{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T05:42:53Z","timestamp":1781847773301,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,8,1]],"date-time":"2008-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1217548800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,8,1]],"date-time":"2008-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1217548800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2008.08.001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,10,26]],"date-time":"2008-10-26T04:17:14Z","timestamp":1224994634000},"page":"573-585","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":77,"title":["Exogenous and endogenous hormones and breast cancer"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Wendy Y.","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"3802","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2008.08.001_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(01)72307-0","article-title":"On the treatment of inoperable cases of carcinoma of the mamma: suggestions for a new method of treatment, with illustrative cases","volume":"148","author":"Beatson","year":"1896","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2008.08.001_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1038\/303767a0","article-title":"\u2018Hormonal\u2019 risk factors, \u2018breast tissue age\u2019 and the age-incidence of breast cancer","volume":"303","author":"Pike","year":"1983","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2008.08.001_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1670","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsr070105","article-title":"The decrease in breast-cancer incidence in 2003 in the United States","volume":"356","author":"Ravdin","year":"2007","journal-title":"The New England Journal of Medicine"},{"issue":"9382","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2008.08.001_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)14065-2","article-title":"Breast cancer and hormone-replacement therapy in the million women study","volume":"362","author":"Beral","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2008.08.001_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.291.1.47","article-title":"National use of postmenopausal hormone therapy: annual trends and response to recent evidence","volume":"291","author":"Hersh","year":"2004","journal-title":"The Journal of the American Medical Association"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2008.08.001_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1007\/s00228-007-0320-6","article-title":"Prescribing of hormone therapy for menopause, tibolone, and bisphosphonates in women in the UK between 1991 and 2005","volume":"63","author":"Watson","year":"2007","journal-title":"European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2008.08.001_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.2005.02502.x","article-title":"Dramatic change in prescribing of hormone replacement therapy in the Netherlands after publication of the Million Women Study: a follow-up study","volume":"60","author":"Faber","year":"2005","journal-title":"British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2008.08.001_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.288.3.321","article-title":"Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women: principal results from the Women's Health Initiative randomized controlled trial","volume":"288","author":"Rossouw","year":"2002","journal-title":"The Journal of the American Medical Association"},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2008.08.001_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1701","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.291.14.1701","article-title":"Effects of conjugated equine estrogen in postmenopausal women with hysterectomy: the Women's Health Initiative randomized controlled trial","volume":"291","author":"Anderson","year":"2004","journal-title":"The Journal of the American Medical Association"},{"issue":"24","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2008.08.001_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3243","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.289.24.3243","article-title":"Influence of estrogen plus progestin on breast cancer and mammography in healthy postmenopausal women: the Women's Health Initiative randomized trial","volume":"289","author":"Chlebowski","year":"2003","journal-title":"The Journal of the American Medical Association"},{"issue":"18","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2008.08.001_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1366","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/dji279","article-title":"Estrogen-plus-progestin use and mammographic density in postmenopausal women: Women's Health Initiative randomized trial","volume":"97","author":"McTiernan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of the National Cancer Institute"},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2008.08.001_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1647","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.295.14.1647","article-title":"Effects of conjugated equine estrogens on breast cancer and mammography screening in postmenopausal women with hysterectomy","volume":"295","author":"Stefanick","year":"2006","journal-title":"The Journal of the American Medical Association"},{"issue":"9084","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2008.08.001_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(97)08233-0","article-title":"Breast cancer and hormone replacement therapy: collaborative reanalysis of data from 51 epidemiological studies of 52,705 women with breast cancer and 108,411 women without breast cancer","volume":"350","year":"1997","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"4 Suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2008.08.001_bib14","first-page":"1S","article-title":"Executive summary. Hormone therapy","volume":"104","year":"2004","journal-title":"Obstetrics and Gynecology"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2008.08.001_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-142-10-200505170-00011","article-title":"Hormone therapy for the prevention of chronic conditions in postmenopausal women: recommendations from the U.S. preventive services task force","volume":"142","year":"2005","journal-title":"Annals of Internal Medicine"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2008.08.001_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1817","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.10913","article-title":"Estrogen replacement therapy for menopausal women with a history of breast carcinoma: results of a 5-year, prospective study","volume":"95","author":"Vassilopoulou-Sellin","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2008.08.001_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/dji071","article-title":"Menopausal hormone therapy after breast cancer: the Stockholm randomized trial","volume":"97","author":"von