{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T15:44:00Z","timestamp":1773762240154,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,6,1]],"date-time":"2006-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1149120000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,6,1]],"date-time":"2006-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1149120000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2006.02.005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,6,13]],"date-time":"2006-06-13T11:22:33Z","timestamp":1150197753000},"page":"193-205","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":129,"title":["Diagnosis, epidemiology, and genetics of the polycystic ovary syndrome"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Mark O.","family":"Goodarzi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ricardo","family":"Azziz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2006.02.005_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(15)30642-6","article-title":"Amenorrhea associated with bilateral polycystic ovaries","volume":"29","author":"Stein","year":"1935","journal-title":"American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2006.02.005_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2745","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2003-032046","article-title":"The prevalence and features of the polycystic ovary syndrome in an unselected population","volume":"89","author":"Azziz","year":"2004","journal-title":"The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2006.02.005_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-3356(21)00177-1","article-title":"Ovulation failure and induction","volume":"8","author":"Hull","year":"1981","journal-title":"Clinical Obstetrics and Gynaecology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2006.02.005_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2000.tb06230.x","article-title":"The genetics of obesity. Lessons for polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"900","author":"Legro","year":"2000","journal-title":"Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2006.02.005_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(03)00735-0","article-title":"Androgen excess is the key element in the polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"80","author":"Azziz","year":"2003","journal-title":"Fertility and Sterility"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2006.02.005_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(01)00948-2","article-title":"Prevalence and predictors of dyslipidemia in women with polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"111","author":"Legro","year":"2001","journal-title":"The American Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2006.02.005_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2289","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deg440","article-title":"Difference in body weight between American and Italian women with polycystic ovary syndrome: influence of the diet","volume":"18","author":"Carmina","year":"2003","journal-title":"Human Reproduction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2006.02.005_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2003-031122","article-title":"Androgen excess in women: experience with over 1000 consecutive patients","volume":"89","author":"Azziz","year":"2004","journal-title":"The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2006.02.005_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2005-870236","article-title":"Clinical and biochemical characterization of women with polycystic ovary syndrome in north Rhine-Westphalia","volume":"37","author":"Hahn","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hormone and Metabolic Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2006.02.005_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.38.9.1165","article-title":"Profound peripheral insulin resistance, independent of obesity, in polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"38","author":"Dunaif","year":"1989","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2006.02.005_bib11","first-page":"165","article-title":"Prevalence and predictors of risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus and impaired glucose tolerance in polycystic ovary syndrome: a prospective, controlled study in 254 affected women","volume":"84","author":"Legro","year":"1999","journal-title":"The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2006.02.005_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2004.01.041","article-title":"Use of fasting blood to assess the prevalence of insulin resistance in women with polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"82","author":"Carmina","year":"2004","journal-title":"Fertility and Sterility"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2006.02.005_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1454","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2004.11.070","article-title":"Prevalence of insulin resistance in the polycystic ovary syndrome using the homeostasis model assessment","volume":"83","author":"DeUgarte","year":"2005","journal-title":"Fertility and Sterility"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2006.02.005_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(03)00734-9","article-title":"The importance of insulin resistance in polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"80","author":"Goodarzi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Fertility and Sterility"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2006.02.005_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1320","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI108400","article-title":"Characterization of the inappropriate gonadotropin secretion in polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"57","author":"Rebar","year":"1976","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Investigation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2006.02.005_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.1989.tb00446.x","article-title":"Heterogeneity of the polycystic ovary syndrome: clinical, endocrine and ultrasound features in 556 patients","volume":"30","author":"Conway","year":"1989","journal-title":"Clinical Endocrinology (Oxford)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2006.02.005_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(16)54352-0","article-title":"Clinical features and circulating gonadotropin, insulin, and androgen interactions in women with polycystic ovarian disease","volume":"55","author":"Anttila","year":"1991","journal-title":"Fertility and Sterility"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2006.02.005_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(97)80068-4","article-title":"Classification of normogonadotropic infertility: polycystic ovaries diagnosed by ultrasound versus endocrine characteristics of polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"67","author":"van