{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T12:01:20Z","timestamp":1791979280178,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,9,1]],"date-time":"2007-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1188604800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,9,1]],"date-time":"2007-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1188604800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2007.04.007","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,9,17]],"date-time":"2007-09-17T08:21:45Z","timestamp":1190017305000},"page":"415-430","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":795,"title":["Sexual dimorphism of body composition"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Jonathan C.K.","family":"Wells","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2007.04.007_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1080\/03670244.1972.9990278","article-title":"Malnutrition, body size and proportion","volume":"1","author":"Stini","year":"1978","journal-title":"Ecology of Food and Nutrition"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2007.04.007_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2004.07.004","article-title":"Human size evolution: no evolutionary allometric relationship between male and female stature","volume":"47","author":"Gustafsson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Human Evolution"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2007.04.007_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F273","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2004.060723","article-title":"Skin-fold measurements at birth: sex and anthropometric influence","volume":"90","author":"Rodriguez","year":"2005","journal-title":"Archives of Disease in Childhood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2007.04.007_bib4","series-title":"Patterns of human growth","author":"Bogin","year":"1999"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2007.04.007_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0802899","article-title":"Indices of whole-body and central adiposity for evaluating the metabolic load of obesity","volume":"29","author":"Wells","year":"2005","journal-title":"International Journal of Obesity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2007.04.007_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4576","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.86.10.7960","article-title":"Sexual dimorphism in skeletal size, density, and strength","volume":"86","author":"Seeman","year":"2001","journal-title":"The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2007.04.007_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/85.2.419","article-title":"BMI compared with 3-dimensional body shape: The UK National Sizing Survey","volume":"85","author":"Wells","year":"2007","journal-title":"The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2007.04.007_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1002","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1602204","article-title":"A shift in the epidemiology of low body mass index in Brazilian adults","volume":"59","author":"Hallal","year":"2005","journal-title":"European Journal of Clinical Nutrition"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2007.04.007_bib9","first-page":"638","article-title":"Issues relating to normalization of body fat content in men and women","volume":"19","author":"Goran","year":"1995","journal-title":"International Journal of Obesity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2007.04.007_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/52.6.953","article-title":"Height-normalized indices of the body's fat-free mass and fat mass: potentially useful indicators of nutritional status","volume":"52","author":"Van Itallie","year":"1990","journal-title":"The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2007.04.007_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0802027","article-title":"Adjustment of fat-free mass and fat mass for height in children aged 8 years","volume":"26","author":"Wells","year":"2002","journal-title":"International Journal of Obesity"},{"issue":"5 supplement","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2007.04.007_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/35.5.1169","article-title":"Body composition of reference children from birth to age 10 years","volume":"35","author":"Fomon","year":"1982","journal-title":"The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2007.04.007_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.74.5.386","article-title":"Standards for total body fat and fat-free mass in infants","volume":"74","author":"de Bruin","year":"1996","journal-title":"Archives of Disease in Childhood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2007.04.007_bib14","first-page":"5","article-title":"Arm area measurements as indices of nutritional reserves and body water in African newborns","volume":"28","author":"Akinyinka","year":"1999","journal-title":"African Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2007.04.007_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1006\/jtbi.2000.2015","article-title":"Natural selection and sex-differences in morbidity and mortality in early life","volume":"204","author":"Wells","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Theoretical Biology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2007.04.007_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.87.4.341","article-title":"Reference data for bone density and body composition measured with dual energy x-ray absorptiometry in white children and young adults","volume":"87","author":"Van der Sluis","year":"2002","journal-title":"Archives of Disease in Childhood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2007.04.007_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2242011369","article-title":"Bone, muscle, and fat: sex-related differences in prepubertal children","volume":"224","author":"Arfai","year":"2002","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2007.04.007_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1416","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/76.6.1416","article-title":"Body fat percentages measured by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry corresponding to recently recommended body mass index cut-offs for overweight and obesity in children and adolescents aged 3\u201318y","volume":"76","author":"Taylor","year":"2002","journal-title":"The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2007.04.007_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0801132","article-title":"A Hattori chart analysis of body mass index in infants and children","volume":"24","author":"Wells","year":"2000","journal-title":"International Journal of Obesity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2007.04.007_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.107.2.344","article-title":"Childhood body composition in relation to body mass