{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T08:47:49Z","timestamp":1792054069423,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":143,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82472352"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82472352"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82001696"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82001696"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100022963","name":"Key Research and Development Program of Zhejiang Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023C03054"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023C03054"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100022963","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100022963","name":"Key Research and Development Program of Zhejiang Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024C03048"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024C03048"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100022963","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Biochemical Pharmacology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.118531","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,11]],"date-time":"2026-10-11T14:33:35Z","timestamp":1791729215000},"page":"118531","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"P3","title":["The dual immunomodulatory roles and signaling mechanisms of toll-like receptor 2 in different diseases"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"254","author":[{"given":"Chenyu","family":"Le","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiulin","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Bian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuting","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinyi","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaofeng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianfeng","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-9089-4073","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lingyun","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.118531_b0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1459","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.04680514","article-title":"How the Innate Immune System Senses trouble and Causes trouble","volume":"10","author":"Hato","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.118531_b0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.714808","article-title":"Underwhelming or Misunderstood? Genetic Variability of Pattern Recognition Receptors in Immune responses and Resistance to Mycobacterium tuberculosis","volume":"12","author":"Dub\u00e9","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.118531_b0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1038\/cmi.2016.50","article-title":"Pattern recognition receptors in zebrafish provide functional and evolutionary insight into innate immune signaling pathways","volume":"14","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.118531_b0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.662063","article-title":"Microbial Phagocytic Receptors and their potential Involvement in Cytokine Induction in Macrophages","volume":"12","author":"Fu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.118531_b0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-021-00687-0","article-title":"Pattern recognition receptors in health and diseases","volume":"6","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.118531_b0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2020.05.006","article-title":"TLR2 as a Therapeutic Target in Bacterial Infection","volume":"26","author":"Simpson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends Mol. Med."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.118531_b0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2010.01.022","article-title":"Pattern recognition receptors and inflammation","volume":"140","author":"Takeuchi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.118531_b0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/1157023","article-title":"Toll-like Receptors (TLRs): Structure, Functions, Signaling, and Role of their Polymorphisms in Colorectal Cancer Susceptibility","volume":"2021","author":"Sameer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomed Res. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.118531_b0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1602","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2020.07.293","article-title":"Structure of fish Toll-like receptors (TLR) and NOD-like receptors (NLR)","volume":"161","author":"Sahoo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.118531_b0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5341","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-021-11406-8","article-title":"Research progress on Toll-like receptor signal transduction and its roles in antimicrobial immune responses","volume":"105","author":"Xia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.118531_b0055","article-title":"Cell Surface Expression of Endosomal Toll-like Receptors-a Necessity or a Superfluous Duplication?","volume":"11","author":"Mielcarska","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.118531_b0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-032414-112258","article-title":"Structural biology of innate immunity","volume":"33","author":"Yin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.118531_b0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/9914854","article-title":"Toll-like Receptors: General Molecular and Structural Biology","volume":"2021","author":"Behzadi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Res."},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.118531_b0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241512464","article-title":"An Update on Toll-like Receptor 2, its Function and Dimerization in Pro- and Anti-Inflammatory Processes","volume":"24","author":"Colleselli","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.118531_b0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16108","DOI":"10.1038\/nmicrobiol.2016.108","article-title":"The binary toxin CDT enhances Clostridium difficile virulence by suppressing protective colonic eosinophilia","volume":"1","author":"Cowardin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.118531_b0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.697588","article-title":"TIRAP in the Mechanism of Inflammation","volume":"12","author":"Rajpoot","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.118531_b0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.569127","article-title":"Paradoxical Roles of the MAL\/Tirap Adaptor in Pathologies","volume":"11","author":"Belhaouane","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.118531_b0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2019.01.005","article-title":"SARM: from immune regulator to cell executioner","volume":"161","author":"Carty","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.118531_b0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12302","article-title":"Tumor necrosis factor receptor- associated factor 6 (TRAF6) regulation of development, function, and homeostasis of the immune system","volume":"266","author":"Walsh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"issue":"D1","key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.118531_b0715","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D1670","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkae973","article-title":"Generic Diagramming Platform (GDP): a comprehensive database of high-quality biomedical graphics","volume":"53","author":"Jiang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.118531_b0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1519","DOI":"10.1007\/s12272-016-0804-y","article-title":"Lipoteichoic acids as a major virulence factor causing inflammatory responses via Toll-like receptor 2","volume":"39","author":"Kang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch. Pharm. Res."},{"issue":"5428","key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.118531_b0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1126\/science.285.5428.732","article-title":"Host defense mechanisms triggered by microbial lipoproteins through toll-like receptors","volume":"285","author":"Brightbill","year":"1999","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.118531_b0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"T. H. Mogensen, Pathogen recognition and inflammatory signaling in innate immune defenses. Clin Microbiol Rev. 22(2)(2009) 240-273, Table of Contents. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/cmr.00046-08.","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00046-08"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.118531_b0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1016\/S1471-4906(03)00139-X","article-title":"PI3K and negative regulation of TLR signaling","volume":"24","author":"Fukao","year":"2003","journal-title":"Trends Immunol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.118531_b0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H984","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.01109.2009","article-title":"TLR2 ligands attenuate cardiac dysfunction in polymicrobial sepsis via a phosphoinositide 3-kinase-dependent mechanism","volume":"298","author":"Ha","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol."},{"issue":"36","key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.118531_b0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7992","DOI":"10.2174\/0109298673327301241016063917","article-title":"TLR2 Activation as a Marker of Severe COVID-19 and a potential Therapeutic Target","volume":"32","author":"Mao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.118531_b0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2673","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.02673","article-title":"TLR-2 and MyD88-Dependent Activation of MAPK and STAT Proteins Regulates Proinflammatory Cytokine Response and Immunity to Experimental Trypanosoma congolense Infection","volume":"10","author":"Kuriakose","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.118531_b0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2017.04.006","article-title":"Toll-like receptor 2: an important immunomodulatory molecule during Helicobacter pylori infection","volume":"178","author":"Nemati","year":"2017","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.118531_b0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7119","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0802656","article-title":"TLR2 deficiency leads to increased Th17 infiltrates in experimental brain abscesses","volume":"182","author":"Nichols","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.118531_b0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0801599","article-title":"TLR2 is a negative regulator of Th17 cells and tissue pathology in a pulmonary model of fungal infection","volume":"183","author":"Loures","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.118531_b0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI25439","article-title":"Toll-like receptor 2 controls expansion and function of regulatory T cells","volume":"116","author":"Sutmuller","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.118531_b0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1634","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.01634","article-title":"Toll-like Receptor 2 Release by Macrophages: an Anti-inflammatory Program Induced by Glucocorticoids and Lipopolysaccharide","volume":"10","author":"Hoppst\u00e4dter","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.118531_b0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-021-00603-0","article-title":"The evolution and future of influenza pandemic preparedness","volume":"53","author":"Harrington","year":"2021","journal-title":"Exp. Mol. Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.118531_b0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1916585116","article-title":"Divergent evolutionary trajectories of influenza B viruses underlie their contemporaneous epidemic activity","volume":"117","author":"Virk","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.118531_b0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-020-00459-7","article-title":"Characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19","volume":"19","author":"Hu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.118531_b0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.2237","article-title":"Regulation of inflammasome signaling","volume":"13","author":"Rathinam","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"issue":"8021","key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.118531_b0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-07614-7","article-title":"Molecular definition of the endogenous Toll-like receptor signalling pathways","volume":"631","author":"Fisch","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.118531_b0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/v12050504","article-title":"Host protective Immune responses against Influenza a Virus Infection","volume":"12","author":"Jung","year":"2020","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.118531_b0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25115909","article-title":"Recent Insights into the Molecular Mechanisms of the Toll-like Receptor Response to Influenza Virus Infection","volume":"25","author":"Kayesh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.118531_b0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-019-0299-y","article-title":"Intracellular sensing of viral genomes and viral evasion","volume":"51","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Exp. Mol. Med."