Santbrink","year":"1997","journal-title":"Fertility and Sterility"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2006.02.005_bib19","first-page":"3728","article-title":"Inappropriate gonadotropin secretion in polycystic ovary syndrome: influence of adiposity","volume":"82","author":"Arroyo","year":"1997","journal-title":"The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2006.02.005_bib20","first-page":"2248","article-title":"Determinants of abnormal gonadotropin secretion in clinically defined women with polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"82","author":"Taylor","year":"1997","journal-title":"The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2006.02.005_bib21","series-title":"Polycystic Ovary Syndrome","first-page":"377","article-title":"Diagnostic criteria for polycystic ovary syndrome: towards a rational approach","author":"Zawadzki","year":"1992"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2006.02.005_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2495","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/17.10.2495","article-title":"What is polycystic ovarian syndrome? A proposal for a consensus on the definition and diagnosis of polycystic ovarian syndrome","volume":"17","author":"Homburg","year":"2002","journal-title":"Human Reproduction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2006.02.005_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2003.10.004","article-title":"Revised 2003 consensus on diagnostic criteria and long-term health risks related to polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"81","year":"2004","journal-title":"Fertility and Sterility"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2006.02.005_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deh098","article-title":"Revised 2003 consensus on diagnostic criteria and long-term health risks related to polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)","volume":"19","year":"2004","journal-title":"Human Reproduction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2006.02.005_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2005.01.085","article-title":"Diagnostic criteria for polycystic ovary syndrome: a reappraisal","volume":"83","author":"Azziz","year":"2005","journal-title":"Fertility and Sterility"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2006.02.005_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(01)00979-2","article-title":"Polycystic ovaries in hirsute women with normal menses","volume":"111","author":"Carmina","year":"2001","journal-title":"The American Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2006.02.005_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.1989.tb03729.x","article-title":"Is the polycystic ovary a cause of infertility in the ovulatory woman?","volume":"30","author":"Eden","year":"1989","journal-title":"Clinical Endocrinology (Oxford)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2006.02.005_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2720","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/14.11.2720","article-title":"The prevalence of polycystic ovaries in women with infertility","volume":"14","author":"Kousta","year":"1999","journal-title":"Human Reproduction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2006.02.005_bib29","first-page":"3078","article-title":"Prevalence of the polycystic ovary syndrome in unselected black and white women of the southeastern United States: a prospective study","volume":"83","author":"Knochenhauer","year":"1998","journal-title":"The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2006.02.005_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4006","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.84.11.6148","article-title":"A survey of the polycystic ovary syndrome in the Greek island of Lesbos: hormonal and metabolic profile","volume":"84","author":"Diamanti-Kandarakis","year":"1999","journal-title":"The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2006.02.005_bib31","first-page":"2434","article-title":"A prospective study of the prevalence of the polycystic ovary syndrome in unselected caucasian women from Spain","volume":"85","author":"Asuncion","year":"2000","journal-title":"The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2006.02.005_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2265.1999.00886.x","article-title":"Polycystic ovaries and associated clinical and biochemical features in young women","volume":"51","author":"Michelmore","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clinical Endocrinology (Oxford)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2006.02.005_bib33","unstructured":"US census bureau. Census 2000 Summary File 1, QT-P3. http:\/\/factfinder.census.gov\/servlet\/DatasetMainPageServlet?_program=DEC&_lang=en"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2006.02.005_bib34","first-page":"57","article-title":"The association of obesity with infertility and related menstrual abnormalities in women","volume":"3","author":"Hartz","year":"1979","journal-title":"International Journal of Obesity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2006.02.005_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1067\/mob.2001.109596","article-title":"Relationship of the metabolic syndrome and obesity to polycystic ovary syndrome: a controlled, population-based study","volume":"184","author":"Heinonen","year":"2001","journal-title":"American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2006.02.005_bib36","first-page":"4182","article-title":"High prevalence of the polycystic ovary syndrome and hirsutism in women with type 1 diabetes mellitus","volume":"85","author":"Escobar-Morreale","year":"2000","journal-title":"The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2006.02.005_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2265.2000.00884.x","article-title":"The prevalence of polycystic ovaries in women with type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"52","author":"Conn","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clinical Endocrinology (Oxford)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2006.02.005_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1050","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.24.6.1050","article-title":"Prevalence of polycystic ovary syndrome among premenopausal women with type 2 diabetes","volume":"24","author":"Peppard","year":"2001","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2006.02.005_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(97)80089-1","article-title":"Prevalence of hyperandrogenemia among nonhirsute oligo-ovulatory women","volume":"67","author":"Allen","year":"1997","journal-title":"Fertility and Sterility"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2006.02.005_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2005.03.051","article-title":"Polycystic ovary syndrome in Mexican\u2013Americans: prevalence and association with the severity of insulin