{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]],"date-time":"2026-09-05T17:27:02Z","timestamp":1788629222020,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":98,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,1]],"date-time":"2015-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1443657600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Biochemical Pharmacology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2015.06.016","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,25]],"date-time":"2015-06-25T18:47:35Z","timestamp":1435258055000},"page":"236-246","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":51,"title":["Duration of opioid receptor blockade determines biotherapeutic response"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"97","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4630-8225","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patricia J.","family":"McLaughlin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ian S.","family":"Zagon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2015.06.016_bib0495","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1126\/science.179.4077.1011","article-title":"Opiate receptor: demonstration in nervous tissue","volume":"179","author":"Pert","year":"1973","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2015.06.016_bib0500","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0773.1973.tb01477.x","article-title":"Stereospecific interaction between narcotic analgesics and a synaptic plasma membrane fraction of rat cerebral cortex","volume":"32","author":"Terenius","year":"1973","journal-title":"Acta Pharmacol. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2015.06.016_bib0505","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1947m","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.70.7.1947","article-title":"Stereospecific binding of the potent narcotic analgesic 3H-etorphine to rat brain homogenate","volume":"70","author":"Simon","year":"1973","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2015.06.016_bib0510","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1742","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.68.8.1742","article-title":"Stereospecific and nonspecific interactions of the morphine congener levorphanol in subcellular fractions of mouse brain","volume":"68","author":"Goldstein","year":"1971","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2015.06.016_bib0515","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1952","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1335167","article-title":"Cloning of a delta opioid receptor by functional expression","volume":"258","author":"Evans","year":"1992","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2015.06.016_bib0520","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12048","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.89.24.12048","article-title":"The \u03b4-opioid receptor: isolation of a cDNA by expression cloning and pharmacological characterization","volume":"89","author":"Kieffer","year":"1992","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2015.06.016_bib0525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.pharmtox.40.1.389","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms and regulation of opioid receptor signaling","volume":"40","author":"Law","year":"2000","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2015.06.016_bib0530","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3365","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.74.8.3365","article-title":"Opiate dependent modulation of adenylate cyclase activity","volume":"74","author":"Sharma","year":"1977","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2015.06.016_bib0535","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(88)91026-8","article-title":"Characterization of opioid binding sites in murine neuroblastoma","volume":"449","author":"Zagon","year":"1988","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2015.06.016_bib0540","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(89)91192-X","article-title":"Characterization of zeta (\u03b6): a new opioid receptor involved in growth","volume":"482","author":"Zagon","year":"1989","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2015.06.016_bib0545","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(93)91355-V","article-title":"Zeta (\u03b6), the opioid growth factor receptor: Identification and characterization of binding subunits","volume":"605","author":"Zagon","year":"1993","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2015.06.016_bib0550","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(99)02046-6","article-title":"Cloning, sequencing, expression, and function of a cDNA encoding a receptor for the opioid growth factor, [Met5]-enkephalin","volume":"849","author":"Zagon","year":"1999","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2015.06.016_bib0555","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0173(01)00160-6","article-title":"The biology of the opioid growth factor receptor (OGFr)","volume":"38","author":"Zagon","year":"2002","journal-title":"Brain Res. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2015.06.016_bib0560","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3435","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bti537","article-title":"FoldIndex: a simple tool to predict whether a given protein sequence is intrinsically unfolded","volume":"21","author":"Prilusky","year":"2005","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2015.06.016_bib0565","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.3181\/0901-RM-16","article-title":"Dependence on nuclear localization signals of the opioid growth factor receptor in the regulation of cell proliferation","volume":"234","author":"Cheng","year":"2009","journal-title":"Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2015.06.016_bib0570","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(02)04172-0","article-title":"Immunoelectron microscopic localization of the opioid growth factor receptor (OGFr) and OGF in the cornea","volume":"967","author":"Zagon","year":"2003","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2015.06.016_bib0575","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2003.12.002","article-title":"Gene expression of OGFr in the developing and adult rat brain and cerebellum","volume":"63","author":"Zagon","year":"2004","journal-title":"Brain Res. Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2015.06.016_bib0580","first-page":"R1154","article-title":"Opioid growth factor-opioid growth factor receptor axis is a physiological determinant of cell proliferation in diverse human cancers","volume":"297","author":"Zagon","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2015.06.016_bib0585","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1177\/1535370213489492","article-title":"Opioid growth factor (OGF) \u2013 opioid growth factor receptor (OGFr) axis inhibits proliferation of triple negative breast cancer","volume":"238","author":"Zagon","year":"2013","journal-title":"Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2015.06.016_bib0590","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2012.05.018","article-title":"The opioid growth factor \u2013 opioid growth factor receptor axis: Homeostatic regulation of cell proliferation and its implications for health and disease","volume":"84","author":"McLaughlin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2015.06.016_bib0595","unstructured":"Naltrexone http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/naltrexone Last modified April 16, 2015."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2015.06.016_bib0600","unstructured":"Naloxone (http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/naloxone) Last modified May 27, 2015."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2015.06.016_bib0605","first-page":"311","article-title":"N-allylnoroxymorphone: a potent narcotic antagonist","volume":"20","author":"Blumberg","year":"1961","journal-title":"Fed. Proc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2015.06.016_bib0610","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1359","DOI":"10.1126\/science.182.4119.1359","article-title":"Opiate agonists and antagonists discriminated by receptor binding in brain","volume":"182","author":"Pert","year":"1973","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2015.06.016_bib0615","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5481","DOI":"10.1021\/bi8002023","article-title":"Residence time of receptor-ligand complexes and its effect on biological function","volume":"47","author":"Tummino","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2015.06.016_bib0620","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1265","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1991.tb08288.x","article-title":"Resolution of biphasic binding of the opioid antagonist naltrexone in brain membranes","volume":"57","author":"Remmers","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2015.06.016_bib0625","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13298","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)90693-9","article-title":"Kinetic evidence for differential agonist and antagonist binding to bovine hippocampal synaptic membrane opioid receptors","volume":"259","author":"Scheibe","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2015.06.016_bib0630","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1126\/science.6867737","article-title":"Naltrexone modulates tumor response in mice with neuroblastoma","volume":"221","author":"Zagon","year":"1983","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2015.06.016_bib0635","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/0024-3205(84)90651-9","article-title":"Duration of opiate receptor blockade determines tumorigenic response in mice with neuroblastoma: A role for endogenous opioid systems in cancer","volume":"35","author":"Zagon","year":"1984","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2015.06.016_bib0640","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1179","DOI":"10.1126\/science.6612331","article-title":"Increased brain size and cellular content in infant rats treated with an opiate antagonist","volume":"221","author":"Zagon","year":"1983","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2015.06.016_bib0645","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1677\/joe.0.1190447","article-title":"Influence of neonatal opioid blockade or injections of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone on the timing of puberty in female rats: correlation of opioid effects with occupation of hypothalamic \u03bc-opioid receptors","volume":"119","author":"Landymore","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2015.06.016_bib0650","first-page":"1207","article-title":"Duration of occupancy of opiate receptors by naltrexone","volume":"29","author":"Lee","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2015.06.016_bib0655","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(84)90332-9","article-title":"Characterization and down-regulation of opiate receptors in aggregating fetal rat brain cells","volume":"304","author":"Lenoir","year":"1984","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2015.06.016_bib0660","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/0361-9230(94)90218-6","article-title":"Naltrexone induces down- and upregulation of \u03b4 opioid receptors in rat brain regions","volume":"35","author":"Belcheva","year":"1994","journal-title":"Brain Res. Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2015.06.016_bib0665","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.102.037655","article-title":"Functional effects of systemically administered agonists and antagonists of \u03bc, \u03b4, and \u03ba opoid receptor subtypes on body temperature in mice","volume":"302","author":"Baker","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2015.06.016_bib0670","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.1124\/mol.111.074195","article-title":"Duration of action of a broad range of selective \u03ba-opioid receptor antagonists is positively correlated with c-Jun N-terminal kinase-1 activation","volume":"80","author":"Melief","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2015.06.016_bib0675","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/0091-3057(89)90508-X","article-title":"Naloxone modulates body and organ growth of rats: Dependency on the duration of opioid receptor blockade and stereospecificity","volume":"33","author":"Zagon","year":"1989","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2015.06.016_bib0680","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2057","DOI":"10.1016\/0024-3205(84)90563-0","article-title":"Naltrexone modulates body and brain development in rats: A role for endogenous opioids in growth","volume":"35","author":"Zagon","year":"1984","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2015.06.016_bib0685","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-9384(85)90041-1","article-title":"Opiate-antagonist induced regulation of organ development","volume":"34","author":"Zagon","year":"1985","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2015.06.016_bib0690","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1016\/0091-3057(85)90046-2","article-title":"Naltrexone's influence on neurobehavioral