{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T12:16:29Z","timestamp":1789215389831,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":105,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770854400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000923","name":"Australian Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FT170100431"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FT170100431"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000923","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GNT2041967"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GNT2041967"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000912","name":"March of Dimes Inc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000912","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001030","name":"National Heart Foundation of Australia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["108157-2024_PDF"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["108157-2024_PDF"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001030","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Biochemical Pharmacology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.117786","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T16:35:09Z","timestamp":1770741309000},"page":"117786","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Altered gene expression and activity of human placental drug-metabolizing cytochrome P450 enzymes across gestation"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"247","author":[{"given":"Saba N.","family":"Albetawi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashley S.","family":"Meakin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu-Chin","family":"Lien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael D.","family":"Wiese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca A.","family":"Simmons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8602-8519","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Janna L.","family":"Morrison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.117786_b0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2013-004365","article-title":"Medication use in pregnancy: a cross-sectional, multinational web-based study","volume":"4","author":"Lupattelli","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.117786_b0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mitchell AA, Gilboa SM, Werler MM, Kelley KE, Louik C, Hern\u00e1ndez-D\u00edaz S, et al. Medication use during pregnancy, with particular focus on prescription drugs: 1976-2008. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology. 2011;205(1):51. e1-. e8.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2011.02.029"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.117786_b0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000002579","article-title":"Prescription and other medication use in pregnancy","volume":"131","author":"Haas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.117786_b0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ayad M, Costantine MM, editors. Epidemiology of medications use in pregnancy. Seminars in perinatology; 2015: Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semperi.2015.08.002"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.117786_b0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-022-04442-3","article-title":"Epidemiology of pre-existing multimorbidity in pregnant women in the UK in 2018: a population-based cross-sectional study","volume":"22","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.117786_b0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.2165\/00003088-200443080-00001","article-title":"Drug transfer and metabolism by the human placenta","volume":"43","author":"Syme","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Pharmacokinet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.117786_b0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S94","DOI":"10.1002\/jcph.2117","article-title":"Predicting Human Fetal Drug Exposure through Maternal\u2010Fetal PBPK Modeling and In Vitro or Ex Vivo Studies","volume":"62","author":"Balhara","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.117786_b0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2020.07.009","article-title":"Differences in cytochrome p450 enzyme expression and activity in fetal and adult tissues","volume":"100","author":"Robinson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.117786_b0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1263","DOI":"10.1517\/17425255.2012.699041","article-title":"Current toxicological aspects on drug and chemical transport and metabolism across the human placental barrier","volume":"8","author":"Giaginis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Drug Metab. Toxicol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.117786_b0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1080\/10408449891344173","article-title":"Xenobiotic-metabolizing cytochrome P450 enzymes in the human feto-placental unit: role in intrauterine toxicity","volume":"28","author":"Hakkola","year":"1998","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Toxicol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.117786_b0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-409X(99)00008-3","article-title":"The expression and regulation of drug metabolism in human placenta","volume":"38","author":"Pasanen","year":"1999","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"issue":"23","key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.117786_b0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12808","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222312808","article-title":"Cytochrome P450 enzymes and drug metabolism in humans","volume":"22","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.117786_b0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acthis.2018.06.002","article-title":"Time-dependent expression pattern of cytochrome P450 epoxygenases and soluble epoxide hydrolase in normal human placenta","volume":"120","author":"Cizkova","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Histochem."