{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T12:15:57Z","timestamp":1791288957127,"version":"4.3.0"},"reference-count":98,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,1]],"date-time":"2009-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1238544000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,1]],"date-time":"2009-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1238544000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Best Practice &amp; Research Clinical Endocrinology &amp; Metabolism"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,4]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2008.10.011","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,4]],"date-time":"2009-06-04T05:00:51Z","timestamp":1244091651000},"page":"245-259","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":165,"title":["ACTH-independent macronodular adrenal hyperplasia"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Andr\u00e9","family":"Lacroix","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2008.10.011_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1605","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)68699-6","article-title":"Cushing's syndrome","volume":"367","author":"Newell-Price","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2008.10.011_bib2","first-page":"75","article-title":"Ectopic and abnormal hormone receptors in adrenal Cushing's syndrome","volume":"22","author":"Lacroix","year":"2001","journal-title":"Endocrine Reviews"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2008.10.011_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-24-10-947","article-title":"Cushing's Syndrome: Nodular cortical hyperplasia of adrenal glands with clinical and pathological features suggesting adrenocortical tumor","volume":"24","author":"Kirschner","year":"1964","journal-title":"The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2008.10.011_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.0.1310067","article-title":"ACTH-independent massive bilateral adrenal disease (AIMBAD): a subtype of\u00a0Cushing's syndrome with major diagnostic and therapeutic implications","volume":"131","author":"Lieberman","year":"1994","journal-title":"European Journal of Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2008.10.011_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-978914","article-title":"Clinical and genetic analysis of primary bilateral adrenal diseases (micro- and macronodular disease) leading to Cushing syndrome","volume":"30","author":"Stratakis","year":"1998","journal-title":"Hormone and Metabolic Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2008.10.011_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.216.3.r00au40797","article-title":"Adrenocorticotropin-independent macronodular adrenal hyperplasia: an uncommon cause of primary adrenal hypercortisolism","volume":"216","author":"Doppman","year":"2000","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2008.10.011_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1001\/archsurg.133.5.541","article-title":"Corticotropin-independent macronodular adrenal hyperplasia: a clinicopathologic correlation","volume":"133","author":"Swain","year":"1998","journal-title":"Archives of Surgery"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2008.10.011_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1097\/00019616-199603000-00003","article-title":"Adrenocorticotropic hormone-independent adrenal hyperplasia","volume":"6","author":"Malchoff Cd","year":"1996","journal-title":"The Endocrinologist"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2008.10.011_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(99)70302-1","article-title":"Cushing's syndrome caused by nodular adrenal hyperplasia in children with McCune-Albright syndrome","volume":"134","author":"Kirk","year":"1999","journal-title":"The Journal of Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2008.10.011_bib10","first-page":"1106","article-title":"Primary bilateral adrenocortical causes of Cushing's syndrome","volume":"110","author":"Zeiger","year":"1991","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2008.10.011_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/96.3.334","article-title":"Adrenocorticotropic hormone-independent bilateral adrenocortical macronodular hyperplasia as a distinct subtype of Cushing's syndrome. Enzyme histochemical and ultrastructural study of four cases with a review of the literature","volume":"96","author":"Aiba","year":"1991","journal-title":"American Journal of Clinical Pathology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2008.10.011_bib12","first-page":"189","article-title":"Familial adrenocorticotropin-independent Cushing's syndrome with bilateral macronodular adrenal hyperplasia","volume":"76","author":"Findlay","year":"1993","journal-title":"The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2008.10.011_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2265.1996.682504.x","article-title":"ACTH independent Cushing's syndrome occurring in siblings","volume":"44","author":"Minami","year":"1996","journal-title":"Clinical Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2008.10.011_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2002-34590","article-title":"Familial ACTH-independent Cushing's syndrome with bilateral macronodular adrenal hyperplasia clinically affecting only female family members","volume":"110","author":"Nies","year":"2002","journal-title":"Experimental and Clinical Endocrinology & Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2008.10.011_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1385\/ENDO:19:3:319","article-title":"Inherited adrenocorticotropin-independent macronodular adrenal hyperplasia with abnormal cortisol secretion by vasopressin and catecholamines: detection of the aberrant hormone receptors on adrenal gland","volume":"19","author":"Miyamura","year":"2002","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2008.10.011_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2005.02387.x","article-title":"Ectopic expression of vasopressin V1b and V2 receptors in the adrenal glands