development","volume":"22","author":"Zagon","year":"1985","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2015.06.016_bib0695","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1016\/0091-3057(94)00289-U","article-title":"Maternal naltrexone prevents morphological and behavioral alterations induced in rats by prenatal stress","volume":"50","author":"Keshet","year":"1995","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2015.06.016_bib0700","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/0091-3057(94)00232-8","article-title":"Behavioral and developmental changes associated with prenatal opiate receptor blockade","volume":"50","author":"Shepanek","year":"1995","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2015.06.016_bib0705","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1261","DOI":"10.1016\/S0024-3205(97)00671-1","article-title":"Transplacental transfer of naltrexone in rats","volume":"61","author":"Zagon","year":"1997","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2015.06.016_bib0710","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/S0024-3205(97)01090-4","article-title":"Naltrexone is not detected in preweaning rats following transplacental exposure: implications for growth modulation","volume":"62","author":"Zagon","year":"1998","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2015.06.016_bib0715","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1424","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.06-05-01424.1986","article-title":"Opioid antagonist (naltrexone) modulation of cerebellar development: Histological and morphometric studies","volume":"6","author":"Zagon","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2015.06.016_bib0720","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-3806(86)90025-8","article-title":"Opioid antagonist-induced modulation of cerebral and hippocampal development: Histological and morphometric studies","volume":"28","author":"Zagon","year":"1986","journal-title":"Dev. Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2015.06.016_bib0725","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(87)91509-5","article-title":"Endogenous opioids regulate dendritic growth and spine formation in developing rat brain","volume":"416","author":"Hauser","year":"1987","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2015.06.016_bib0730","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1423","DOI":"10.1016\/0024-3205(94)00597-4","article-title":"Opioid antagonist modulation of rat heart development","volume":"54","author":"McLaughlin","year":"1994","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2015.06.016_bib0735","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1159\/000063611","article-title":"Exposure to the opioid antagonist naltrexone throughout gestation alters postnatal heart development","volume":"82","author":"McLaughlin","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biol. Neonate"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2015.06.016_bib0740","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1258\/ebm.2011.011121","article-title":"Low-dose naltrexone targets the opioid growth factor-opioid growth factor receptor pathway to inhibit cell proliferation: mechanistic evidence from a tissue culture model","volume":"236","author":"Donahue","year":"2011","journal-title":"Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2015.06.016_bib0745","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(98)00427-2","article-title":"Re-epithelialization of the rat cornea is accelerated by blockade of opioid receptors","volume":"798","author":"Zagon","year":"1998","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2015.06.016_bib0750","first-page":"73","article-title":"Reepithelialization of the human cornea is regulated by endogenous opioid","volume":"41","author":"Zagon","year":"2000","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2015.06.016_bib0755","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ico.0000224646.66472.aa","article-title":"Adaptation of homeostatic ocular surface epithelium to chronic treatment with the opioid antagonist naltrexone","volume":"25","author":"Zagon","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2015.06.016_bib0760","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1089\/jop.2006.22.377","article-title":"Corneal safety of topically applied naltrexone","volume":"22","author":"Zagon","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Ocular Pharmacol. Therap."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2015.06.016_bib0765","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1468","DOI":"10.1001\/archophthalmol.2009.270","article-title":"Dry eye reversal and corneal sensation restoration with topical naltrexone in diabetes mellitus","volume":"127","author":"Zagon","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2015.06.016_bib0770","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3234","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.11-9051","article-title":"Spontaneous episodic decreased tear secretion in rats is related to opioidergic signaling pathways","volume":"53","author":"Zagon","year":"2012","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthal. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2015.06.016_bib0775","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1122","DOI":"10.1258\/ebm.2011.011163","article-title":"Topical naltrexone, an opioid antagonist, enhances closure of full-thickness wounds in diabetic rats","volume":"236","author":"McLaughlin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2015.06.016_bib0780","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1177\/1535370213492688","article-title":"Topical naltrexone accelerates full-thickness wound closure in Type 1 diabetic rats by stimulating angiogenesis","volume":"238","author":"McLaughlin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2015.06.016_bib0785","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1177\/1535370213502632","article-title":"Topical treatment with the opioid antagonist naltrexone accelerates the remodeling phase of full-thickness wound healing in Type 1 diabetic rats","volume":"238","author":"Immonen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2015.06.016_bib0790","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1089\/wound.2014.0543","article-title":"Topical naltrexone as treatment for type 2 diabetic cutaneous wounds","volume":"3","author":"Immonen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Wound Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2015.06.016_bib0795","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3055","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.51.10.3055","article-title":"Naltrexone, an opioid antagonist, facilitates