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.117786_b0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.2478\/v10136-012-0022-y","article-title":"Effects of glucocorticoids on cytochrome P450 1A1 (CYP1A1) expression in isolated human placental trophoblast","volume":"11","author":"Stejskalov\u00e1","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Appl. Biomed."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.117786_b0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/S0143-4004(05)80445-X","article-title":"Xenobiotic and steroid-metabolizing monooxygenases catalysed by cytochrome P450 and glutathione S-transferase conjugations in the human placenta and their relationships to maternal cigarette smoking","volume":"11","author":"Pasanen","year":"1990","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.117786_b0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1080\/17512433.2020.1733412","article-title":"The role of xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes in the placenta: a growing research field","volume":"13","author":"Blanco-Casta\u00f1eda","year":"2020","journal-title":"Expert. Rev. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.117786_b0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-2952(95)02184-1","article-title":"Expression of xenobiotic-metabolizing cytochrome P450 forms in human full-term placenta","volume":"51","author":"Hakkola","year":"1996","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.117786_b0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-2952(96)00216-X","article-title":"Detection of cytochrome P450 gene expression in human placenta in first trimester of pregnancy","volume":"52","author":"Hakkola","year":"1996","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.117786_b0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1097\/FPC.0b013e32810f2e58","article-title":"Reverse transcriptase-PCR quantification of mRNA levels from cytochrome (CYP) 1, CYP2 and CYP3 families in 22 different human tissues","volume":"17","author":"Bieche","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pharmacogenet. Genomics"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.117786_b0100","first-page":"367","article-title":"Effects of gestational and overt diabetes on human placental cytochromes P450 and glutathione S-transferase","volume":"26","author":"McRobie","year":"1998","journal-title":"Drug Metab. Dispos."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.117786_b0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2564","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/17.10.2564","article-title":"Metabolizing enzyme localization and activities in the first trimester human placenta: the effect of maternal and gestational age, smoking and alcohol consumption","volume":"17","author":"Collier","year":"2002","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.117786_b0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.33.249","article-title":"Cytochrome P450 3As gene expression and testosterone 6\u03b2-hydroxylase activity in human fetal membranes and placenta at full term","volume":"33","author":"Maezawa","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biol. Pharm. Bull."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.117786_b0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1053\/plac.2002.0876","article-title":"The presence of inducible cytochrome P450 types 1A1 and 1A2 in the BeWo cell line","volume":"24","author":"Avery","year":"2003","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.117786_b0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-023-05842-9","article-title":"New medicines for spontaneous preterm birth prevention and preterm labour management: landscape analysis of the medicine development pipeline","volume":"23","author":"McDougall","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.117786_b0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6386","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22126386","article-title":"Let\u2019s talk about placental sex, baby: understanding mechanisms that drive female-and male-specific fetal growth and developmental outcomes","volume":"22","author":"Meakin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.117786_b0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2023.106287","article-title":"Intrinsic sexual dimorphism in the placenta determines the differential response to benzene exposure","volume":"26","author":"Maxwell","year":"2023","journal-title":"Iscience"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.117786_b0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2015.05.001","article-title":"Expression of eight glucocorticoid receptor isoforms in the human preterm placenta vary with fetal sex and birthweight","volume":"36","author":"Saif","year":"2015","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.117786_b0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22157899","article-title":"Human Placental Transcriptome reveals critical Alterations in Inflammation and Energy Metabolism with Fetal sex differences in Spontaneous Preterm Birth","volume":"22","author":"Lien","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.117786_b0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2024.06.004","article-title":"Characterisation of ciclesonide metabolism in human placentae across gestation","volume":"154","author":"Meakin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"issue":"D1","key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.117786_b0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D1265","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkad976","article-title":"DrugBank 6.0: the DrugBank knowledgebase for 2024","volume":"52","author":"Knox","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.117786_b0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/biolre\/ioaf085","article-title":"Race and sex differences in placental lipid metabolism are associated with spontaneous early preterm birth","author":"Lien","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.117786_b0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2021.120016","article-title":"Intrauterine growth restriction alters the activity of drug metabolising enzymes in the maternal-placental-fetal unit","volume":"285","author":"McBride","year":"2021","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.117786_b0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2022.120521","article-title":"Maternal-placental-fetal