of familial ACTH-independent macronodular adrenal hyperplasia","volume":"63","author":"Lee","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clinical Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2008.10.011_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.1.02324","article-title":"Familial adrenocorticotropin-independent macronodular adrenal hyperplasia with aberrant serotonin and vasopressin adrenal receptors","volume":"156","author":"Vezzosi","year":"2007","journal-title":"European Journal of Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2008.10.011_bib18","unstructured":"Bourdeau I, Boisselle A, Rioux D, et\u00a0al. Systematic Clinical Screening of Members of a Family with Hereditary Cortisol-Secreting B-Adrenergic Responsive ACTH-Independent Macronodular Adrenal Hyperplasia (AIMAH) Reveals Unsuspected Subclinical Cushing's Syndrome (CS) and Aberrant B-Adrenergic Regulation of Cortisol Secretion. Program of the 89th Annual Meeting of the Endocrine Society. Toronto, CA: 2007. p 148, Abstract OR54-2."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2008.10.011_bib19","first-page":"76","article-title":"Clinical and genetic features of adrenocortical lesions in multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1","volume":"75","author":"Skogseid","year":"1992","journal-title":"The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2008.10.011_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1001\/archsurg.1996.01430190021006","article-title":"Adrenal lesions in a large kindred with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1","volume":"131","author":"Burgess","year":"1996","journal-title":"Archives of Surgery"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2008.10.011_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.36.536","article-title":"Adrenocorticotropin-independent macronodular adrenocortical hyperplasia associated with multiple colon adenomas\/carcinomas which showed a point mutation in the APC gene","volume":"36","author":"Yamakita","year":"1997","journal-title":"Internal Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2008.10.011_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02050923","article-title":"Adrenal masses in patients with familial adenomatous polyposis","volume":"40","author":"Marchesa","year":"1997","journal-title":"Diseases of the Colon and Rectum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2008.10.011_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3773","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2004-2377","article-title":"Hereditary leiomyomatosis associated with bilateral, massive, macronodular adrenocortical disease and atypical Cushing syndrome: a clinical and molecular genetic investigation","volume":"90","author":"Matyakhina","year":"2005","journal-title":"The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2008.10.011_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.36.628","article-title":"Preclinical Cushing's syndrome due to adrenocorticotropin-independent bilateral adrenocortical macronodular hyperplasia with concurrent excess of gluco- and mineralocorticoids","volume":"36","author":"Yamada","year":"1997","journal-title":"Internal Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2008.10.011_bib25","first-page":"5534","article-title":"Aberrant membrane hormone receptors in incidentally discovered bilateral macronodular adrenal hyperplasia with subclinical Cushing's syndrome","volume":"86","author":"Bourdeau","year":"2001","journal-title":"The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2008.10.011_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1507\/endocrj.48.677","article-title":"A natural history of adrenocorticotropin-independent bilateral adrenal macronodular hyperplasia (AIMAH) from preclinical to clinically overt Cushing's syndrome","volume":"48","author":"Ohashi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Endocrine Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2008.10.011_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1507\/endocrj.45.485","article-title":"A case of Cushing's syndrome due to ACTH-independent bilateral macronodular hyperplasia associated with excessive secretion of mineralocorticoids","volume":"45","author":"Hayashi","year":"1998","journal-title":"Endocrine Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2008.10.011_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-68-4-855","article-title":"Adrenocorticotropin-independent bilateral macronodular adrenal hyperplasia: an unusual cause of Cushing's syndrome","volume":"68","author":"Malchoff","year":"1989","journal-title":"The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2008.10.011_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2002-021292","article-title":"Virilization in bilateral macronodular adrenal hyperplasia controlled by luteinizing hormone","volume":"88","author":"Goodarzi","year":"2003","journal-title":"The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2008.10.011_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2005.02411.x","article-title":"Expression of ACTH receptor pathway genes in glucose-dependent insulinotrophic peptide (GIP)-dependent Cushing's syndrome","volume":"64","author":"Antonini","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clinical Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2008.10.011_bib31","first-page":"3531","article-title":"Are ectopic or abnormal membrane hormone receptors frequently present in adrenal Cushing's syndrome?","volume":"85","author":"Mircescu","year":"2000","journal-title":"The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2008.10.011_bib32","unstructured":"Hsiao HP, Verma S, Boikos SA, et\u00a0al. A molecular and clinical genetic investigation of ACTH-independent macronodular adrenal hyperplasia compared to other, common adrenocortical tumors: evidence for heterogeneity, overlap with other tumor syndromes and frequent but atypical hormonal secretion. Program of the 89th Annual Meeting of the Endocrine Society. Toronto: 2007. p 403, Abstract P2\u2013299."