{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T11:37:01Z","timestamp":1775043421620,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":101,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,3,1]],"date-time":"2005-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1109635200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,3,1]],"date-time":"2005-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1109635200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2004.11.006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,2,17]],"date-time":"2005-02-17T18:09:23Z","timestamp":1108663763000},"page":"53-66","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":74,"title":["Hashimoto's encephalopathy: myth or reality? An endocrinologist's perspective"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Vahab","family":"Fatourechi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2004.11.006_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(66)92876-5","article-title":"Hashimoto's disease and encephalopathy","volume":"2","author":"Brain","year":"1966","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2004.11.006_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.60.2.164","article-title":"Hashimoto encephalopathy: syndrome or myth?","volume":"60","author":"Chong","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2004.11.006_bib3","first-page":"947","article-title":"Hashimoto's encephalitis","volume":"86","author":"Sunil","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2004.11.006_bib4","first-page":"1945","article-title":"The clinical spectrum, diagnosis, pathogenesis and treatment of Hashimoto's encephalopathy (recurrent acute disseminated encephalomyelitis)","volume":"10","author":"Chaudhuri","year":"2003","journal-title":"Curr Med Chem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2004.11.006_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1089\/105072502760043477","article-title":"Rarity of encephalopathy associated with autoimmune thyroiditis: a case series from Mayo Clinic from 1950 to 1996","volume":"12","author":"Sawka","year":"2002","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2004.11.006_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2265.2003.01901.x","article-title":"Increased prevalence of subclinical brain perfusion abnormalities in patients with autoimmune thyroiditis: evidence of Hashimoto's encephalitis?","volume":"59","author":"Zettinig","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2004.11.006_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1515\/JPEM.2004.17.1.27","article-title":"Electrophysiological tests of the hearing organ in Hashimoto's disease","volume":"17","author":"Gawron","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2004.11.006_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.1515\/JPEM.2000.13.8.1137","article-title":"Tremor and myoclonus heralding Hashimoto's encephalopathy","volume":"13","author":"Gucuyener","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2004.11.006_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1089\/105072503321319576","article-title":"Encephalopathy associated with Hashimoto's thyroiditis: use of serum immunoglobulin G as a marker of disease activity","volume":"13","author":"Fatemi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2004.11.006_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-510X(00)00302-6","article-title":"Encephalopathy associated to autoimmune thyroid disease: a more appropriate term for an underestimated condition?","volume":"176","author":"Canton","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2004.11.006_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2003.06.002","article-title":"Encephalopathy associated with Hashimoto's thyroiditis: an additional case","volume":"14","author":"Bertoni","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur J Int Med"},{"issue":"3 Pt 1","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2004.11.006_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.112.3.686","article-title":"Steroid-responsive encephalopathy associated with Hashimoto's thyroiditis in an adolescent with chronic hallucinations and depression: case report and review","volume":"112","author":"Mahmud","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2004.11.006_bib13","first-page":"619","article-title":"A case of Hashimoto's encephalopathy associated with Graves' disease [Japanese]","volume":"42","author":"Saito","year":"2002","journal-title":"Rinsho Shinkeigaku"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2004.11.006_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00900946","article-title":"Encephalopathy associated with Hashimoto thyroiditis: diagnosis and treatment","volume":"243","author":"Kothbauer-Margreiter","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"issue":"supplement 2","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2004.11.006_bib15","first-page":"34","article-title":"Hashimoto's encephalopathy as a cause of steroid responsive symptomatic epilepsy in adults [abstract]","volume":"40","author":"Chaudhuri","year":"1999","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2004.11.006_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1789.2004.00542.x","article-title":"Nonvasculitic autoimmune inflammatory meningoencephalitis","volume":"24","author":"Josephs","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neuropathology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2004.11.006_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1579","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.53.7.1579","article-title":"Nonvasculitic autoimmune inflammatory meningoencephalitis (NAIM): a reversible form of encephalopathy","volume":"53","author":"Caselli","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2004.11.006_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1016\/S0887-8994(99)00006-5","article-title":"Pediatric manifestations of Hashimoto's encephalopathy","volume":"20","author":"Vasconcellos","year":"1999","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2004.11.006_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1007\/s004310051226","article-title":"Hashimoto