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.118531_b0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-021-00937-x","article-title":"TLR2 senses the SARS-CoV-2 envelope protein to produce inflammatory cytokines","volume":"22","author":"Zheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.118531_b0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/v14050999","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 Envelope (E) Protein Binds and Activates TLR2 Pathway: a Novel Molecular Target for COVID-19 Interventions","volume":"14","author":"Plan\u00e8s","year":"2022","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.118531_b0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2020.103153","article-title":"Prophylactic intranasal administration of a TLR2\/6 agonist reduces upper respiratory tract viral shedding in a SARS-CoV-2 challenge ferret model","volume":"63","author":"Proud","year":"2021","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"issue":"20","key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.118531_b0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms252010941","article-title":"Influence of Donor-specific Characteristics on Cytokine responses in H3N2 Influenza a Virus Infection: New Insights from an Ex Vivo Model","volume":"25","author":"Huang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.118531_b0220","article-title":"Global tuberculosis report 2020","volume":"2020","author":"Who","year":"2020","journal-title":"Glob. Tuberc. Rep."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.118531_b0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3564","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2019.11.034","article-title":"Compromised Metabolic Reprogramming is an Early Indicator of CD8(+) T Cell Dysfunction during Chronic Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection","volume":"29","author":"Russell","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.118531_b0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1138","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkx506","article-title":"Evolution of drug resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis: a review on the molecular determinants of resistance and implications for personalized care","volume":"73","author":"Dookie","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.118531_b0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.1863","article-title":"The role of pattern-recognition receptors in innate immunity: update on Toll-like receptors","volume":"11","author":"Kawai","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.118531_b0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1102177","article-title":"Recombinant MPT83 Derived from Mycobacterium tuberculosis Induces Cytokine Production and Upregulates the Function of Mouse Macrophages through TLR2","volume":"188","author":"Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.118531_b0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19774","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.28577","article-title":"PE_PGRS62 promotes the survival of Mycobacterium smegmatis within macrophages via disrupting ER stress-mediated apoptosis","volume":"234","author":"Long","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cell. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.118531_b0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2016.00147","article-title":"Recombinant Lipoprotein Rv1016c Derived from Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a TLR-2 Ligand that Induces Macrophages Apoptosis and Inhibits MHC II Antigen Processing","volume":"6","author":"Su","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"issue":"38","key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.118531_b0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11982","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3158-09.2009","article-title":"CD14 and toll-like receptors 2 and 4 are required for fibrillar a{beta}-stimulated microglial activation","volume":"29","author":"Reed-Geaghan","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.118531_b0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1098","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1101121","article-title":"TLR2 is a primary receptor for Alzheimer's amyloid \u03b2 peptide to trigger neuroinflammatory activation","volume":"188","author":"Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.118531_b0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4297","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI96209","article-title":"Selective disruption of TLR2-MyD88 interaction inhibits inflammation and attenuates Alzheimer's pathology","volume":"128","author":"Rangasamy","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.118531_b0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2016.07.143","article-title":"Inhibiting TLR2 activation attenuates amyloid accumulation and glial activation in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease","volume":"58","author":"McDonald","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.118531_b0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2018.06.020","article-title":"Early minor stimulation of microglial TLR2 and TLR4 receptors attenuates Alzheimer's disease-related cognitive deficit in rats: behavioral, molecular, and electrophysiological evidence","volume":"70","author":"Pourbadie","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"issue":"22","key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.118531_b0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5784","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1146-08.2008","article-title":"Toll-like receptor 2 acts as a natural innate immune receptor to clear amyloid beta 1-42 and delay the cognitive decline in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease","volume":"28","author":"Richard","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.118531_b0285","first-page":"90","article-title":"Microglial phenotypes and toll-like receptor 2 in the substantia nigra and hippocampus of incidental Lewy body disease cases and Parkinson's disease patients","volume":"2","author":"Doorn","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol. Commun."