index","volume":"107","author":"Maynard","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2007.04.007_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0802593","article-title":"Chart analysis of body composition change among pre- and post-adolescent Japanese subjects assessed by underwater weighing method","volume":"28","author":"Hattori","year":"2004","journal-title":"International Journal of Obesity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2007.04.007_bib22","series-title":"98th Ross Conference on Pediatric Research, Body composition in infants and children\u2019","first-page":"76","article-title":"Body composition during adolescence","author":"Haschke","year":"1989"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2007.04.007_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.101.5.887","article-title":"Developmental changes in energy expenditure and physical activity in children: evidence for a decline in physical activity in girls before puberty","volume":"101","author":"Goran","year":"1998","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2007.04.007_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1017\/S1464793105006974","article-title":"The evolution of human fatness and susceptibility to obesity: an ethological approach","volume":"81","author":"Wells","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biological Reviews"},{"issue":"supplement 1","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2007.04.007_bib25","first-page":"79","article-title":"Body mass index and body energy stores in developing countries","volume":"44","author":"Norgan","year":"1990","journal-title":"European Journal of Clinical Nutrition"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2007.04.007_bib26","first-page":"1586","article-title":"Volumetric mineral density in normal subjects, aged 5-27 years","volume":"81","author":"Lu","year":"1996","journal-title":"The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2007.04.007_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/68.5.1111","article-title":"Total-body and regional bone mineral content and areal bone mineral density in children aged 8\u201318y: the Fels longitudinal study","volume":"68","author":"Maynard","year":"1998","journal-title":"The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2007.04.007_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1385\/JCD:4:2:147","article-title":"Sex differences in bone mass acquisition during growth: the Fels Longitudinal Study","volume":"4","author":"Nguyen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Densitometry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2007.04.007_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.86.2.7186","article-title":"The development of bone strength at the proximal radius during childhood and adolescence","volume":"6","author":"Schoenau","year":"2001","journal-title":"The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2007.04.007_bib30","unstructured":"Malina RM. Regional body composition: age, sex and ethnic variation. In Roche AF, Heysnfield SB & Lohman TG (eds.). Human body composition. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics, 1996."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2007.04.007_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/S0899-9007(00)00256-2","article-title":"Reference values of fat-free and fat masses by bioelectrical impedance analysis in 3393 healthy subjects","volume":"16","author":"Pichard","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2007.04.007_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1016\/S0899-9007(03)00061-3","article-title":"Body composition interpretation. Contributions of the fat-free mass index and the body fat mass index","volume":"19","author":"Kyle","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2007.04.007_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03324517","article-title":"Body composition changes in stable-weight elderly subjects: the effect of sex","volume":"15","author":"Zamboni","year":"2003","journal-title":"Aging Clinical and Experimental Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2007.04.007_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2368","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00124.2002","article-title":"One- and two-year change in body composition as measured by DXA in a population-based cohort of older men and women","volume":"94","author":"Visser","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Physiology"},{"issue":"supplement 3","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2007.04.007_bib35","first-page":"S98","article-title":"Body mass index and illness in rural Sarawak","volume":"48","author":"Strickland","year":"1994","journal-title":"European Journal of Clinical Nutrition"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2007.04.007_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1017\/S0021932098003496","article-title":"Chronic energy deficiency in women from rural Bangladesh: some socioeconomic determinants","volume":"30","author":"Ahmed","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of Biosocial Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2007.04.007_bib37","first-page":"102","article-title":"Childhood obesity, adipose tissue distribution, and the pediatric practitioner","author":"Slyper","year":"1998","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2007.04.007_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/82.4.733","article-title":"Age at menarche and adult BMI in the Aberdeen children of the 1950s cohort study","volume":"82","author":"Pierce","year":"2005","journal-title":"The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2007.04.007_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-2115(00)00329-8","article-title":"Pregnancy-related changes in body fat","volume":"94","author":"Sidebottom","year":"2001","journal-title":"European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2007.04.007_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.20394","article-title":"Changes in body fat distribution in relation to parity in American women: a covert form of maternal depletion","volume":"131","author":"Lassek","year":"2006","journal-title":"American Journal of Physical Anthropology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2007.04.007_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1007\/s10911-005-5394-0","article-title":"Calcium and bone metabolism during pregnancy and lactation","volume":"10","author":"Kovacs","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Mammary Gland Biology and Neoplasia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2007.04.007_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1002\/ajhb.1099","article-title":"Muscularity in adult humans: proportion of adipose tissue free body mass and skeletal muscle","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2001","journal-title":"American Journal of Human Biology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2007.04.007_bib43","series-title":"Pediatrics","first-page":"257","article-title":"A summary of the anatomy of the infant and