2005","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrep.2025.102416_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2008.01491.x","article-title":"Rapid astrocyte and microglial activation following pilocarpine-induced seizures in rats","volume":"49","author":"Shapiro","year":"2008","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrep.2025.102416_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1523\/ENEURO.0034-15.2015","article-title":"Rapid, coordinate inflammatory responses after experimental febrile status epilepticus: implications for epileptogenesis","volume":"2","author":"Patterson","year":"2015","journal-title":"eNeuro"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrep.2025.102416_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2017.00700","article-title":"Status epilepticus triggers time-dependent alterations in microglia abundance and morphological phenotypes in the hippocampus","volume":"8","author":"Wyatt-Johnson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrep.2025.102416_bib16","article-title":"Preparation of dissociated mouse cortical neuron cultures","volume":"562","author":"Hilgenberg","year":"2007","journal-title":"JoVE J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrep.2025.102416_bib17","first-page":"51751","article-title":"Primary culture of mouse dopaminergic neurons","author":"Gaven","year":"2014","journal-title":"JoVE J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrep.2025.102416_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1042\/AN20120066","article-title":"Neuroimmunological processes in Parkinson's disease and their relation to \u03b1-synuclein: microglia as the referee between neuronal processes and peripheral immunity","volume":"5","author":"Sanchez-Guajardo","year":"2013","journal-title":"ASN Neuro"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bbrep.2025.102416_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1386","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-15119-w","article-title":"Microglia clear neuron-released alpha-synuclein via selective autophagy and prevent neurodegeneration","volume":"11","author":"Choi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"20","key":"10.1016\/j.bbrep.2025.102416_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5089","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.09.007","article-title":"Microglia jointly degrade fibrillar alpha-synuclein cargo by distribution through tunneling nanotubes","volume":"184","author":"Scheiblich","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrep.2025.102416_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20051","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0908005106","article-title":"Exogenous \u03b1-synuclein fibrils seed the formation of lewy body-like intracellular inclusions in cultured cells","volume":"106","author":"Luk","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrep.2025.102416_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-013-1160-3","article-title":"Transfer of human \u03b1-synuclein from the olfactory bulb to interconnected brain regions in mice","volume":"126","author":"Rey","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrep.2025.102416_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14547","article-title":"\u03b1-Synuclein strains cause distinct synucleinopathies after local and systemic administration","volume":"522","author":"Peelaerts","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrep.2025.102416_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2015.01.060","article-title":"Progressive aggregation of alpha-synuclein and selective degeneration of lewy inclusion-bearing neurons in a mouse model of parkinsonism","volume":"10","author":"Osterberg","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrep.2025.102416_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4971","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1913904117","article-title":"The process of lewy body formation, rather than simply \u03b1-synuclein fibrillization, is one of the major drivers of neurodegeneration","volume":"117","author":"Mahul-Mellier","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bbrep.2025.102416_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-020-01026-0","article-title":"Trans-synaptic and retrograde axonal spread of lewy pathology following pre-formed fibril injection in an in vivo A53T alpha-synuclein mouse model of synucleinopathy","volume":"8","author":"Schaser","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol. Commun."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.bbrep.2025.102416_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.3858\/emm.2012.44.2.031","article-title":"Neuronal autophagy and neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"44","author":"Son","year":"2012","journal-title":"Exp. Mol. Med."},{"issue":"5688","key":"10.1016\/j.bbrep.2025.102416_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1292","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1101738","article-title":"Impaired degradation of mutant alpha-synuclein by chaperone-mediated autophagy","volume":"305","author":"Cuervo","year":"2004","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"35","key":"10.1016\/j.bbrep.2025.102416_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23542","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M801992200","article-title":"Wild type alpha-synuclein is degraded by chaperone-mediated autophagy and macroautophagy in neuronal cells","volume":"283","author":"Vogiatzi","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.bbrep.2025.102416_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.201003122","article-title":"alpha-Synuclein impairs macroautophagy: implications for parkinson's disease","volume":"190","author":"Winslow","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bbrep.2025.102416_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1558","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-024-07271-6","article-title":"Lipid-nanoparticle-induced vacuolization in microglia","volume":"7","author":"Kerschbaum","year":"2024","journal-title":"Commun. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrep.2025.102416_bib32","article-title":"Cellular and molecular mediators of neuroinflammation in the pathogenesis of parkinson's disease","volume":"12","author":"More","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mediat. Inflamm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrep.2025.102416_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2021.09.018","article-title":"Microglia and BDNF at the crossroads of stressor related disorders: towards a unique trophic phenotype","volume":"131","author":"Prowse","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrep.2025.102416_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcdb.2019.05.017","article-title":"Microglia-neuron crosstalk: signaling mechanism and control of synaptic transmission","volume":"94","author":"Marinelli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Semin. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.bbrep.2025.102416_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awad298","article-title":"MerTK is a mediator of alpha-synuclein fibril uptake by human microglia","volume":"147","author":"Dorion","year":"2024","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrep.2025.102416_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2779","article-title":"Phagocyte partnership during the onset and resolution of inflammation","volume":"10","author":"Soehnlein","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrep.2025.102416_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.15252\/embj.2019101997","article-title":"Microglial subtypes: diversity within the microglial community","volume":"38","author":"Stratoulias","year":"2019","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrep.2025.102416_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2017.05.018","article-title":"A unique microglia type associated with restricting development of alzheimer's disease","volume":"169","author":"Keren-Shaul","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrep.2025.102416_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.3390\/md19110587","article-title":"\u03c9-3 DPA protected neurons from neuroinflammation by balancing microglia M1\/M2 polarizations through inhibiting NF-\u03baB\/MAPK p38 signaling and activating Neuron-BDNF-PI3K\/AKT pathways","volume":"19","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mar. Drugs"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.bbrep.2025.102416_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2895","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2019.05.010","article-title":"Nanoscale surveillance of the brain by microglia via cAMP-Regulated filopodia","volume":"27","author":"Bernier","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrep.2025.102416_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.22363","article-title":"MicroRNAs are universal regulators of differentiation, activation, and polarization of microglia and macrophages in normal and diseased CNS","volume":"61","author":"Ponomarev","year":"2013","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrep.2025.102416_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E5665","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1604263113","article-title":"Infiltrating monocytes promote brain inflammation and exacerbate neuronal damage after status epilepticus","volume":"113","author":"Varvel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrep.2025.102416_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2014.00152","article-title":"Microglia change from a reactive to an age-like phenotype with the time in culture","volume":"8","author":"Caldeira","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrep.2025.102416_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1098\/rsob.220200","article-title":"Characterization of microglia behaviour in healthy and pathological conditions with image analysis tools","volume":"13","author":"Martinez","year":"2023","journal-title":"Open Biol."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.bbrep.2025.102416_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1690","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2007.04.006","article-title":"Synuclein activates microglia in a model of Parkinson's disease","volume":"29","author":"Su","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bbrep.2025.102416_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2006.09.078","article-title":"Expression of C\/EBP\u03b1 and C\/EBP\u03b2 in glial cells in vitro after inducing glial activation by different stimuli","volume":"410","author":"P\u00e9rez-Capote","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.bbrep.2025.102416_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1433","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.215250","article-title":"Interleukin 4-induced neuroprotection and regulation of microglia activation as a therapeutic approach in the MPTP model of Parkinson's disease","volume":"12","author":"Spittau","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neural Regen. Res."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.bbrep.2025.102416_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1176","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2006.04172.x","article-title":"Protective effects of an anti-inflammatory cytokine, interleukin-4, on motoneuron toxicity induced by activated microglia","volume":"99","author":"Zhao","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.bbrep.2025.102416_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.115.012079","article-title":"Interleukin-4 is essential for microglia\/macrophage M2 polarization and long-term recovery after cerebral ischemia","volume":"47","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrep.2025.102416_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11281","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1685-15.2015","article-title":"Neuronal interleukin-4 as a modulator of microglial pathways and ischemic brain damage","volume":"35","author":"Zhao","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.bbrep.2025.102416_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1007\/s10616-020-00409-4","article-title":"IL-4 and IL-10 promotes phagocytic activity of microglia by up-regulation of TREM2","volume":"72","author":"Yi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cytotechnology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.bbrep.2025.102416_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.5607\/en.2018.27.4.309","article-title":"Interleukin-4 contributes to degeneration of dopamine neurons in the lipopolysaccharide-treated substantia nigra in vivo","volume":"27","author":"Bok","year":"2018","journal-title":"Exp. Neurobiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrep.2025.102416_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1359","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-018-0242-x","article-title":"Microglia in neurodegeneration","volume":"21","author":"Hickman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."}],"container-title":["Biochemistry and Biophysics Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2405580825005035?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2405580825005035?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T16:12:02Z","timestamp":1773936722000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2405580825005035"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"references-count":53,"alternative-id":["S2405580825005035"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbrep.2025.102416","relation":{},"ISSN":["2405-5808"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2405-5808","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Live cell imaging of exogenous \u03b1-synuclein fibrils in primary microglia and neuron co-cultures","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Biochemistry and Biophysics Reports","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbrep.2025.102416","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"102416"}}