drug metabolism is altered by late gestation undernutrition in the pregnant ewe","volume":"298","author":"Meakin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"issue":"134","key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.117786_b0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2018.06.003","article-title":"Intrauterine growth restriction may reduce hepatic drug metabolism in the early neonatal period","volume":"134","author":"Soo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.117786_b0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2022.11.015","article-title":"Characterisation of cytochrome P450 isoenzyme activity in sheep liver and placental microsomes","volume":"131","author":"Meakin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.117786_b0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2023.122344","article-title":"Maternal obesity impacts fetal liver androgen signalling in a sex-specific manner","volume":"337","author":"Meakin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.117786_b0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1053\/plac.1999.0471","article-title":"Antepartum glucocorticoid therapy suppresses human placental xenobiotic and steroid metabolizing enzymes","volume":"21","author":"Paakki","year":"2000","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.117786_b0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1206","DOI":"10.3390\/biom11081206","article-title":"Sex-biased expression of pharmacogenes across human tissues","volume":"11","author":"Idda","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"issue":"6509","key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.117786_b0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aba3066","article-title":"The impact of sex on gene expression across human tissues","volume":"369","author":"Oliva","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.117786_b0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2311","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2002-0129","article-title":"Cytochrome P450 genes are differentially expressed in female and male hepatocyte retinoid X receptor \u03b1-deficient mice","volume":"144","author":"Cai","year":"2003","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.117786_b0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1975","DOI":"10.1210\/me.2004-0129","article-title":"Sexually dimorphic P450 gene expression in liver-specific hepatocyte nuclear factor 4\u03b1-deficient mice","volume":"18","author":"Wiwi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mol. Endocrinol."},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.117786_b0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2008.11.002","article-title":"Sexually dimorphic regulation and induction of P450s by the constitutive androstane receptor (CAR)","volume":"256","author":"Hernandez","year":"2009","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.117786_b0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1080\/08977190410001715172","article-title":"Mini ReviewRole of Hepatocyte Nuclear Factors in Growth Hormone-regulated, Sexually Dimorphic Expression of Liver Cytochromes P450","volume":"22","author":"Wiwi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Growth Factors"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.117786_b0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1897","DOI":"10.1210\/mend.14.11.0547","article-title":"Estrogen activation of the nuclear orphan receptor CAR (constitutive active receptor) in induction of the mouse Cyp2b10 gene","volume":"14","author":"Kawamoto","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mol. Endocrinol."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.117786_b0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1806","DOI":"10.1124\/dmd.107.015974","article-title":"Importance of hepatic induction of constitutive androstane receptor and other transcription factors that regulate xenobiotic metabolism and transport","volume":"35","author":"Petrick","year":"2007","journal-title":"Drug Metab. Dispos."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.117786_b0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3762","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19123762","article-title":"Expression, localization, and activity of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor in the human placenta","volume":"19","author":"Wakx","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.117786_b0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.3109\/03602532.2013.835819","article-title":"Nuclear receptors in regulation of biotransformation enzymes and drug transporters in the placental barrier","volume":"46","author":"Pavek","year":"2014","journal-title":"Drug Metab. Rev."},{"issue":"sup1","key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.117786_b0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1080\/09513590.2019.1653563","article-title":"Expression of vitamin D and vitamin D receptor in chorionic villous in missed abortion","volume":"35","author":"Bespalova","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gynecol. Endocrinol."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.117786_b0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2011.04.014","article-title":"Characterisation of the nuclear receptors FXR, PXR and CAR in normal and cholestatic placenta","volume":"32","author":"Geenes","year":"2011","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.117786_b0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7899","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22157899","article-title":"Human placental transcriptome reveals critical alterations in inflammation and energy metabolism with fetal sex differences in spontaneous preterm birth","volume":"22","author":"Lien","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.117786_b0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dickinson H, O\u2019Connell B, Walker D, Moritz K. Sex-specific effects of prenatal glucocorticoids on placental development. Glucocorticoids\u2014New Recognition of Our Familiar Friend Rijeka, Croatia: InTech. 