child","author":"Scammon","year":"1923"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2007.04.007_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2008-1025768","article-title":"Accuracy of an anthropometric estimate of the muscle and bone area in a transversal cross-section of the arm","volume":"7","author":"de Koning","year":"1986","journal-title":"International Journal of Sports Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2007.04.007_bib45","series-title":"Anthropometric standards for the assessment of growth and nutritional status","author":"Frisancho","year":"1990"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2007.04.007_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1080\/03014468100005351","article-title":"Radiographically determined widths of bone muscle and fat in the upper arm and calf from age 3\u201318 years","volume":"8","author":"Tanner","year":"1981","journal-title":"Annals of Human Biology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2007.04.007_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/52.2.214","article-title":"Appendicular skeletal muscle mass: measurement by dual-photon absorptiometry","volume":"52","author":"Heymsfield","year":"1990","journal-title":"The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2007.04.007_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-1716.1983.tb07200.x","article-title":"Muscle fibre type distribution, muscle cross-sectional area and maximal voluntary strength in humans","volume":"117","author":"Schantz","year":"1983","journal-title":"Acta Physiologica Scandinavica"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2007.04.007_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"M67","DOI":"10.1093\/geronj\/47.3.M67","article-title":"Appendicular skeletal muscle areas assessed by magnetic resonance imaging in older persons","volume":"47","author":"Baumgartner","year":"1992","journal-title":"Journal of Gerontology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2007.04.007_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2362.1984.tb01182.x","article-title":"Size and strength of the quadriceps muscles of old and young women","volume":"14","author":"Young","year":"1984","journal-title":"European Journal of Clinical Investigation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2007.04.007_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-097X.1985.tb00590.x","article-title":"The size and strength of the quadriceps muscles of old and young men","volume":"5","author":"Young","year":"1985","journal-title":"Clinical Physiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2007.04.007_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0800473","article-title":"The beneficial effects of body fat and adipose tissue in humans","volume":"21","author":"Norgan","year":"1997","journal-title":"International Journal of Obesity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2007.04.007_bib53","first-page":"473","article-title":"Influence of body fat distribution during childhood on body fat distribution in adulthood: a two decade follow-up study","volume":"14","author":"Rolland-Cachera","year":"1990","journal-title":"International Journal of Obesity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2007.04.007_bib54","series-title":"Growth, maturation, and physical activity","author":"Malina","year":"1991"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2007.04.007_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1611","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00892.2001","article-title":"Gender differences in regional body composition and somatotrophic influences of IGF-I and leptin","volume":"92","author":"Nindl","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Physiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2007.04.007_bib56","first-page":"443","article-title":"Body fat distribution in pubertal girls quantified by magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"16","author":"de Ridder","year":"1992","journal-title":"International Journal of Obesity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2007.04.007_bib57","first-page":"11","article-title":"Abdominal fat deposition in 11-year-old children","volume":"17","author":"Fox","year":"1993","journal-title":"International Journal of Obesity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2007.04.007_bib58","first-page":"805","article-title":"Abdominal fat depots measured with computed tomography: effects of degree of obesity, sex, and age","volume":"42","author":"Seidell","year":"1988","journal-title":"European Journal of Clinical Nutrition"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2007.04.007_bib59","first-page":"217","article-title":"Computed tomography measurement of abdominal fat deposition in relation to anthropometry","volume":"12","author":"Weits","year":"1988","journal-title":"International Journal of Obesity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2007.04.007_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1330","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/81.6.1330","article-title":"Waist circumference and abdominal adipose tissue distribution: influence of age and sex","volume":"81","author":"Kuk","year":"2005","journal-title":"The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2007.04.007_bib61","first-page":"207","article-title":"Sexual dimorphism of age-related changes in whole-body fat distribution in the obese","volume":"18","author":"Kotani","year":"1994","journal-title":"International Journal of Obesity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2007.04.007_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01352007","article-title":"Regional and total body bone mineral content, bone mineral density, and total body tissue composition in children aged 8\u201316 years of age","volume":"53","author":"Faulkner","year":"1993","journal-title":"Calcified Tissue International"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2007.04.007_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00334483","article-title":"Sex differences in the acquisition of total bone mineral mass peak assessed through dual energy x-ray absorptiometry","volume":"51","author":"Rico","year":"1992","journal-title":"Calcified Tissue International"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2007.04.007_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1007\/s002230001210","article-title":"Differential changes in regional bone mineral density in healthy Chinese: age-related and sex-dependent","volume":"68","author":"Yao","year":"2001","journal-title":"Calcified Tissue International"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2007.04.007_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0803154","article-title":"The 2nd-4th digit ratio and neck circumference: implications for risk factors in coronary heart disease","volume":"30","author":"Fink","year":"2006","journal-title":"International Journal of Obesity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2007.04.007_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1080\/03014460310001620153","article-title":"Second