resistance","volume":"84","author":"Goodarzi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Fertility and Sterility"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2006.02.005_bib41","series-title":"The Genetic Basis of Common Diseases","author":"King","year":"2002"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2006.02.005_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(02)03275-2","article-title":"Molecular progress in infertility: polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"78","author":"Legro","year":"2002","journal-title":"Fertility and Sterility"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2006.02.005_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(00)01662-9","article-title":"Prevalence of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) in first-degree relatives of patients with PCOS","volume":"75","author":"Kahsar-Miller","year":"2001","journal-title":"Fertility and Sterility"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2006.02.005_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14956","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.25.14956","article-title":"Evidence for a genetic basis for hyperandrogenemia in polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"95","author":"Legro","year":"1998","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2006.02.005_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2134","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.87.5.8387","article-title":"Elevated dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate levels as the reproductive phenotype in the brothers of women with polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"87","author":"Legro","year":"2002","journal-title":"The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2006.02.005_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2128","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.87.5.8513","article-title":"Insulin resistance in the sisters of women with polycystic ovary syndrome: association with hyperandrogenemia rather than menstrual irregularity","volume":"87","author":"Legro","year":"2002","journal-title":"The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2006.02.005_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(16)58687-7","article-title":"Hyperinsulinemia is common in family members of women with polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"66","author":"Norman","year":"1996","journal-title":"Fertility and Sterility"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2006.02.005_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2031","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2002-021499","article-title":"Glucose intolerance, insulin resistance, and hyperandrogenemia in first-degree relatives of women with polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"88","author":"Yildiz","year":"2003","journal-title":"The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2006.02.005_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2004.01981.x","article-title":"Insulin resistance and endothelial dysfunction in the brothers of Indian subcontinent Asian women with polycystic ovaries","volume":"60","author":"Kaushal","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clinical Endocrinology (Oxford)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2006.02.005_bib50","first-page":"2027","article-title":"Heritability of insulin secretion and insulin action in women with polycystic ovary syndrome and their first-degree relatives","volume":"86","author":"Colilla","year":"2001","journal-title":"The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2006.02.005_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI118064","article-title":"Insulin secretory defects in polycystic ovary syndrome. Relationship to insulin sensitivity and family history of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus","volume":"96","author":"Ehrmann","year":"1995","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Investigation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2006.02.005_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"946","DOI":"10.1210\/mend.13.6.0311","article-title":"Augmented androgen production is a stable steroidogenic phenotype of propagated theca cells from polycystic ovaries","volume":"13","author":"Nelson","year":"1999","journal-title":"Molecular Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2006.02.005_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E392","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.2001.281.2.E392","article-title":"Defects in insulin receptor signaling in vivo in the polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)","volume":"281","author":"Dunaif","year":"2001","journal-title":"American Journal of Physiology Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2006.02.005_bib54","first-page":"E197","article-title":"Insulin resistance in polycystic ovary syndrome: decreased expression of GLUT-4 glucose transporters in adipocytes","volume":"264","author":"Rosenbaum","year":"1993","journal-title":"American Journal of Physiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2006.02.005_bib55","first-page":"577","article-title":"Cellular mechanisms of insulin resistance in polycystic ovarian syndrome","volume":"75","author":"Ciaraldi","year":"1992","journal-title":"The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2006.02.005_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2004-0004","article-title":"The molecular-genetic basis of functional hyperandrogenism and the polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"26","author":"Escobar-Morreale","year":"2005","journal-title":"Endocrine Reviews"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2006.02.005_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1023\/B:REMD.0000021437.46773.26","article-title":"Candidate genes for type 2 diabetes","volume":"5","author":"Parikh","year":"2004","journal-title":"Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders"}],"container-title":["Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1521690X06000224?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1521690X06000224?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,26]],"date-time":"2025-10-26T16:36:21Z","timestamp":1761496581000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1521690X06000224"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2006,6]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,6]]}},"alternative-id":["S1521690X06000224"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.beem.2006.02.005","relation":{},"ISSN":["1521-690X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1521-690X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2006,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Diagnosis, epidemiology, and genetics of the polycystic ovary syndrome","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.beem.2006.02.005","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}