2012:391-406.","DOI":"10.5772\/50200"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.117786_b0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2710.1999.00246.x","article-title":"Gender\u2010related differences in pharmacokinetics and their clinical significance","volume":"24","author":"Tanaka","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pharm. Ther."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.117786_b0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1350","DOI":"10.1177\/0091270008323754","article-title":"Gender has a small but statistically significant effect on clearance of CYP3A substrate drugs","volume":"48","author":"Greenblatt","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.117786_b0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1124\/mol.109.056705","article-title":"Sex differences in the expression of hepatic drug metabolizing enzymes","volume":"76","author":"Waxman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol. Pharmacol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.117786_b0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1124\/dmd.119.087940","article-title":"A comparative analysis of cytochrome P450 activities in paired liver and small intestinal samples from patients with obesity","volume":"48","author":"Krogstad","year":"2020","journal-title":"Drug Metab. Dispos."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.117786_b0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.103.054866","article-title":"Hepatic CYP2B6 expression: gender and ethnic differences and relationship to CYP2B6 genotype and CAR (constitutive androstane receptor) expression","volume":"307","author":"Lamba","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.117786_b0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1097\/00008571-200007000-00006","article-title":"Effect of gender, sex hormones, time variables and physiological urinary pH on apparent CYP2D6 activity as assessed by metabolic ratios of marker substrates","volume":"10","author":"Labb\u00e9","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pharmacogenet. Genomics"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.117786_b0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1177\/0960327107082224","article-title":"CYP2A6 activity in a healthy spanish population: effect of age, sex, smoking, and oral contraceptives","volume":"27","author":"Sinues","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hum. Exp. Toxicol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.117786_b0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2006.11.001","article-title":"Gender differences in drug responses","volume":"55","author":"Franconi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.117786_b0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-15-941","article-title":"Human placental transcriptome shows sexually dimorphic gene expression and responsiveness to maternal dietary n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid intervention during pregnancy","volume":"15","author":"Sedlmeier","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Genomics"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.117786_b0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.3109\/01443615.2011.614971","article-title":"Meta-analysis of sex difference in testosterone levels in umbilical cord blood","volume":"31","author":"Barry","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.117786_b0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1007\/s10508-007-9291-z","article-title":"Prenatal sex hormones (maternal and amniotic fluid) and gender-related play behavior in 13-month-old infants","volume":"38","author":"van de Beek","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch. Sex. Behav."},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.117786_b0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4409","DOI":"10.1021\/bi00337a023","article-title":"Regulation of rat hepatic cytochrome P-450: age-dependent expression, hormonal imprinting, and xenobiotic inducibility of sex-specific isoenzymes","volume":"24","author":"Waxman","year":"1985","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"issue":"23","key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.117786_b0320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10728","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)67446-0","article-title":"Hormonal regulation of rat liver microsomal enzymes. Role of gonadal steroids in programming, maintenance, and suppression of delta 4-steroid 5 alpha-reductase, flavin-containing monooxygenase, and sex-specific cytochromes P-450","volume":"261","author":"Dannan","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.117786_b0325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1551","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-120-4-1551","article-title":"Differential effects of neonatal and adult androgen exposure on the growth hormone secretory pattern in male rats","volume":"120","author":"Jansson","year":"1987","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.117786_b0330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1124\/mol.105.013169","article-title":"Human CYP2C8 is transcriptionally regulated by the nuclear receptors constitutive androstane receptor, pregnane X receptor, glucocorticoid receptor, and hepatic nuclear factor 4\u03b1","volume":"68","author":"Ferguson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mol. Pharmacol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.117786_b0335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.3109\/03602532.2010.484462","article-title":"Regulation of drug-metabolizing cytochrome P450 enzymes by glucocorticoids","volume":"42","author":"Dvorak","year":"2010","journal-title":"Drug Metab. Rev."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.117786_b0340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1530\/JOE-19-0561","article-title":"Sex steroid hormones differentially regulate CYP2D in female wild-type and CYP2D6-humanized mice","volume":"245","author":"Konstandi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.117786_b0345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2020.09.013","article-title":"Pregnancy-related hormones increase nifedipine metabolism in human hepatocytes by inducing CYP3A4 expression","volume":"110","author":"Khatri","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Sci."