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.118531_b0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2007.05001.x","article-title":"Toll-like receptors 2 and 4 mediate Abeta(1-42) activation of the innate immune response in a human monocytic cell line","volume":"104","author":"Udan","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.118531_b0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2024.08.002","article-title":"TLR2 immunotherapy suppresses neuroinflammation, tau spread, and memory loss in rTg4510 mice","volume":"121","author":"Kim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.118531_b0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1562","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms2534","article-title":"Neuron-released oligomeric \u03b1-synuclein is an endogenous agonist of TLR2 for paracrine activation of microglia","volume":"4","author":"Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"376","key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.118531_b0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ra45","DOI":"10.1126\/scisignal.2005965","article-title":"Activation of MyD88-dependent TLR1\/2 signaling by misfolded \u03b1-synuclein, a protein linked to neurodegenerative disorders","volume":"8","author":"Daniele","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Signal."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.118531_b0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-020-05641-z","article-title":"Toll-like receptor 2 downregulation and cytokine dysregulation predict mortality in patients with S. aureus bacteremia","volume":"20","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.118531_b0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/ijnp\/pyu103","article-title":"Toll-like receptor expression in the blood and brain of patients and a mouse model of Parkinson's disease","volume":"18","author":"Drouin-Ouellet","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.118531_b0320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2018.02.012","article-title":"Alpha-synuclein oligomers impair memory through glial cell activation and via Toll-like receptor 2","volume":"69","author":"La Vitola","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.118531_b0325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2011.02.005","article-title":"Toll-like receptor signaling in neural plasticity and disease","volume":"34","author":"Okun","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.118531_b0330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2015.09.044","article-title":"Antagonizing Neuronal Toll-like Receptor 2 Prevents Synucleinopathy by Activating Autophagy","volume":"13","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.118531_b0335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-016-1648-8","article-title":"Toll-like receptor 2 is increased in neurons in Parkinson's disease brain and may contribute to alpha-synuclein pathology","volume":"133","author":"Dzamko","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.118531_b0340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a009399","article-title":"\u03b1-Synuclein in Parkinson's disease","volume":"2","author":"Stefanis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.118531_b0345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1186\/s13024-018-0276-2","article-title":"Immunotherapy targeting toll-like receptor 2 alleviates neurodegeneration in models of synucleinopathy by modulating \u03b1-synuclein transmission and neuroinflammation","volume":"13","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Neurodegener."},{"issue":"Pt 4","key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.118531_b0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1265","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/aww016","article-title":"Eliminating microglia in Alzheimer's mice prevents neuronal loss without modulating amyloid-\u03b2 pathology","volume":"139","author":"Spangenberg","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.118531_b0355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-020-01738-z","article-title":"Systemic microbial TLR2 agonists induce neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease mice","volume":"17","author":"Lax","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.118531_b0360","article-title":"Activation of NR2A-wnt-TLR2 Signaling Axis in Satellite Glial Cells of the Dorsal root Ganglion Contributes to Neuropathic Pain Induced by Nerve Injury in Diabetic mice","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.118531_b0365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.108233","article-title":"Hyperactivity of Innate Immunity Triggers Pain via TLR2-IL-33-Mediated Neuroimmune Crosstalk","volume":"33","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.118531_b0370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2019.104602","article-title":"Wnt signaling mediates TLR pathway and promote unrestrained adipogenesis and metaflammation: Therapeutic targets for obesity and type 2 diabetes","volume":"152","author":"Aamir","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.118531_b0375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-019-0432-4","article-title":"Wnt5a is a TLR2\/4-ligand that induces tolerance in human myeloid cells","volume":"2","author":"Mehmeti","year":"2019","journal-title":"Commun. Biol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.118531_b0380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1186\/s13578-020-00501-4","article-title":"Botulinum toxin type a alleviates neuropathic pain and suppresses inflammatory cytokines release from microglia by targeting TLR2\/MyD88 and SNAP23","volume":"10","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Biosci."},{"issue":"10049","key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.118531_b0385","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)30579-7","article-title":"The global burden of viral hepatitis from 1990 to 2013: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013","volume":"388","author":"Stanaway","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.118531_b0390","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ph14050417","article-title":"Recent advances in Hepatitis B Treatment","volume":"14","author":"Prifti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharmaceuticals (Basel)"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.118531_b0395","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-021-02085-3","article-title":"HBeAg mediates inflammatory functions of macrophages by TLR2 contributing to hepatic fibrosis","volume":"19","author":"Xie","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Med."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.118531_b0400","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1773","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.23226","article-title":"Not interferon, but interleukin-6 controls early gene expression in hepatitis B virus infection","volume":"50","author":"H\u00f6sel","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.118531_b0405","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2014.04.026","article-title":"The role of Kupffer cells in hepatitis B and hepatitis C virus infections","volume":"61","author":"Boltjes","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.118531_b0410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2627","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-018-2753-8","article-title":"HBeAg induces the expression of macrophage miR-155 to accelerate liver injury via promoting production of inflammatory cytokines","volume":"75","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.118531_b0415","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S. Ahmad, F. M. Demneh, B. Rehman, T. N. Almanaa, N. Akhtar, H. Pazoki-Toroudi, et al., In silico design of a novel multi-epitope vaccine against HCV infection through immunoinformatics approaches. Int J Biol Macromol. 