encephalopathy in a 12-year-old girl","volume":"158","author":"Sybesma","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2004.11.006_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1177\/088307380001500116","article-title":"Encephalopathy as the presenting symptom of Hashimoto's thyroiditis","volume":"15","author":"Watemberg","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Child Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2004.11.006_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2002-32364","article-title":"Hashimoto encephalopathy: is it underdiagnosed in pediatric patients?","volume":"33","author":"v Maydell","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neuropediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2004.11.006_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.49.2.623","article-title":"Autoimmune thyroiditis and a rapidly progressive dementia: global hypoperfusion on SPECT scanning suggests a possible mechanism","volume":"49","author":"Forchetti","year":"1997","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2004.11.006_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1177\/089198870201500309","article-title":"Hashimoto's encephalopathy in the elderly: relationship to cognitive impairment","volume":"15","author":"Galluzzi","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2004.11.006_bib24","first-page":"360","article-title":"A patient with Hashimoto's encephalopathy showing subacute global cognitive dysfunction [Japanese]","volume":"43","author":"Hatano","year":"2003","journal-title":"Rinsho Shinkeigaku"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2004.11.006_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1159\/000284933","article-title":"Persistent cognitive defects after corrected hypothyroidism","volume":"28","author":"Leentjens","year":"1995","journal-title":"Psychopathology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2004.11.006_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.66.2.172","article-title":"Hashimoto's encephalitis as a differential diagnosis of Creutzfeldt\u2013Jakob disease","volume":"66","author":"Seipelt","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2004.11.006_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1228","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)90738-2","article-title":"A woman with a relapsing psychosis who got better with prednisone","volume":"347","author":"Cohen","year":"1996","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2004.11.006_bib28","first-page":"438","article-title":"Hashimoto's encephalopathy: documentation of mesial temporal seizure origin by ictal EEG","volume":"10","author":"Arain","year":"2001","journal-title":"Seizure"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2004.11.006_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-1241.2000.tb10939.x","article-title":"Recurrent encephalopathy and generalised seizures associated with relapses of thyrotoxicosis","volume":"54","author":"Li Voon Chong","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int J Clin Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2004.11.006_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1177\/000992280104000507","article-title":"Recurrent encephalopathy and seizures in an adolescent girl","volume":"40","author":"Isik","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Pediatr (Phila)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2004.11.006_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.58.3.504","article-title":"Palatal tremor and myorhythmia in Hashimoto's encephalopathy","volume":"58","author":"Erickson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2004.11.006_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.10230","article-title":"Choreic syndrome due to Hashimoto's encephalopathy","volume":"17","author":"Taurin","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"issue":"supplement 7","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2004.11.006_bib33","first-page":"S45","article-title":"Central nystagmus associated with Hashimoto's encephalopathy [abstract]","volume":"54","author":"Fife","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2004.11.006_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.72.2.277","article-title":"Hashimoto's associated ataxia","volume":"72","author":"Manto","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2004.11.006_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.71.1.81","article-title":"Ataxia associated with Hashimoto's disease: progressive non-familial adult onset cerebellar degeneration with autoimmune thyroiditis","volume":"71","author":"Selim","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2004.11.006_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1909","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000125284.19326.80","article-title":"Undetectable CSF hypocretin-1 in \u2018Hashimoto's encephalopathy\u2019 associated with coma","volume":"62","author":"Castillo","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2004.11.006_bib37","first-page":"628","article-title":"Hashimoto's encephalopathy [Spanish]","volume":"17","author":"Ares Luque","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2004.11.006_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.psy.42.6.522","article-title":"Steroid-responsive confusion associated with thyroiditis","volume":"42","author":"Kinrys","year":"2001","journal-title":"Psychosomatics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2004.11.006_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.54.3.737","article-title":"Amnesic syndrome with bilateral mesial temporal lobe involvement in Hashimoto's encephalopathy","volume":"54","author":"McCabe","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2004.11.006_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1136\/pmj.77.903.54a","article-title":"A case of reversible amnesia","volume":"77","author":"Stone","year":"2001","journal-title":"Postgrad Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2004.11.006_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1468-1331.2003.00672.x","article-title":"Hashimoto's