re-epithelialization of the cornea in diabetic rat","volume":"51","author":"Zagon","year":"2002","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2015.06.016_bib0800","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1089\/jop.2006.0111","article-title":"Topically applied naltrexone restores corneal reepithelialization in diabetic rats","volume":"23","author":"Klocek","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Ocular Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2015.06.016_bib0805","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1111\/ceo.12144","article-title":"Ocular surface abnormalities related to Type 2 diabetes are reversed by the opioid antagonist naltrexone","volume":"42","author":"Zagon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2015.06.016_bib0810","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2009.10.009","article-title":"Topical application of naltrexone facilitates reepithelialization of the cornea in diabetic rabbits","volume":"81","author":"Zagon","year":"2010","journal-title":"Brain Res. Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2015.06.016_bib0815","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1300","DOI":"10.1177\/1535370214543061","article-title":"Selective blockade of the OGF-OGFr pathway by naltrexone accelerates fibroblast proliferation and wound healing","volume":"239","author":"Immonen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2015.06.016_bib0820","unstructured":"How LDN Works. http:\/\/www.ldnnow.co.uk\/."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2015.06.016_bib0825","unstructured":"LDN Awareness http:\/\/www.ldnresearchtrust.org\/."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2015.06.016_bib0830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1836","DOI":"10.4161\/hv.28804","article-title":"Methionine enkephalin (MENT) improves lymphocytes subpopulations in human peripheral blood of 50 cancer patients by inhibiting regulatory T cells (Tregs)","volume":"10","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hum. Vaccin. Immunother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2015.06.016_bib0835","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2013.10.029","article-title":"Immunotherapy of cancer via mediation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes by methionine enkephalin (MENK)","volume":"344","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancer Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2015.06.016_bib0840","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2010.06.001","article-title":"B lymphocyte proliferation is suppressed by the opioid growth factor-opioid growth factor receptor axis: Implication of the treatment of autoimmune diseases","volume":"216","author":"Zagon","year":"2011","journal-title":"Immunobiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2015.06.016_bib0845","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2010.09.014","article-title":"T lymphocyte proliferation is suppressed by the opioid growth factor ([Met5]-enkephalin)-opioid growth factor receptor axis: Implication for the treatment of autoimmune diseases","volume":"216","author":"Zagon","year":"2011","journal-title":"Immunobiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2015.06.016_bib0850","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12865-015-0093-0","article-title":"Endogenous opioid inhibition of proliferation of T and B cell subpopulations in response to immunization for experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis","author":"McLaughlin","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2015.06.016_bib0855","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1383","DOI":"10.3181\/0906-RM-189","article-title":"Endogenous opioids regulate expression of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis: A new paradigm for the treatment of multiple sclerosis","volume":"234","author":"Zagon","year":"2009","journal-title":"Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2015.06.016_bib0860","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2011.01.036","article-title":"Prevention and diminished expression of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by low dose naltrexone (LDN) or opioid growth factor (OGF) for an extended period: Therapeutic implications for multiple sclerosis","volume":"1381","author":"Rahn","year":"2011","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2015.06.016_bib0865","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2012.07.006","article-title":"Opioid growth factor arrests the progression of clinical disease and spinal cord pathology in established experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis","volume":"1472","author":"Campbell","year":"2012","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2015.06.016_bib0870","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2012.09.001","article-title":"Astrocyte proliferation is regulated by the OGF-OGFr axis in vitro and in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis","volume":"90","author":"Campbell","year":"2013","journal-title":"Brain Res. Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2015.06.016_bib0875","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2013.08.001","article-title":"Treatment of a relapse-remitting model of multiple sclerosis with opioid growth factor","volume":"98","author":"Hammer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Brain Res. Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2015.06.016_bib0880","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2015.01.009","article-title":"Improved clinical behavior of established relapse-remitting experimental autoimmune-encephalomyelitis following treatment with endogenous opioids: Implications for the treatment of multiple sclerosis","author":"Hammer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain Res. Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2015.06.016_bib0885","article-title":"Low dose naltrexone treatment of established relapsing-remitting experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis","author":"Hammer","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Mult. Scler."