267(Pt 2)(2024) 131517. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2024.131517.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2024.131517"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.118531_b0420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1086\/655812","article-title":"Hepatitis C virus core protein induces homotolerance and cross-tolerance to Toll-like receptor ligands by activation of Toll-like receptor 2","volume":"202","author":"Chung","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"10196","key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.118531_b0425","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)31147-X","article-title":"Prevalence, risk factors, and management of asthma in China: a national cross-sectional study","volume":"394","author":"Huang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.118531_b0430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2017.08.038","article-title":"The impact of prenatal exposure to air pollution on childhood wheezing and asthma: a systematic review","volume":"159","author":"Hehua","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.118531_b0435","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2016.11.020","article-title":"Human asthma is characterized by more IRF5+ M1 and CD206+ M2 macrophages and less IL-10+ M2-like macrophages around airways compared with healthy airways","volume":"140","author":"Draijer","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.118531_b0440","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.01027","article-title":"Dual Role of Toll-like Receptors in Human and Experimental Asthma Models","volume":"9","author":"Zakeri","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.118531_b0445","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2017.08.043","article-title":"IL-1\/inhibitory \u03baB kinase \u03b5-induced glycolysis augment epithelial effector function and promote allergic airways disease","volume":"142","author":"Qian","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.118531_b0450","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2006.02.002","article-title":"HIF-1-mediated expression of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase: a metabolic switch required for cellular adaptation to hypoxia","volume":"3","author":"Kim","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"issue":"17","key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.118531_b0455","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25179606","article-title":"Pulmonary Administration of TLR2\/6 Agonist after Allergic Sensitization Inhibits Airway Hyper-Responsiveness and Recruits Natural Killer Cells in Lung Parenchyma","volume":"25","author":"Devulder","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.118531_b0460","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.117896","article-title":"TLR2 favors OVA-induced allergic airway inflammation in mice through JNK signaling pathway with activation of autophagy","volume":"256","author":"Fang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.118531_b0465","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00172","article-title":"TLR2-Melatonin Feedback Loop Regulates the Activation of NLRP3 Inflammasome in Murine Allergic Airway Inflammation","volume":"11","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.118531_b0470","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2020.12.653","article-title":"Metabolic differences between bronchial epithelium from healthy individuals and patients with asthma and the effect of bronchial thermoplasty","volume":"148","author":"Ravi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.118531_b0475","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2021.102160","article-title":"Glutathione-S-transferase P promotes glycolysis in asthma in association with oxidation of pyruvate kinase M2","volume":"47","author":"van de Wetering","year":"2021","journal-title":"Redox Biol."},{"issue":"6337","key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.118531_b0480","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aal3535","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory effect of IL-10 mediated by metabolic reprogramming of macrophages","volume":"356","author":"Ip","year":"2017","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.118531_b0485","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2019-0244OC","article-title":"Tissue-Resident Alveolar Macrophages do not Rely on Glycolysis for LPS-induced Inflammation","volume":"62","author":"Woods","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.118531_b0490","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.77457","article-title":"HIF-1\u03b1 induces glycolytic reprograming in tissue-resident alveolar macrophages to promote cell survival during acute lung injury","volume":"11","author":"Woods","year":"2022","journal-title":"Elife"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.118531_b0495","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-022-01979-x","article-title":"Short isoform thymic stromal lymphopoietin reduces inflammation and aerobic glycolysis of asthmatic airway epithelium by antagonizing long isoform thymic stromal lymphopoietin","volume":"23","author":"Yu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Respir. Res."