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.117786_b0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1124\/dmd.112.046276","article-title":"Isoform-specific regulation of cytochromes P450 expression by estradiol and progesterone","volume":"41","author":"Choi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Drug Metab. Dispos."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.117786_b0355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1124\/dmd.112.049015","article-title":"Induction of hepatic CYP3A enzymes by pregnancy-related hormones: studies in human hepatocytes and hepatic cell lines","volume":"41","author":"Papageorgiou","year":"2013","journal-title":"Drug Metab. Dispos."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.117786_b0360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1124\/dmd.114.062984","article-title":"Prediction of gestational age\u2013dependent induction of in vivo hepatic CYP3A activity based on HepaRG cells and human hepatocytes","volume":"43","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Drug Metab. Dispos."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.117786_b0365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt.2244","article-title":"Exploring the use of serum\u2010derived small extracellular vesicles as liquid biopsy to study the induction of hepatic cytochromes P450 and organic anion transporting polypeptides","volume":"110","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.117786_b0370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra020526","article-title":"Pharmacogenomics\u2014drug disposition, drug targets, and side effects","volume":"348","author":"Evans","year":"2003","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.117786_b0375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1295","DOI":"10.3390\/genes11111295","article-title":"A Review of the Important Role of CYP2D6 in Pharmacogenomics","volume":"11","author":"Taylor","year":"2020","journal-title":"Genes"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.117786_b0380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clpt.2004.12.267","article-title":"Cytochrome P450 2C8: substrates, inhibitors, pharmacogenetics, and clinical relevance","volume":"77","author":"Totah","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.117786_b0385","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.2174\/138920009790711832","article-title":"Human CYP2C8: structure, substrate specificity, inhibitor selectivity, inducers and polymorphisms","volume":"10","author":"Lai","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr. Drug Metab."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.117786_b0390","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1097\/FPC.0b013e3283653b27","article-title":"PharmGKB summary: very important pharmacogene information for cytochrome P450, family 2, subfamily C, polypeptide 8","volume":"23","author":"Aquilante","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pharmacogenet. Genomics"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.117786_b0395","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2890","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9092890","article-title":"Phenoconversion of cytochrome P450 metabolism: a systematic review","volume":"9","author":"Klomp","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.117786_b0400","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2012.12.007","article-title":"Cytochrome P450 enzymes in drug metabolism: regulation of gene expression, enzyme activities, and impact of genetic variation","volume":"138","author":"Zanger","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Ther."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.117786_b0405","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1251","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6604699","article-title":"CYP2C19 pharmacogenetics in advanced cancer: compromised function independent of genotype","volume":"99","author":"Helsby","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.117786_b0410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1160","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.12677","article-title":"Impact of visceral leishmaniasis and curative chemotherapy on cytochrome P450 activity in Brazilian patients","volume":"80","author":"Lanchote","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.117786_b0415","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.733935","article-title":"Influence of inflammation on cytochromes P450 activity in adults: a systematic review of the literature","volume":"12","author":"Lenoir","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.117786_b0420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/0163-7827(94)90029-9","article-title":"Oxygenation of polyunsaturated fatty acids by cytochrome P450 monooxygenates","volume":"33","author":"Oliw","year":"1994","journal-title":"Prog. Lipid Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.117786_b0425","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.986650","article-title":"Linoleic acid and linoleate diols in neonatal cord blood influence birth weight","volume":"13","author":"Umeda","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.117786_b0430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1170","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(86)90139-0","article-title":"Substrate utilization for estrogen synthesis by human fetal membranes and decidua","volume":"155","author":"Romano","year":"1986","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.117786_b0435","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2013.03.008","article-title":"Steroid profiling in pregnancy: a focus on the human fetus","volume":"139","author":"Hill","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.117786_b0440","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02556620","article-title":"Effects of neonatal estrogenization on rat bone development: a histomorphometric study","volume":"40","author":"Aceitero","year":"1987","journal-title":"Calcif. Tissue Int."