encephalopathy: a treatable cause of mental impairment, stroke and seizures","volume":"10","author":"Rekand","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2004.11.006_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-003-1058-4","article-title":"Hashimoto's encephalopathy presenting with musical hallucinosis","volume":"250","author":"Brusa","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2004.11.006_bib43","first-page":"995","article-title":"A case of Hashimoto's encephalopathy with a relapsing course related to menstrual cycle [Japanese]","volume":"33","author":"Ishii","year":"1993","journal-title":"Rinsho Shinkeigaku"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2004.11.006_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1633","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000034178.22733.75","article-title":"Hashimoto's encephalopathy: exacerbations associated with menstrual cycle","volume":"59","author":"Sellal","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2004.11.006_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1097\/00019616-200211000-00004","article-title":"Febrile Hashimoto encephalopathy mimicking thyroid storm","volume":"12","author":"Ozbey","year":"2002","journal-title":"Endocrinologist"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2004.11.006_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.68.6.795","article-title":"Febrile Hashimoto's encephalopathy","volume":"68","author":"Papathanasopoulos","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2004.11.006_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410300117","article-title":"The treatable dementia of Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome","volume":"30","author":"Caselli","year":"1991","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2004.11.006_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1248","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(76)92207-8","article-title":"Letter: Hashimoto's disease, encephalopathy, and splenic atrophy","volume":"1","author":"Jellinek","year":"1976","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2004.11.006_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.54.3.769","article-title":"Hashimoto encephalopathy: a brainstem vasculitis?","volume":"54","author":"Nolte","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"2 Pt 1","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2004.11.006_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.41.2_Part_1.228","article-title":"Hashimoto's encephalopathy: a steroid-responsive disorder associated with high anti-thyroid antibody titers: report of 5 cases","volume":"41","author":"Shaw","year":"1991","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2004.11.006_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1007\/s001150050613","article-title":"Hashimoto encephalopathy: steroid-sensitive encephalopathy in Hashimoto thyroiditis [German]","volume":"71","author":"Hartmann","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nervenarzt"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2004.11.006_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.45.5.977","article-title":"Electroencephalographic findings in Hashimoto's encephalopathy","volume":"45","author":"Henchey","year":"1995","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2004.11.006_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1159\/000008007","article-title":"Manifestation of Hashimoto's encephalopathy years before onset of thyroid disease","volume":"41","author":"Peschen-Rosin","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2004.11.006_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/S1388-2457(02)00343-7","article-title":"EEG findings in steroid-responsive encephalopathy associated with autoimmune thyroiditis","volume":"114","author":"Schauble","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2004.11.006_bib55","first-page":"807","article-title":"MR findings in Hashimoto encephalopathy","volume":"25","author":"Song","year":"2004","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2004.11.006_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.49.1.246","article-title":"Reversible MRI findings in a patient with Hashimoto's encephalopathy","volume":"49","author":"Bohnen","year":"1997","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2004.11.006_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-002-0788-z","article-title":"Reversible white matter alterations in encephalopathy associated with autoimmune thyroid disease","volume":"249","author":"Pozo-Rosich","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2004.11.006_bib58","first-page":"31","article-title":"Brain perfusion abnormalities in patients with euthyroid autoimmune thyroiditis","author":"Piga","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imag"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2004.11.006_bib59","first-page":"191","article-title":"Isolated angiitis of the CNS associated with Hashimoto's disease [Japanese]","volume":"32","author":"Shibata","year":"1992","journal-title":"Rinsho Shinkeigaku"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2004.11.006_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1124","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000090462.62087.A1","article-title":"Hashimoto's encephalopathy: postmortem findings after fatal status epilepticus","volume":"61","author":"Duffey","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2004.11.006_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.1320360205","article-title":"Autoimmune thyroiditis associated with mild \u2018subclinical\u2019 hypothyroidism in adults with Down syndrome: a comparison of patients with and without manifestations of Alzheimer disease","volume":"36","author":"Percy","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am J Med Genet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2004.11.006_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.60.2.234","article-title":"Thyrotoxic Hashimoto's