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.118531_b0500","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.1016\/S1081-1206(10)60971-4","article-title":"Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and hypoxia-inducible factor in the airway of asthmatic patients","volume":"97","author":"Lee","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.118531_b0505","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200402-178OC","article-title":"Increased levels of hypoxia-sensitive proteins in allergic airway inflammation","volume":"170","author":"Fajardo","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.118531_b0510","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/8841911","article-title":"HIF-1, the Warburg effect, and Macrophage\/Microglia Polarization potential Role in COVID-19 Pathogenesis","volume":"2021","author":"Ferraro","year":"2021","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.118531_b0515","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2023.03.007","article-title":"TLR2-hif1\u03b1-mediated glycolysis contributes to pyroptosis and oxidative stress in allergic airway inflammation","volume":"200","author":"Sha","year":"2023","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.118531_b0520","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.592084","article-title":"Therapeutic potential of Triptolide as an Anti-Inflammatory Agent in Dextran Sulfate Sodium-Induced Murine Experimental Colitis","volume":"11","author":"Tang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.118531_b0525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.684486","article-title":"Natural Anti-Inflammatory Compounds as Drug Candidates for Inflammatory Bowel Disease","volume":"12","author":"Duan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.118531_b0530","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2023.155178","article-title":"Toll-like receptors in inflammatory bowel disease: a review of the role of phytochemicals","volume":"123","author":"Esmaealzadeh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.118531_b0535","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2018.03.002","article-title":"Toll-like receptors in immunity and inflammatory diseases: past, present, and future","volume":"59","author":"Vijay","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.118531_b0540","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5382","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-25767-1","article-title":"Selective targeting of the TLR2\/MyD88\/NF-\u03baB pathway reduces \u03b1-synuclein spreading in vitro and in vivo","volume":"12","author":"Dutta","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.118531_b0545","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-020-00312-6","article-title":"Targeting NF-\u03baB pathway for the therapy of diseases: mechanism and clinical study","volume":"5","author":"Yu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"issue":"33","key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.118531_b0550","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4145","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v16.i33.4145","article-title":"Effect of probiotics on pro-inflammatory cytokines and NF-kappaB activation in ulcerative colitis","volume":"16","author":"Hegazy","year":"2010","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.118531_b0555","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1186\/s13020-020-0296-z","article-title":"Targeting NF-\u03baB pathway for treating ulcerative colitis: comprehensive regulatory characteristics of chinese medicines","volume":"15","author":"Lu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chin. Med."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.118531_b0560","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1717","DOI":"10.1007\/s10787-022-01044-5","article-title":"Therapeutic effect of the sulforaphane derivative JY4 on ulcerative colitis through the NF-\u03baB-p65 pathway","volume":"30","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Inflammopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.118531_b0565","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2024.116922","article-title":"Flavokawain B inhibits NF-\u03baB inflammatory signaling pathway activation in inflammatory bowel disease by targeting TLR2","volume":"486","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.118531_b0570","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1251","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-022-01766-4","article-title":"Acute Pancreatitis: Diagnosis and Treatment","volume":"82","author":"Szatmary","year":"2022","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.118531_b0575","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-018-0087-5","article-title":"Global epidemiology and holistic prevention of pancreatitis","volume":"16","author":"Petrov","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.118531_b0580","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G. Trikudanathan, C. Yazici, A. Evans Phillips, C. E. Forsmark, Diagnosis and Management of Acute Pancreatitis. Gastroenterology. 167(4)(2024) 673-688. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/j.gastro.2024.02.052.","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2024.02.052"},{"issue":"10252","key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.118531_b0585","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31310-6","article-title":"Acute pancreatitis","volume":"396","author":"Boxhoorn","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.118531_b0590","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.1052466","article-title":"Identification of novel immune-related targets mediating disease progression in acute pancreatitis","volume":"12","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.118531_b0595","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2023.110547","article-title":"Toll-like receptor 2 deficiency alleviates acute pancreatitis by inactivating the NF-\u03baB\/NLRP3 pathway","volume":"121","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.118531_b0600","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"B. Williams, G. Mancia, W. Spiering, E. Agabiti Rosei, M. Azizi, M. Burnier, et al., 2018 ESC\/ESH Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension. Eur Heart J. 39(33)(2018) 3021-3104. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehy339.","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehy339"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.118531_b0605","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.184182","article-title":"Prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension in rural and urban communities in high-, middle-, and low-income countries","volume":"310","author":"Chow","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.118531_b0610","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2017.06.013","article-title":"Pathogen-Induced TLR4-TRIF Innate Immune Signaling in Hematopoietic Stem Cells Promotes Proliferation but Reduces Competitive Fitness","volume":"21","author":"Takizawa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.118531_b0615","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.16.4.637-646.2003","article-title":"Role of Toll-like receptors in pathogen recognition","volume":"16","author":"Janssens","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"issue":"Pt 6","key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.118531_b0620","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1449","DOI":"10.1042\/BST0351449","article-title":"Role of pattern-recognition receptors in cardiovascular health and disease","volume":"35","author":"Mitchell","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biochem. Soc. Trans."