to fourth digit ratio, body mass index, waist-to-hip ratio, and waist-to-chest ratio: their relationships in heterosexual men and women","volume":"30","author":"Fink","year":"2003","journal-title":"Annals of Human Biology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2007.04.007_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1210\/edrv.23.3.0465","article-title":"Sex steroids and the construction and conservation of the adult skeleton","volume":"23","author":"Riggs","year":"2002","journal-title":"Endocrine Reviews"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2007.04.007_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.5650110307","article-title":"Increased bone turnover in late postmenopausal women is a major determinant of osteoporosis","volume":"11","author":"Garnero","year":"1996","journal-title":"Journal of Bone and Mineral Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2007.04.007_bib69","first-page":"1784","article-title":"Role of gonadal steroids in the sexual dimorphisms in body composition and circulating concentrations of leptin","volume":"84","author":"Rosenbaum","year":"1999","journal-title":"The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2007.04.007_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S1096-6374(98)80018-X","article-title":"Visceral obesity and the risk of ischaemic heart disease: insights from the Qu\u00e9bec cardiovascular study","volume":"8","author":"Lamarche","year":"1998","journal-title":"Growth Hormone & IGF Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2007.04.007_bib71","first-page":"197","article-title":"Direct effects of sex steroid hormones on adipose tissues and obesity","volume":"5","author":"Mayes","year":"2004","journal-title":"Obesity Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2007.04.007_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2005.04.011","article-title":"Kora Group. Sex differences in the relation of body composition to markers of information","volume":"184","author":"Thorand","year":"2006","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2007.04.007_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2070","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2004.258","article-title":"Relationships between insulin sensitivity and measures of body fat in asymptomatic men and women","volume":"12","author":"Sierra-Johnson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Obesity Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2007.04.007_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2005.085522","article-title":"Measuring body composition","volume":"91","author":"Wells","year":"2006","journal-title":"Archives of Disease in Childhood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2007.04.007_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.85.1.67","article-title":"A critique of the expression of paediatric body composition data","volume":"85","author":"Wells","year":"2001","journal-title":"Archives of Disease in Childhood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2007.04.007_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.1976.tb03802.x","article-title":"Total body potassium content in males with X and Y chromosome abnormalities","volume":"5","author":"East","year":"1976","journal-title":"Clinical Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2007.04.007_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1591","DOI":"10.2337\/dc06-0145","article-title":"The metabolic syndrome is frequent in Klinefelter's syndrome and is associated with abdominal obesity and hypogonadism","volume":"29","author":"Bojesen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2007.04.007_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.1.02267","article-title":"Body composition is distinctly altered in Turner syndrome: relations to glucose metabolism, circulating adipokines, and endothelial adhesion molecules","volume":"155","author":"Gravholt","year":"2006","journal-title":"European Journal of Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2007.04.007_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(03)00364-4","article-title":"Bone mineral density and fractures in Turner syndrome","volume":"115","author":"Bakalov","year":"2003","journal-title":"The American Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2007.04.007_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/16.6.1255","article-title":"Body composition characteristics and body fat distribution in lean women with polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"16","author":"Kirchengast","year":"2001","journal-title":"Human Reproduction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2007.04.007_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra041536","article-title":"Polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"352","author":"Ehrmann","year":"2005","journal-title":"The New England Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2007.04.007_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2006.098319","article-title":"Consensus Group. Consensus statement on management of intersex disorders","volume":"91","author":"Hughes","year":"2006","journal-title":"Archives of Disease in Childhood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2007.04.007_bib83","series-title":"Human sexual dimorphism","first-page":"1","article-title":"Some basic principles of mammalian sexual dimorphism","author":"Willner","year":"1985"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2007.04.007_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.65.2.293","article-title":"Adaptive significance of female physical attractiveness: role of waist-to-hip ratio","volume":"65","author":"Singh","year":"1993","journal-title":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2007.04.007_bib85","first-page":"583","article-title":"The association of body fat distribution with lifestyle and reproductive factors in a population study of postmenopausal women","volume":"14","author":"Kay","year":"1990","journal-title":"International Journal of Obesity"}],"container-title":["Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1521690X07000371?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1521690X07000371?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,26]],"date-time":"2025-10-26T16:38:11Z","timestamp":1761496691000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1521690X07000371"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2007,9]]},"references-count":85,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,9]]}},"alternative-id":["S1521690X07000371"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.beem.2007.04.007","relation":{},"ISSN":["1521-690X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1521-690X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2007,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Sexual dimorphism of body composition","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.beem.2007.04.007","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}