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2008.10.011_bib33","first-page":"215","article-title":"ACTH-independent macronodular adrenocortical hyperplasia: immunohistochemical and in situ hybridization studies of steroidogenic enzymes","volume":"7","author":"Sasano","year":"1994","journal-title":"Modern Pathology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2008.10.011_bib34","first-page":"146","article-title":"Bilateral adrenocortical adenomas causing Cushing's syndrome. Report of two cases with enzyme histochemical and ultrastructural studies and a review of the literature","volume":"116","author":"Aiba","year":"1992","journal-title":"Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2008.10.011_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1097\/00004728-199109000-00009","article-title":"CT and MR imaging of massive macronodular adrenocortical disease: a rare cause of autonomous primary adrenal hypercortisolism","volume":"15","author":"Doppman","year":"1991","journal-title":"Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2008.10.011_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.242035092","article-title":"CT and MR imaging of the adrenal glands in ACTH-independent Cushing syndrome","volume":"24","author":"Rockall","year":"2004","journal-title":"Radiographics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2008.10.011_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2616","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.84.8.2616","article-title":"Asynchronous development of bilateral nodular adrenal hyperplasia in gastric inhibitory polypeptide-dependent Cushing's syndrome","volume":"84","author":"N'Diaye","year":"1999","journal-title":"The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2008.10.011_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-58-1-25","article-title":"Macronodular adrenocortical hyperplasia in long-standing Cushing's disease","volume":"58","author":"Smals","year":"1984","journal-title":"The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2008.10.011_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1507\/endocrj1954.36.101","article-title":"\u2018GIANT\u2019 macronodular adrenal hyperplasia causing Cushing's syndrome: case report and review of the literature on a clinical distinction of adrenocortical nodular pathology associated with hypercortisolism","volume":"36","author":"Cugini","year":"1989","journal-title":"Endocrinologia Japonica"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2008.10.011_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1159\/000180995","article-title":"Cushing's syndrome due to bilateral adrenal macronodular hyperplasia with undetectable ACTH: cell culture of adenoma cells on extracellular matrix","volume":"29","author":"Cheitlin","year":"1988","journal-title":"Hormone Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2008.10.011_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1523","DOI":"10.1016\/0024-3205(95)00114-L","article-title":"Are activating mutations of the adrenocorticotropin receptor involved in adrenal cortical neoplasia?","volume":"56","author":"Light","year":"1995","journal-title":"Life Sciences"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2008.10.011_bib42","first-page":"875","article-title":"No evidence for oncogenic mutations in the adrenocorticotropin receptor gene in human adrenocortical neoplasms","volume":"80","author":"Latronico","year":"1995","journal-title":"The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2008.10.011_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2746","DOI":"10.1210\/me.2002-0099","article-title":"Impaired desensitization of a mutant adrenocorticotropin receptor associated with apparent constitutive activity","volume":"16","author":"Swords","year":"2002","journal-title":"Molecular Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2008.10.011_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2003.10.052","article-title":"Constitutive activation of the human ACTH receptor resulting from a synergistic interaction between two naturally occurring missence mutations in the MC2R gene","volume":"213","author":"Swords","year":"2004","journal-title":"Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2008.10.011_bib45","first-page":"207","article-title":"The McCune-Albright syndrome","volume":"279","author":"Mauras","year":"1986","journal-title":"Acta Endocrinologica. Supplementum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2008.10.011_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(68)80043-5","article-title":"McCune-Albright's syndrome following adrenalectomy for Cushing's syndrome in infancy","volume":"73","author":"Aarskog","year":"1968","journal-title":"The Journal of Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2008.10.011_bib47","first-page":"175","article-title":"Polyostotic fibrous dysplasia associated with Cushing syndrome","volume":"96","author":"Benjamin","year":"1973","journal-title":"Archives of Pathology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2008.10.011_bib48","first-page":"81","article-title":"Albright's syndrome\u2013thirty years later. (Polyostotic fibrous dysplasia)","volume":"6","author":"MacMahon","year":"1971","journal-title":"Pathology Annual"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2008.10.011_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(75)80905-X","article-title":"Cushing syndrome, sexual precocity, and polyostotic fibrous dysplasia (Albright syndrome) in infancy","volume":"87","author":"Danon","year":"1975","journal-title":"The Journal of Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2008.10.011_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2147","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2002-021362","article-title":"Cushing's syndrome secondary to adrenocorticotropin-independent macronodular adrenocortical hyperplasia due to activating mutations of GNAS1 gene","volume":"88","author":"Fragoso","year":"2003","journal-title":"The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2008.10.011_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2004.08.007","article-title":"Cushing's syndrome variants secondary to aberrant hormone receptors","volume":"15","author":"Lacroix","year":"2004","journal-title":"Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"issue":"Suppl. 