{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T23:56:14Z","timestamp":1781740574675,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":100,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775692800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016566","name":"Universit\u00e9 Mohammed VI Polytechnique","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016566","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Biochemistry and Biophysics Reports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrep.2026.102589","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T05:26:21Z","timestamp":1776317181000},"page":"102589","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Multivariate analysis and ADME profiling of Rosmarinus officinalis L. leaf vs. stem extracts: Extraction method-driven bioactivity and pharmacokinetic implications"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"46","author":[{"given":"Fatima-Zahrae","family":"Ed-darraz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saida","family":"Tayibi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-6446-7098","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sana","family":"Mounaimi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Asmae","family":"Hbika","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meryem","family":"Boufetacha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karim","family":"Lyamlouli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdellatif","family":"Barakat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"El Khadir","family":"Gharibi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrep.2026.102589_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.3390\/plants9050651","article-title":"Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L., syn Salvia rosmarinus Spenn.) and its topical applications: a review","volume":"9","author":"de Macedo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Plants"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrep.2026.102589_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3395","DOI":"10.3390\/plants13233395","article-title":"Unlocking the hidden potential of rosemary (Salvia rosmarinus Spenn.): new insights into phenolics, terpenes, and antioxidants of Mediterranean cultivars","volume":"13","author":"Baptista","year":"2024","journal-title":"Plants"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrep.2026.102589_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1007\/s00210-016-1256-0","article-title":"Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) as a potential therapeutic plant in metabolic syndrome: a review","volume":"389","author":"Hassani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Naunyn-Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrep.2026.102589_bib4","first-page":"167","article-title":"Antibacterial activity of extracts from Salvia officinalis and Rosmarinus officinalis obtained by sonication and maceration methods","volume":"6","author":"Balouiri","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm. Pharmaceut. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrep.2026.102589_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.afres.2023.100302","article-title":"Evaluation of the sensory properties and antioxidant activity of clean rosemary extracts for an effective replacement of EDTA in Mayonnaise","volume":"3","author":"Savani","year":"2023","journal-title":"Appl. Food Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrep.2026.102589_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.afres.2025.101020","article-title":"Effect of rosemary and thyme (Rosemarinus officinalis L. and Thymus vulgaris L.) ethanolic extracts on foodborne pathogens, physicochemical properties and improving the safety of cottage cheese with antioxidant, and antibacterial activities","author":"Mahgoub","year":"2025","journal-title":"Appl. Food Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrep.2026.102589_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2019.112049","article-title":"Deep eutectic solvents applied in the extraction and stabilization of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) phenolic compounds","volume":"144","author":"Barbieri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrep.2026.102589_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1946","DOI":"10.1002\/elps.201700397","article-title":"What is the best ethanol\u2010water ratio for the extraction of antioxidants from rosemary? Impact of the solvent on yield, composition, and activity of the extracts","volume":"39","author":"Jacotet\u2010Navarro","year":"2018","journal-title":"Electrophoresis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrep.2026.102589_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2020.109242","article-title":"Impact of ultrasound-assisted extraction and solvent composition on bioactive compounds and in vitro biological activities of thyme and rosemary","volume":"134","author":"Munekata","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrep.2026.102589_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.supflu.2024.106344","article-title":"Selective extraction of carnosic acid, carnosol, and rosmarinic acid from Rosmarinus officinalis L. using supercritical fluid and their antioxidant activity","volume":"212","author":"Boufetacha","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Supercrit. Fluids"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrep.2026.102589_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31359","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.3c09584","article-title":"Shelf life enhancement of structured lipids rich in omega-3 fatty acids using rosemary extract: a sustainable approach","volume":"9","author":"Kumari Singh","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrep.2026.102589_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfoodeng.2013.01.014","article-title":"Techniques for extraction of bioactive compounds from plant materials: a review","volume":"117","author":"Azmir","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Food Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrep.2026.102589_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultsonch.2016.06.035","article-title":"Ultrasound assisted extraction of food and natural products. Mechanisms, techniques, combinations, protocols and applications. A