Schoultz","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of the National Cancer Institute"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2008.08.001_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djn058","article-title":"Increased risk of recurrence after hormone replacement therapy in breast cancer survivors","volume":"100","author":"Holmberg","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of the National Cancer Institute"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2008.08.001_bib19","first-page":"502","article-title":"Physiological action of progesterone in target tissues","volume":"18","author":"Graham","year":"1997","journal-title":"Endocrine Reviews"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2008.08.001_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.166.9.1027","article-title":"Unopposed estrogen therapy and the risk of invasive breast cancer","volume":"166","author":"Chen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Archives of Internal Medicine"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2008.08.001_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1038\/ncponc0851","article-title":"Risk factors and hormone-receptor status: epidemiology, risk-prediction models and treatment implications for breast cancer","volume":"4","author":"Chen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nature Clinical Practice. Oncology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2008.08.001_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.20016","article-title":"Increased risk of breast cancer following different regimens of hormone replacement therapy frequently used in Europe","volume":"109","author":"Stahlberg","year":"2004","journal-title":"International Journal of Cancer"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2008.08.001_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1007\/s10549-007-9523-x","article-title":"Unequal risks for breast cancer associated with different hormone replacement therapies: results from the E3N cohort study","volume":"107","author":"Fournier","year":"2008","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Research and Treatment"},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2008.08.001_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1483","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.166.14.1483","article-title":"Combined estrogen and testosterone use and risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women","volume":"166","author":"Tamimi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Archives of Internal Medicine"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2008.08.001_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.2910420606","article-title":"Influence of non-contraceptive exogenous and endogenous sex hormones on breast cancer risk in Denmark","volume":"42","author":"Ewertz","year":"1988","journal-title":"International Journal of Cancer"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2008.08.001_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/152.6.514","article-title":"Pooled analysis of prospective cohort studies on height, weight, and breast cancer risk","volume":"152","author":"van den Brandt","year":"2000","journal-title":"American Journal of Epidemiology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2008.08.001_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.20315","article-title":"Body size and breast cancer risk: findings from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer And Nutrition (EPIC)","volume":"111","author":"Lahmann","year":"2004","journal-title":"International Journal of Cancer"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2008.08.001_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.296.2.193","article-title":"Adult weight change and risk of postmenopausal breast cancer","volume":"296","author":"Eliassen","year":"2006","journal-title":"The Journal of the American Medical Association"},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2008.08.001_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1218","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djg022","article-title":"Body mass index, serum sex hormones, and breast cancer risk in postmenopausal women","volume":"95","author":"Key","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of the National Cancer Institute"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2008.08.001_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.0.1500161","article-title":"Body mass index, circulating levels of sex-steroid hormones, IGF-I and IGF-binding protein-3: a cross-sectional study in healthy women","volume":"150","author":"Lukanova","year":"2004","journal-title":"European Journal of Endocrinology"},{"issue":"17","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2008.08.001_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1404","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1996.03540170048031","article-title":"Bone mineral density and risk of breast cancer in older women: the study of osteoporotic fractures","volume":"276","author":"Cauley","year":"1996","journal-title":"The Journal of the American Medical Association"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2008.08.001_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199702273360903","article-title":"Bone mass and the risk of breast cancer among postmenopausal women","volume":"336","author":"Zhang","year":"1997","journal-title":"The New England Journal of Medicine"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2008.08.001_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/dji056","article-title":"Are breast density and bone mineral density independent risk factors for breast cancer?","volume":"97","author":"Kerlikowske","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of the National Cancer Institute"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2008.08.001_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1407","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2004-0766","article-title":"Recombinant cell ultrasensitive bioassay for measurement of estrogens in postmenopausal women","volume":"90","author":"Wang","year":"2005","journal-title":"The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2008.08.001_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3111","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2001.19.12.3111","article-title":"Indicators of lifetime estrogen exposure: effect on breast cancer incidence and interaction with raloxifene therapy in the multiple outcomes of raloxifene evaluation study participants","volume":"19","author":"Lippman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Oncology"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2008.08.001_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/94.8.606","article-title":"Endogenous sex hormones and breast cancer in postmenopausal women: reanalysis of nine prospective studies","volume":"94","author":"Key","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of the National Cancer