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.118531_b0625","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1254","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.116.302317","article-title":"Innate immunity and the failing heart: the cytokine hypothesis revisited","volume":"116","author":"Mann","year":"2015","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.118531_b0630","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd3203","article-title":"Targeting Toll-like receptors: emerging therapeutics?","volume":"9","author":"Hennessy","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.118531_b0635","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trsl.2021.02.011","article-title":"Toll-like receptor 2 signaling deficiency in cardiac cells ameliorates Ang II-induced cardiac inflammation and remodeling","volume":"233","author":"Ye","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transl. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.118531_b0640","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2019.02.005","article-title":"Toll-like receptor 2 deficiency promotes the generation of alloreactive Th17 cells after cardiac transplantation in mice","volume":"338","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.118531_b0645","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2024.111768","article-title":"Toll-like receptor 2 deficiency promotes the generation of alloreactive \u03b3\u03b4T17 cells after cardiac transplantation in mice","volume":"130","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.118531_b0650","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.12569","article-title":"A peptide tetramer tk-tPN induces tolerance of cardiac allografting by conversion of type 1 to type 2 immune responses via the Toll-like receptor 2 signal-promoted activation of the MCP1 gene","volume":"147","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.118531_b0655","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3712","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.172.6.3712","article-title":"Toll-like receptor 2 suppresses immunity against Candida albicans through induction of IL-10 and regulatory T cells","volume":"172","author":"Netea","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.118531_b0660","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3350","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00708-16","article-title":"Toll-like Receptor 2 Agonist Pam3CSK4 Alleviates the Pathology of Leptospirosis in Hamster","volume":"84","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.118531_b0665","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.1925","article-title":"Toll-like receptor 2-dependent induction of vitamin A-metabolizing enzymes in dendritic cells promotes T regulatory responses and inhibits autoimmunity","volume":"15","author":"Manicassamy","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.118531_b0670","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2019.05.003","article-title":"Corneal nerves in health and disease","volume":"73","author":"Al-Aqaba","year":"2019","journal-title":"Prog. Retin. Eye Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.118531_b0675","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trsl.2021.05.005","article-title":"Immune responses to injury and their links to eye disease","volume":"236","author":"Stepp","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transl. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.118531_b0680","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2021.100967","article-title":"Mesenchymal stromal cells for the treatment of ocular autoimmune diseases","volume":"85","author":"Oh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Prog. Retin. Eye Res."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.118531_b0685","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1655","DOI":"10.1002\/stem.2902","article-title":"Concise Review: TLR pathway-miRNA Interplay in Mesenchymal Stromal Cells: Regulatory Roles and Therapeutic Directions","volume":"36","author":"Abdi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.118531_b0690","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4713","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.100327","article-title":"Activation of Toll-like receptor 2 promotes mesenchymal stem\/stromal cell-mediated immunoregulation and angiostasis through AKR1C1","volume":"14","author":"Ko","year":"2024","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.118531_b0695","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-023-02710-3","article-title":"Myeloid cells protect corneal nerves against sterile injury through negative-feedback regulation of TLR2-IL-6 axis","volume":"20","author":"Lee","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.118531_b0700","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fcdhc.2026.1791782","article-title":"Linking inflammation, metabolic dysfunction, and neurodegeneration: a comprehensive review of TLR2 pathways in type 2 diabetes","volume":"7","author":"Arregu\u00edn-Cano","year":"2026","journal-title":"Front Clin Diabetes Healthc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.118531_b0705","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103220","article-title":"Toll-like receptor signaling in Parkinson's disease: focusing on TLR2 and TLR4 as therapeutic targets for natural compounds","volume":"120","author":"Han","year":"2026","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.118531_b0710","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2026.153761","article-title":"The role of TLR2-mediated neuroimmune signal transduction in pathological pain","volume":"817","author":"Wu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."}],"container-title":["Biochemical Pharmacology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0006295226008737?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0006295226008737?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T08:18:35Z","timestamp":1792052315000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0006295226008737"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"references-count":143,"alternative-id":["S0006295226008737"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.118531","relation":{},"ISSN":["0006-2952"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0006-2952","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"The dual immunomodulatory roles and signaling mechanisms of toll-like receptor 2 in different diseases","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Biochemical Pharmacology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.118531","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier Inc. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"118531"}}