encephalopathy","volume":"60","author":"Barker","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2004.11.006_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.66.3.350","article-title":"Autoimmune Addison's disease and thyrotoxic thyroiditis presenting as encephalopathy in twins","volume":"66","author":"Russell","year":"1991","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2004.11.006_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.74.4.504","article-title":"Thyrotoxic autoimmune encephalopathy: a repeat positron emission tomography study","volume":"74","author":"Seo","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2004.11.006_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000122648.19196.02","article-title":"Potentially reversible autoimmune limbic encephalitis with neuronal potassium channel antibody","volume":"62","author":"Thieben","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2004.11.006_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.70.1.132","article-title":"Hashimoto's encephalopathy responding to plasmapheresis","volume":"70","author":"Boers","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2004.11.006_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01959211","article-title":"Hashimoto thyroiditis, distal renal tubular acidosis, pernicious anaemia and encephalopathy: a rare combination of auto-immune disorders in a 12-year-old girl","volume":"153","author":"Suzuki","year":"1994","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2004.11.006_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1016\/0887-8994(94)90011-6","article-title":"Hashimoto encephalopathy: etiologic considerations","volume":"11","author":"Takahashi","year":"1994","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2004.11.006_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"970","DOI":"10.1007\/s004150050493","article-title":"Hashimoto's encephalopathy associated with isolated ACTH deficiency and hyponatremia: a case report","volume":"246","author":"Skodda","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2004.11.006_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-5793(02)03307-0","article-title":"Proteomic analysis of human brain identifies alpha-enolase as a novel autoantigen in Hashimoto's encephalopathy","volume":"528","author":"Ochi","year":"2002","journal-title":"FEBS Lett"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2004.11.006_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2003.08.005","article-title":"Anti-neuronal autoantibody in Hashimoto's encephalopathy: neuropathological, immunohistochemical, and biochemical analysis of two patients","volume":"217","author":"Oide","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2004.11.006_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.68.5.681","article-title":"Myelopathy associated with Hashimoto's disease","volume":"68","author":"Azuma","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2004.11.006_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2003.09.007","article-title":"Hashimoto's encephalopathy: epidemiologic data and pathogenetic considerations","volume":"217","author":"Ferracci","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2004.11.006_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000048660.71390.C6","article-title":"Antithyroid antibodies in the CSF: their role in the pathogenesis of Hashimoto's encephalopathy","volume":"60","author":"Ferracci","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"Pt 3","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2004.11.006_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awh077","article-title":"Potassium channel antibody-associated encephalopathy: a potentially immunotherapy-responsive form of limbic encephalitis","volume":"127","author":"Vincent","year":"2004","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2004.11.006_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01700970","article-title":"Severe hypotension and coma secondary to unrecognized chronic anterior hypophysitis","volume":"21","author":"Kaufmann","year":"1995","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2004.11.006_bib77","first-page":"548","article-title":"Reversible adrenocorticotropin deficiency due to probable autoimmune hypophysitis in a woman with postpartum thyroiditis","volume":"74","author":"Bevan","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2004.11.006_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1022105518718","article-title":"A relapsing remitting lymphocytic hypophysitis","volume":"5","author":"Matta","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pituitary"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2004.11.006_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03343856","article-title":"Lymphocytic hypophysitis: its expanding features","volume":"24","author":"Nakamura","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2004.11.006_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1136\/pgmj.70.821.220","article-title":"Lymphocytic hypophysitis causing hypopituitarism and diabetes insipidus, and associated with autoimmune thyroiditis, in a non-pregnant woman","volume":"70","author":"Paja","year":"1994","journal-title":"Postgrad Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2004.11.006_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1980.00330200119034","article-title":"Lymphoid hypophysitis with selective adrenocorticotropic hormone deficiency","volume":"140","author":"Richtsmeier","year":"1980","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2004.11.006_bib82","first-page":"288","article-title":"Antipituitary antibodies in patients with lymphocytic hypophysitis","volume":"55","author":"Takao","year":"2001","journal-title":"Horm Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2004.11.006_bib83","first-page":"2302","article-title":"Clinical case seminar: lymphocytic hypophysitis: clinicopathological findings","volume":"80","author":"Thodou","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2004.11.006_bib84","first-page":"324","article-title":"Diagnostic usefulness of the determination of protein 14-3-3 in cerebrospinal fluid in Creutzfeld\u2013Jakob disease [Spanish]","volume":"13","author":"Saiz","year":"1998","journal-title":"Neurologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2004.11.006_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1539","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.54.7.1539","article-title":"Detection of 14-3-3 protein in the CSF of a patient with Hashimoto's encephalopathy","volume":"54","author":"Hernandez Echebarria","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2004.11.006_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-003-0100-8","article-title":"Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease associated with high titer of antithyroid autoantibodies: case report and literature review","volume":"24","author":"Cossu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neurol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2004.11.006_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-8529(05)70189-4","article-title":"Thyroid autoantibodies","volume":"30","author":"Saravanan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2004.11.006_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1939","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2002-030010","article-title":"Clinical review 157: pathophysiology of Graves' ophthalmopathy: the cycle of disease","volume":"88","author":"Bahn","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2004.11.006_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.0.1480001","article-title":"Autoimmune thyroid disease: propagation and progression","volume":"148","author":"Weetman","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2004.11.006_bib90","first-page":"45","article-title":"Thyroid disorders in infertile women","volume":"64","author":"Poppe","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann Endocrinol (Paris)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2004.11.006_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199607113350206","article-title":"Chronic autoimmune thyroiditis","volume":"335","author":"Dayan","year":"1996","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2004.11.006_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1812","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.60.12.1812-b","article-title":"The uncertain nosology of Hashimoto encephalopthy [in reply]","volume":"60","author":"Chong","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2004.11.006_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1812","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.60.12.1812-a","article-title":"The uncertain nosology of Hashimoto encephalopathy [comment]","volume":"60","author":"Schott","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2004.11.006_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.87.2.8182","article-title":"Serum TSH T(4), and thyroid antibodies in the United States population (1988 to 1994): National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III)","volume":"87","author":"Hollowell","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2004.11.006_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/S0049-0172(79)80009-8","article-title":"Central nervous system involvement in systemic lupus erythematosus: a review of neuropathologic findings in 57 cases, 1955\u20131977","volume":"8","author":"Ellis","year":"1979","journal-title":"Semin Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2004.11.006_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.56.6.814","article-title":"Encephalitis associated with glutamic acid decarboxylase autoantibodies","volume":"56","author":"Marchiori","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2004.11.006_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1089\/105072502761016458","article-title":"Epidemiology and prevention of clinical and subclinical hypothyroidism","volume":"12","author":"Vanderpump","year":"2002","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2004.11.006_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1097\/00127893-200105000-00001","article-title":"Neurologic aspects of thyroid disease","volume":"7","author":"Selim","year":"2001","journal-title":"The Neurologist"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2004.11.006_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4591","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.86.10.7961","article-title":"The treatment of subclinical hypothyroidism is seldom necessary","volume":"86","author":"Chu","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2004.11.006_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1007\/s12019-002-0051-7","article-title":"Mild thyroid failure [subclinical hypothyroidism]: to treat or not to treat?","volume":"28","author":"Fatourechi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Compr Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2004.11.006_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4585","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.86.10.7959","article-title":"Subclinical hypothyroidism is mild thyroid failure and should be treated","volume":"86","author":"McDermott","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"}],"container-title":["Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1521690X04000843?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1521690X04000843?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,26]],"date-time":"2025-10-26T16:37:40Z","timestamp":1761496660000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1521690X04000843"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2005,3]]},"references-count":101,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,3]]}},"alternative-id":["S1521690X04000843"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.beem.2004.11.006","relation":{},"ISSN":["1521-690X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1521-690X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2005,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Hashimoto's encephalopathy: myth or reality? An endocrinologist's perspective","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.beem.2004.11.006","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}