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2015.06.016_bib0890","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/JCP.0000000000000373","article-title":"Low dose naltrexone (LDN) for treatment of multiple sclerosis: A retrospective chart review of safety and tolerability","author":"Turel","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2015.06.016_bib0895","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.22006","article-title":"Pilot trial of low-dose naltrexone and quality of life in multiple sclerosis","volume":"68","author":"Cree","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2015.06.016_bib0900","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1097\/MCG.0b013e3182702f2b","article-title":"Safety and tolerability of low-dose naltrexone therapy in children with moderate to serve Crohn's disease: a pilot study","volume":"47","author":"Smith","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2015.06.016_bib0905","article-title":"Low dose naltrexone for induction of remission in Crohn's disease (Review). The Cochrane Collaboration","author":"MacDonald","year":"2014","journal-title":"The Cochrane Library, issue 2"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2015.06.016_bib0910","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2088","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-011-1653-7","article-title":"Therapy with the opioid antagonist naltrexone promotes mucosal healing in active Crohn's disease: a randomized placebo-controlled trial","volume":"56","author":"Smith","year":"2011","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2015.06.016_bib0915","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1080\/15476910802131469","article-title":"The opioid antagonist naltrexone improves murine inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"5","author":"Matters","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Immunotoxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2015.06.016_bib0920","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4637.2009.00613.x","article-title":"Fibromyalgia symptoms are reduced by low-dose naltrexone: a pilot study","volume":"10","author":"Younger","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pain Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2015.06.016_bib0925","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psym.2011.11.006","article-title":"Is fibromyalgia an endocrine\/endorphin deficit disorder?. Is low dose naltrexone anew treatment option?","volume":"53","author":"Ramanathan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychosomatics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2015.06.016_bib0930","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-2999(85)90350-4","article-title":"Stereospecific modulation of tumorigenicity by opioid antagonists","volume":"113","author":"Zagon","year":"1985","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2015.06.016_bib0935","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(90)90207-K","article-title":"Opioid antagonist (naltrexone) stimulation of cell proliferation in human and animal neuroblastoma and human fibrosarcoma cells in culture","volume":"37","author":"Zagon","year":"1990","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2015.06.016_bib0940","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10511","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-07-1922","article-title":"The opioid growth factor (OGF)-OGF receptor axis uses the p16 pathway to inhibit head and neck cancer","volume":"67","author":"Cheng","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2015.06.016_bib0945","first-page":"37","article-title":"Opioid growth factor improves clinical benefit and survival in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer","volume":"2010","author":"Smith","year":"2010","journal-title":"Open Access J. Clin. Trials"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2015.06.016_bib0950","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygyno.2011.04.009","article-title":"The opioid growth factor (OGF) and low dose naltrexone (LDN) suppress human ovarian cancer progression in mice","volume":"122","author":"Donahue","year":"2011","journal-title":"Gynecol. Oncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2015.06.016_bib0955","article-title":"Opioid antagonists for alcohol dependence","volume":"12","author":"Srisurapanont","year":"2005","journal-title":"The Cochrane Library"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2015.06.016_bib0960","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1097\/01.jcp.0000245566.52401.20","article-title":"The status of naltrexone in the treatment of alcohol dependence","volume":"26","author":"Pettinati","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2015.06.016_bib0965","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2014.02.002","article-title":"Extended release naltrexone injection is performed in the majority of opioid dependent patients receiving outpatient induction: A very low dose naltrexone and buprenorphine open label trial","volume":"138","author":"Mannelli","year":"2014","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2015.06.016_bib0970","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1080\/14622200600789767","article-title":"Efficacy of naltrexone in smoking cessation: A preliminary study and an examination of sex differences","volume":"8","author":"King","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nicotine Tobacco Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2015.06.016_bib0975","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02684958","article-title":"Effects of naltrexone on self-injury, stereotypy, and social behavior of adults with developmental disabilities","volume":"7","author":"Smith","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Dev. Physical Disabilities"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2015.06.016_bib0980","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(01)01079-4","article-title":"Double-bline naltrexone and placebo comparison study in the treatment of pathological gambling","volume":"49","author":"Suck","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"}],"container-title":["Biochemical Pharmacology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0006295215003329?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0006295215003329?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,9]],"date-time":"2024-06-09T18:20:40Z","timestamp":1717957240000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0006295215003329"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,10]]},"references-count":98,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,10]]}},"alternative-id":["S0006295215003329"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bcp.2015.06.016","relation":{},"ISSN":["0006-2952"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0006-2952","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Duration of opioid receptor blockade determines biotherapeutic response","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Biochemical Pharmacology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bcp.2015.06.016","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"simple-article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}