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.117786_b0445","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1038\/clpt.2008.1","article-title":"Effects of pregnancy on CYP3A and P\u2010glycoprotein activities as measured by disposition of midazolam and digoxin: a University of Washington specialized center of research study","volume":"84","author":"Hebert","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.117786_b0450","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2004.08.030","article-title":"Temporal changes in drug metabolism (CYP1A2, CYP2D6 and CYP3A activity) during pregnancy","volume":"192","author":"Tracy","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.117786_b0455","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.300.2.355","article-title":"The ontogeny of human drug-metabolizing enzymes: phase I oxidative enzymes","volume":"300","author":"Hines","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.117786_b0460","series-title":"Drug transporters: molecular characterization and role in drug disposition","author":"Wang","year":"2007"},{"issue":"23","key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.117786_b0465","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13149","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222313149","article-title":"Overview of drug transporters in human placenta","volume":"22","author":"Yamashita","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.117786_b0470","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.3109\/1061186X.2012.716847","article-title":"Pharmacotherapy in pregnancy; effect of ABC and SLC transporters on drug transport across the placenta and fetal drug exposure","volume":"20","author":"Staud","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Drug Target."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.117786_b0475","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R963","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00173.2005","article-title":"P-glycoprotein and breast cancer resistance protein expression in human placentae of various gestational ages","volume":"289","author":"Mathias","year":"2005","journal-title":"American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology."},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.117786_b0480","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2004.05.013","article-title":"P-glycoprotein expression of the human placenta during pregnancy","volume":"26","author":"Gil","year":"2005","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"issue":"6\u20137","key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.117786_b0485","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2005.05.007","article-title":"Expression of the multidrug resistance P-glycoprotein,(ABCB1 glycoprotein) in the human placenta decreases with advancing gestation","volume":"27","author":"Sun","year":"2006","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.117786_b0490","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1124\/dmd.105.007591","article-title":"Epidermal growth factor-mediated activation of the map kinase cascade results in altered expression and function of ABCG2 (BCRP)","volume":"34","author":"zu Schwabedissen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Drug Metab. Dispos."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.117786_b0495","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1038\/clpt.2011.66","article-title":"The human placental perfusion model: a systematic review and development of a model to predict in vivo transfer of therapeutic drugs","volume":"90","author":"Hutson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.117786_b0500","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1118","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.109.160564","article-title":"Transplacental pharmacokinetics of glyburide, rhodamine 123, and BODIPY FL prazosin: effect of drug efflux transporters and lipid solubility","volume":"331","author":"Cygalova","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.117786_b0505","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.102.048470","article-title":"Examination of the functional activity of P-glycoprotein in the rat placental barrier using rhodamine 123","volume":"305","author":"Pavek","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.117786_b0510","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1517\/14622416.3.2.229","article-title":"CYP2D6 allele frequency in European Caucasians, Asians, Africans and Their Descendants","volume":"3","author":"Bradford","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pharmacogenomics"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.117786_b0515","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1038\/gim.2016.80","article-title":"Prediction of CYP2D6 phenotype from genotype across world populations","volume":"19","author":"Gaedigk","year":"2017","journal-title":"Genet. Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.117786_b0520","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-020-01129-1","article-title":"Meta-analysis of probability estimates of worldwide variation of CYP2D6 and CYP2C19","volume":"11","author":"Koopmans","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.117786_b0525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2009.11.010","article-title":"Sex and the human placenta: mediating differential strategies of fetal growth and survival","volume":"31","author":"Clifton","year":"2010","journal-title":"Placenta"}],"container-title":["Biochemical Pharmacology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0006295226001176?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0006295226001176?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T13:09:25Z","timestamp":1779109765000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0006295226001176"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"references-count":105,"alternative-id":["S0006295226001176"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.117786","relation":{},"ISSN":["0006-2952"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0006-2952","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Altered gene expression and activity of human placental drug-metabolizing cytochrome P450 enzymes across gestation","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Biochemical Pharmacology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.117786","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"117786"}}