Institute"},{"issue":"24","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2008.08.001_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1856","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djh336","article-title":"Endogenous estrogen, androgen, and progesterone concentrations and breast cancer risk among postmenopausal women","volume":"96","author":"Missmer","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of the National Cancer Institute"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2008.08.001_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1677\/erc.1.01038","article-title":"Postmenopausal serum androgens, oestrogens and breast cancer risk: the European prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition","volume":"12","author":"Kaaks","year":"2005","journal-title":"Endocrine-Related Cancer"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2008.08.001_bib39","first-page":"649","article-title":"Reproducibility of plasma hormone levels in postmenopausal women over a 2-3-year period","volume":"4","author":"Hankinson","year":"1995","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2008.08.001_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/dji132","article-title":"Serum sex steroids in premenopausal women and breast cancer risk within the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)","volume":"97","author":"Kaaks","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of the National Cancer Institute"},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2008.08.001_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1406","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djj376","article-title":"Endogenous steroid hormone concentrations and risk of breast cancer among premenopausal women","volume":"98","author":"Eliassen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of the National Cancer Institute"},{"issue":"18","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2008.08.001_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1541","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/91.18.1541","article-title":"Validation studies for models projecting the risk of invasive and total breast cancer incidence","volume":"91","author":"Costantino","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of the National Cancer Institute"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2008.08.001_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1823","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2005.03.7432","article-title":"Endogenous steroid hormone concentrations and risk of breast cancer: does the association vary by a woman's predicted breast cancer risk?","volume":"24","author":"Eliassen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Oncology"},{"issue":"9354","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2008.08.001_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12342-2","article-title":"Overview of the main outcomes in breast-cancer prevention trials","volume":"361","author":"Cuzick","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"22","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2008.08.001_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1652","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/dji372","article-title":"Tamoxifen for the prevention of breast cancer: current status of the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project P-1 study","volume":"97","author":"Fisher","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of the National Cancer Institute"},{"issue":"23","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2008.08.001_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2727","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.295.23.joc60074","article-title":"Effects of tamoxifen vs raloxifene on the risk of developing invasive breast cancer and other disease outcomes: the NSABP study of tamoxifen and raloxifene (STAR) P-2 trial","volume":"295","author":"Vogel","year":"2006","journal-title":"The Journal of the American Medical Association"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2008.08.001_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.287.2.216","article-title":"Serum estradiol level and risk of breast cancer during treatment with raloxifene","volume":"287","author":"Cummings","year":"2002","journal-title":"The Journal of the American Medical Association"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2008.08.001_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djj011","article-title":"Endogenous sex hormones, breast cancer risk, and tamoxifen response: an ancillary study in the NSABP Breast Cancer Prevention Trial (P-1)","volume":"98","author":"Beattie","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of the National Cancer Institute"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2008.08.001_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.138.3.4979","article-title":"Comparison of the ligand binding specificity and transcript tissue distribution of estrogen receptors alpha and beta","volume":"138","author":"Kuiper","year":"1997","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"issue":"1\u20136","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2008.08.001_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/S0960-0760(99)00048-5","article-title":"Intratumoral levels of estrogens in breast cancer","volume":"69","author":"Blankenstein","year":"1999","journal-title":"The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology"},{"issue":"3\u20135","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2008.08.001_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/S0960-0760(03)00364-9","article-title":"Breast cancer tissue estrogens and their manipulation with aromatase inhibitors and inactivators","volume":"86","author":"Geisler","year":"2003","journal-title":"The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2008.08.001_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2006.07.011","article-title":"Influences on circulating oestrogens in postmenopausal women: relationship with breast cancer","volume":"103","author":"Kendall","year":"2007","journal-title":"The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology"}],"container-title":["Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1521690X08000870?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1521690X08000870?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,26]],"date-time":"2025-10-26T16:39:22Z","timestamp":1761496762000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1521690X08000870"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,8]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,8]]}},"alternative-id":["S1521690X08000870"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.beem.2008.08.001","relation":{},"ISSN":["1521-690X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1521-690X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Exogenous and endogenous hormones and breast cancer","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.beem.2008.08.001","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}