review","volume":"34","author":"Chemat","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ultrason. Sonochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrep.2026.102589_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.3390\/plants6040042","article-title":"Phytochemicals: extraction, isolation, and identification of bioactive compounds from plant extracts","volume":"6","author":"Altemimi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Plants"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrep.2026.102589_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/5961586","article-title":"Soxhlet extraction versus hydrodistillation using the Clevenger apparatus: a comparative study on the extraction of a volatile compound from Tamarindus indica seeds","volume":"2021","author":"Fagbemi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. World J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrep.2026.102589_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1869","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26071869","article-title":"Environmentally friendly techniques and their comparison in the extraction of natural antioxidants from green tea, rosemary, clove, and oregano","volume":"26","author":"Calder\u00f3n-Oliver","year":"2021","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrep.2026.102589_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fitote.2020.104798","article-title":"Development of an innovative maceration technique to optimize extraction and phase partition of natural products","volume":"148","author":"Gori","year":"2021","journal-title":"Fitoterapia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrep.2026.102589_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2014.03.016","article-title":"Ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants used by people in Oriental Morocco to manage various ailments","volume":"154","author":"Jamila","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrep.2026.102589_bib21","series-title":"Food Analysis","first-page":"315","article-title":"Protein analysis","author":"Chang","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrep.2026.102589_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/erad359","article-title":"Is the co-option of jasmonate signalling for botanical carnivory a universal trait for all carnivorous plants?","volume":"75","author":"Pavlovi\u010d","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrep.2026.102589_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12030549","article-title":"Modeling and optimization of phenolic compounds from sage (Salvia fruticosa L.) post-distillation residues: ultrasound- versus microwave-assisted extraction","volume":"12","author":"Irakli","year":"2023","journal-title":"Antioxidants"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrep.2026.102589_bib24","first-page":"8441","article-title":"Effects of extraction technique and solvent on phytochemicals, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activities of cultivated and wild rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) from Taounate region","volume":"12","author":"Zeroual","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biointerface Res. Appl. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrep.2026.102589_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics14030481","article-title":"Artemisia absinthium L. aqueous and ethyl acetate extracts: antioxidant effect and potential activity in vitro and in vivo against pancreatic \u03b1-amylase and intestinal \u03b1-glucosidase","volume":"14","author":"Hbika","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrep.2026.102589_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4495","DOI":"10.1007\/s12649-022-01808-8","article-title":"Proximate composition, antioxidant activity, mineral and lipid profiling of spent coffee grounds collected in Morocco reveal a great potential of valorization","volume":"13","author":"Bijla","year":"2022","journal-title":"Waste Biomass Valoriz."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrep.2026.102589_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7730","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2021.1917508","article-title":"Absorption, metabolism and bioavailability of flavonoids: a review","volume":"62","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrep.2026.102589_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1007\/s13197-015-2062-2","article-title":"A comparative study on the in vitro antioxidant activity of tocopherol and extracts from rosemary and Ferulago angulata on oil oxidation during deep frying of potato slices","volume":"53","author":"Alizadeh","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrep.2026.102589_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/5984636","article-title":"Preserving soybean oil for the frying of breaded butterfly shrimp using natural rosemary antioxidant","volume":"2023","author":"Moufakkir","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrep.2026.102589_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2016.03.022","article-title":"Effect of differently sized O\/W emulsions loaded with rosemary extract on lipid oxidation in cooked emulsion-type sausages rich in n-3 fatty acids","volume":"79","author":"Erdmann","year":"2017","journal-title":"LWT--Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrep.2026.102589_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matpr.2020.12.743","article-title":"Evaluation of the in vitro antioxidant activity of different extracts of Nigella sativa L. seeds, and the quantification of their bioactive compounds","volume":"45","author":"Dalli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mater. Today Proc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrep.2026.102589_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.14218\/JERP.2022.00002","article-title":"Optimizing ethanol extraction of rosemary leaves and their biological evaluations","volume":"7","author":"Yeddes","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Explor. Res. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrep.2026.102589_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"988","DOI":"10.1515\/chem-2019-0103","article-title":"Phenolic compounds and biological activities of rye (Secale cereale L.) grains","volume":"17","author":"Kulichov\u00e1","year":"2019","journal-title":"Open Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrep.2026.102589_bib34","first-page":"1","article-title":"Luria broth (LB) and Luria agar (LA) media and their uses protocol","author":"MacWilliams","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. Soc. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrep.2026.102589_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1007\/s10068-021-00914-y","article-title":"Antioxidant activity of \u03b2-cyclodextrin inclusion complexes containing trans-cinnamaldehyde by DPPH, ABTS and FRAP","volume":"30","author":"Jo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Sci. Biotechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrep.2026.102589_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.4314\/ijbcs.v16i1.24","article-title":"Caract\u00e9risation phytochimique et \u00e9tude de l\u2019activit\u00e9 antimicrobienne d\u2019extraits de feuilles de trois plantes de la flore s\u00e9n\u00e9galaise: detarium senegalense, Detarium microcarpum et Piliostigma reticulatum","volume":"16","author":"Faye","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Chem. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrep.2026.102589_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1088\/1757-899X\/1221\/1\/012019","article-title":"Pharmacological screening of heartwood of Tectona grandis Linn. for antibacterial activity by Agar-well diffusion method","volume":"1221","author":"Singh","year":"2022","journal-title":"IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrep.2026.102589_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1080\/10412905.2007.9699254","article-title":"Antibacterial action of essential oils from corsica","volume":"19","author":"Rossi","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Essent. Oil Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrep.2026.102589_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/srep42717","article-title":"SwissADME: a free web tool to evaluate pharmacokinetics, drug-likeness and medicinal chemistry friendliness of small molecules","volume":"7","author":"Daina","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrep.2026.102589_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins14070475","article-title":"Evaluation of acute and subacute toxicity and LC-MS\/MS compositional alkaloid determination of the hydroethanolic extract of Dysphania ambrosioides (L.) mosyakin and clemants flowers","volume":"14","author":"Kandsi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Toxins"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrep.2026.102589_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1021\/ci200542m","article-title":"Computational prediction of metabolism: sites, products, SAR, P450 enzyme dynamics, and mechanisms","volume":"52","author":"Kirchmair","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Chem. Inf. Model."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrep.2026.102589_bib42","series-title":"Molecular, Clinical and Environmental Toxicology: Volume 1: Molecular Toxicology","first-page":"367","article-title":"The role of toxicoproteomics in assessing organ specific toxicity","author":"Merrick","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrep.2026.102589_bib43","first-page":"859","article-title":"Productive, physiological and immunological effect rosemary leaves meal (Rosmarinus officinalis) supplementing to broiler diet, Egypt","volume":"36","author":"Elnaggar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Poult. Sci. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrep.2026.102589_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1007\/S11099-005-0012-3","article-title":"Adaptive photosynthetic strategies of the mediterranean maquis species according to their origin","volume":"42","author":"Gratani","year":"2004","journal-title":"Photosynthetica"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrep.2026.102589_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.supflu.2017.09.025","article-title":"Antioxidant and antibacterial activity of different extracts from herbs obtained by maceration or supercritical technology","volume":"133","author":"Vieitez","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Supercrit. Fluids"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrep.2026.102589_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/jfpp.13778","article-title":"Optimization of heat\u2010 and ultrasound\u2010assisted extraction of polyphenols from dried rosemary leaves using response surface methodology","volume":"42","author":"Hosseini","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Food Process. Preserv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrep.2026.102589_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1590\/S0101-20612008000200030","article-title":"Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis): a study of the composition, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of extracts obtained with supercritical carbon dioxide","volume":"28","author":"Genena","year":"2008","journal-title":"Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrep.2026.102589_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2006.03.050","article-title":"Extraction of phenolics and essential oil from dried sage (Salvia officinalis) using ethanol\u2013water mixtures","volume":"101","author":"Durling","year":"2007","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrep.2026.102589_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1039\/D2NP00059H","article-title":"Extraction techniques for bioactive compounds of cannabis","volume":"40","author":"Martinez","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrep.2026.102589_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2012.12.019","article-title":"Qualitative and quantitative analysis of lignocellulosic biomass using infrared techniques: a mini-review","volume":"104","author":"Xu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrep.2026.102589_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/09712119.2024.2443185","article-title":"Improving the physiological status of broiler chickens using rosemary leaf meal and sodium bentonite as ammonia gas control agents","volume":"53","author":"Ogwuegbu","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Appl. Anim. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrep.2026.102589_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/19476337.2025.2451980","article-title":"Phytochemical composition, phytotoxicity, and ADME modeling of Artemisia absinthium L.: implications for food safety and pharmaceutical applications","volume":"23","author":"Hbika","year":"2025","journal-title":"CyTA - J. Food"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrep.2026.102589_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1515\/chem-2021-0061","article-title":"Optimized extraction of polyphenols from leaves of Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) grown in Lam Dong province, Vietnam, and evaluation of their antioxidant capacity","volume":"19","author":"Nguyen-Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Open Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrep.2026.102589_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultsonch.2022.106280","article-title":"Physicochemical and antioxidative properties of ultrasound-assisted extraction of mahua (Madhuca longifolia) seed oil in comparison with conventional Soxhlet and mechanical extractions","volume":"92","author":"Thilakarathna","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ultrason. Sonochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrep.2026.102589_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1007\/s11947-023-03171-5","article-title":"Mechanisms, capabilities, limitations, and economic stability outlook for extracting phenolics from agro-byproducts using emerging thermal extraction technologies and their combinative effects","volume":"17","author":"Boateng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Bioprocess Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrep.2026.102589_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaap.2024.106697","article-title":"Feedstock type and pyrolysis temperature of rosemary wastes in a fixed-bed reactor affect the characteristics and application potentials of the bio-chars","volume":"182","author":"Dira","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrep.2026.102589_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfda.2013.11.001","article-title":"Effect of extraction solvent on total phenol content, total flavonoid content, and antioxidant activity of Limnophila aromatica","volume":"22","author":"Do","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Food Drug Anal."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrep.2026.102589_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3143","DOI":"10.3390\/foods10123143","article-title":"Rosemary extract and essential oil as drink ingredients: an evaluation of their chemical composition, genotoxicity, antimicrobial, antiviral, and antioxidant properties","volume":"10","author":"Christopoulou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Foods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrep.2026.102589_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2016","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10122016","article-title":"LC-MS identification and quantification of phenolic compounds in solid residues from the essential oil industry","volume":"10","author":"Irakli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Antioxidants"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrep.2026.102589_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4599","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25204599","article-title":"Full-spectrum analysis of bioactive compounds in rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) as influenced by different extraction methods","volume":"25","author":"Sharma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrep.2026.102589_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12030628","article-title":"Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) glycolic extract protects liver mitochondria from oxidative damage and prevents acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity","volume":"12","author":"Guimar\u00e3es","year":"2023","journal-title":"Antioxidants"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrep.2026.102589_bib67","first-page":"105","article-title":"Phytochemical profiling of rosemary extract products distributed as food additives in the Japanese market","volume":"25","author":"Masumoto","year":"2018","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Food Chem. Saf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrep.2026.102589_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20585","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms151120585","article-title":"Rosmarinus officinalis leaves as a natural source of bioactive compounds","volume":"15","author":"Borr\u00e1s-Linares","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrep.2026.102589_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2512","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2009.11.032","article-title":"Green processes for the extraction of bioactives from Rosemary: chemical and functional characterization via ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and in-vitro assays","volume":"1217","author":"Herrero","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrep.2026.102589_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1776","DOI":"10.1002\/elps.201900152","article-title":"Chemical characterization of leaves and calli extracts of Rosmarinus officinalis by UHPLC\u2010MS","volume":"41","author":"P\u00e9rez\u2010Mendoza","year":"2020","journal-title":"Electrophoresis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrep.2026.102589_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4987","DOI":"10.1021\/jf040078p","article-title":"Flavonoid distribution during the development of leaves, flowers, stems, and roots of Rosmarinus officinalis. Postulation of a biosynthetic pathway","volume":"52","author":"del Ba\u00f1o","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrep.2026.102589_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6064","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26196064","article-title":"HPTLC and ATR\/FTIR characterization of antioxidants in different rosemary extracts","volume":"26","author":"Agatonovic-Kustrin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrep.2026.102589_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e133","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1272-2903","article-title":"Application of UHPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS in phytochemical profiling of sage (Salvia officinalis) and rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis)","volume":"7","author":"Velamuri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Planta Med. Int. Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrep.2026.102589_bib69","series-title":"Mater. Today Proc.","first-page":"134","article-title":"Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of leaf and fruit extracts of Gymnosporia montana","author":"Sutariya","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrep.2026.102589_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1080\/00207233.2024.2405448","article-title":"GC\u2013MS and FTIR analysis and effects of thyme (Thymbra capitata L. Cav) and rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) essential oils on the growth and pathogenicity of Botrytis fabae","volume":"82","author":"Boutagayout","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Stud."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrep.2026.102589_bib71","first-page":"62","article-title":"Bio-inspired synthesis of hematite \u03b1-Fe2O3 nanoparticles via rosemary leaf extract: investigation of structural, magnetic, and electrical properties, Passer J","volume":"7","author":"Flayah","year":"2025","journal-title":"Basic Appl. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrep.2026.102589_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1021\/ac60258a002","article-title":"Monomer sequence distribution in ethylene-propylene copolymers by computer analysis of infrared spectra","volume":"40","author":"Drushel","year":"1968","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrep.2026.102589_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1825","DOI":"10.3390\/ma11101825","article-title":"Evaluation of the rosemary extract effect on the properties of polylactic acid-based materials","volume":"11","author":"Darie-Ni\u0163\u0103","year":"2018","journal-title":"Materials"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrep.2026.102589_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matpr.2020.10.038","article-title":"Phytochemical screening, FTIR spectral analysis, antioxidant and antibacterial activity of leaf extract of Pimenta dioica Linn","volume":"45","author":"Murali","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mater. Today Proc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrep.2026.102589_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.6001\/biologija.v59i1.2650","article-title":"Evaluation of total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of different Rosmarinus officinalis L. ethanolic extracts","volume":"59","author":"Kasparavi\u010dien\u0117","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biologija"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrep.2026.102589_bib76","first-page":"1","article-title":"Phytochemical screening, antioxidant activities and hemolytic power of four Saharan plants from Algeria","author":"Haddouchi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Phytoth\u00e9rapie"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrep.2026.102589_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1080\/10715760500473834","article-title":"Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of rosemary extracts linked to their polyphenol composition","volume":"40","author":"Moreno","year":"2006","journal-title":"Free Radic. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrep.2026.102589_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1744","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X-72.8.1744","article-title":"In vitro antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of commercial rosemary extract formulations","volume":"72","author":"Klan\u010dnik","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Food Protect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrep.2026.102589_bib79","first-page":"256","article-title":"Antibacterial activity and mode of action of ferulic and gallic acids against pathogenic bacteria, Microb","volume":"19","author":"Borges","year":"2013","journal-title":"Drug Res."},{"issue":"17","key":"10.1016\/j.bbrep.2026.102589_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.2174\/138161211795164194","article-title":"ADME properties of herbal medicines in humans: evidence, challenges and strategies","volume":"17","author":"He","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrep.2026.102589_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.3390\/plants11040549","article-title":"Natural products as novel neuroprotective agents; computational predictions of the molecular targets, ADME properties, and safety profile","volume":"11","author":"Alghamdi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Plants"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrep.2026.102589_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2008.01.058","article-title":"Antioxidant activities of rosemary (Rosmarinus Officinalis L.) extract, blackseed (Nigella sativa L.) essential oil, carnosic acid, rosmarinic acid and sesamol","volume":"110","author":"Erkan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrep.2026.102589_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12040655","article-title":"Assessment of the antioxidant and antimicrobial potential of Ptychotis verticillata Duby essential oil from eastern Morocco: an in vitro and in silico analysis","volume":"12","author":"Taibi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Antibiotics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrep.2026.102589_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1515\/med-2024-1065","article-title":"The chemoprotective hormetic effects of rosmarinic acid","volume":"19","author":"Calabrese","year":"2024","journal-title":"Open Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrep.2026.102589_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6429","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26216429","article-title":"Bioactive compounds of Opuntia spp. acid fruits: micro and nano-emulsified extracts and applications in nutraceutical foods","volume":"26","author":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Luque\u00f1o","year":"2021","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"issue":"S3","key":"10.1016\/j.bbrep.2026.102589_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3976","DOI":"10.53730\/ijhs.v6nS3.6664","article-title":"Antibacterial and antioxidant activity of flavonoid, glycoside and alkaloid extracts of Tilia cordata","author":"Ali","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Health Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrep.2026.102589_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.833233","article-title":"Plant natural products as antimicrobials for control of Streptomyces scabies: a causative agent of the common scab disease","volume":"12","author":"Gutierrez","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrep.2026.102589_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1440","DOI":"10.1271\/bbb.61.1440","article-title":"New antimicrobial substances against Streptomyces scabies from Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.)","volume":"61","author":"Takenaka","year":"1997","journal-title":"Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrep.2026.102589_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1002\/biof.1929","article-title":"Effects of rosmarinic acid, carnosic acid, rosmanol, carnosol, and ursolic acid on the pathogenesis of respiratory diseases","volume":"49","author":"Farhadi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biofactors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrep.2026.102589_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2022.116795","article-title":"Metabolomics analysis insight into medicinal plant science","volume":"157","author":"Waris","year":"2022","journal-title":"TrAC Trends Anal. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrep.2026.102589_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1002\/jssc.200800552","article-title":"Validation of green\u2010solvent extraction combined with chromatographic chemical fingerprint to evaluate quality of Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni","volume":"32","author":"Teo","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Separ. Sci."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.bbrep.2026.102589_bib92","first-page":"8945","article-title":"The pharmacological and nutritional properties of Rosmarinus officinalis: a comprehensive review","volume":"8","author":"Benyaich","year":"2024","journal-title":"Trop. J. Nat. Prod. Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrep.2026.102589_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.26656\/fr.2017.4(S1).S09","article-title":"Understanding the effects of different parameters of Soxhlet extraction on bioactive compounds from Aquilaria malaccensis leaf through GCMS-based profiling","volume":"4","author":"Zainurin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrep.2026.102589_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo12050451","article-title":"Untargeted metabolomic profiling and antioxidant capacities of different solvent crude extracts of Ephedra foeminea","volume":"12","author":"Al-Nemi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Metabolites"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrep.2026.102589_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1696","DOI":"10.1080\/01496395.2017.1298612","article-title":"UPLC-QTOF-MSE-based chemometric approach driving the choice of the best extraction process for Phyllanthus niruri","volume":"52","author":"Sousa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Separ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrep.2026.102589_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10142","DOI":"10.1021\/jf8016833","article-title":"Revealing the metabonomic variation of rosemary extracts using 1H NMR spectroscopy and multivariate data analysis","volume":"56","author":"Xiao","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrep.2026.102589_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.12912\/27197050\/191265","article-title":"Influence of harvest time and environmental factors on the yield and chemical composition of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) essential oil in Northeast Morocco","volume":"25","author":"Farhani","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ecol. Eng. Environ. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrep.2026.102589_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules29010085","article-title":"Influence of the extraction method on the polyphenolic profile and the antioxidant activity of Psidium guajava L. leaf extracts","volume":"29","author":"Gutierrez Montiel","year":"2024","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrep.2026.102589_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.3390\/horticulturae11050455","article-title":"Phytochemical and antioxidant variability in some black mulberry, chokeberry, and elderberry cultivars in relation to cultivar, plant part, and extraction solvent","volume":"11","author":"Zengin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Horticulturae"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrep.2026.102589_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.3390\/foods11030314","article-title":"The establishment of ultrasonic-assisted extraction for the recovery of phenolic compounds and evaluation of their antioxidant activity from Morus alba leaves","volume":"11","author":"Mart\u00edn-Garc\u00eda","year":"2022","journal-title":"Foods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrep.2026.102589_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2526","DOI":"10.3390\/plants14162526","article-title":"Chemical composition, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of Piper carpunya and Simira ecuadorensis: a comparative study of four extraction methods","volume":"14","author":"Guam\u00e1n-Balc\u00e1zar","year":"2025","journal-title":"Plants"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bbrep.2026.102589_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox7050065","article-title":"Polyphenolic composition and antioxidant activity of aqueous and ethanolic extracts from Uncaria tomentosa bark and leaves","volume":"7","author":"Navarro-Hoyos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Antioxidants"}],"container-title":["Biochemistry and Biophysics Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2405580826001494?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2405580826001494?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T23:42:46Z","timestamp":1781739766000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2405580826001494"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"references-count":100,"alternative-id":["S2405580826001494"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbrep.2026.102589","relation":{},"ISSN":["2405-5808"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2405-5808","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Multivariate analysis and ADME profiling of Rosmarinus officinalis L. leaf vs. stem extracts: Extraction method-driven bioactivity and pharmacokinetic implications","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Biochemistry and Biophysics Reports","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbrep.2026.102589","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"102589"}}