1","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2008.10.011_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1159\/000067832","article-title":"Aberrant receptor-mediated Cushing's syndrome","volume":"59","author":"Bertagna","year":"2003","journal-title":"Hormone Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2008.10.011_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1295","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI106608","article-title":"Abnormal hormone responses of an adrenocortical cancer adenyl cyclase","volume":"50","author":"Schorr","year":"1971","journal-title":"The Journal of Clinical Investigation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2008.10.011_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"974","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199210013271402","article-title":"Gastric inhibitory polypeptide-dependent cortisol hypersecretion\u2013a new cause of Cushing's syndrome","volume":"327","author":"Lacroix","year":"1992","journal-title":"The New England Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2008.10.011_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199210013271403","article-title":"Food-dependent Cushing's syndrome mediated by aberrant adrenal sensitivity to gastric inhibitory polypeptide","volume":"327","author":"Reznik","year":"1992","journal-title":"The New England Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2008.10.011_bib56","first-page":"4514","article-title":"Food-dependent Cushing's syndrome: characterization and functional role of gastric inhibitory polypeptide receptor in the adrenals of three patients","volume":"83","author":"Lebrethon","year":"1998","journal-title":"The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2008.10.011_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1980","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.87.5.8458","article-title":"The ectopic expression of the gastric inhibitory polypeptide receptor is frequent in adrenocorticotropin-independent bilateral macronodular adrenal hyperplasia, but rare in unilateral tumors","volume":"87","author":"Groussin","year":"2002","journal-title":"The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2008.10.011_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2265.2000.00932.x","article-title":"GIP-dependent adrenal Cushing's syndrome with incomplete suppression of ACTH","volume":"52","author":"Croughs","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clinical Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2008.10.011_bib59","first-page":"530","article-title":"Cushing syndrome with food-dependent periodic hormonogenesis","volume":"10","author":"Hamet","year":"1987","journal-title":"Clinical and Investigative Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2008.10.011_bib60","first-page":"3168","article-title":"Food-dependent Cushing's syndrome resulting from abundant expression of gastric inhibitory polypeptide receptors in adrenal adenoma cells","volume":"81","author":"de Herder","year":"1996","journal-title":"The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2008.10.011_bib61","first-page":"3134","article-title":"Cushing's syndrome due to a gastric inhibitory polypeptide-dependent adrenal adenoma: insights into hormonal control of adrenocortical tumorigenesis","volume":"83","author":"Chabre","year":"1998","journal-title":"The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2008.10.011_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2781","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.83.8.2781","article-title":"Adrenocortical overexpression of gastric inhibitory polypeptide receptor underlies food-dependent Cushing's syndrome","volume":"83","author":"N'Diaye","year":"1998","journal-title":"The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2008.10.011_bib63","first-page":"583","article-title":"Food-dependent androgen and cortisol secretion by a gastric inhibitory polypeptide-receptor expressive adrenocortical adenoma leading to hirsutism and subclinical Cushing's syndrome: in vivo and in vitro studies","volume":"86","author":"Tsagarakis","year":"2001","journal-title":"The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2008.10.011_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3611","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2006-0221","article-title":"Whole genome expression profiling of glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP)- and adrenocorticotropin-dependent adrenal hyperplasias reveals novel targets for the study of GIP-dependent Cushing's syndrome","volume":"91","author":"Lampron","year":"2006","journal-title":"The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2008.10.011_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1302","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2004-1256","article-title":"In vivo and in vitro screening for illegitimate receptors in adrenocorticotropin-independent macronodular adrenal hyperplasia causing Cushing's syndrome: identification of two cases of gonadotropin\/gastric inhibitory polypeptide-dependent hypercortisolism","volume":"90","author":"Bertherat","year":"2005","journal-title":"The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2008.10.011_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3009","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2004-0946","article-title":"The aberrant expression of the gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) receptor in adrenal hyperplasia: does chronic adrenocorticotropin exposure stimulate up-regulation of\u00a0GIP receptors in Cushing's disease?","volume":"90","author":"Swords","year":"2005","journal-title":"The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2008.10.011_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1677\/jme.1.01765","article-title":"The Sp transcription factors are involved in the cellular expression of the human glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide receptor gene and overexpressed in adrenals of patients with Cushing's syndrome","volume":"35","author":"Baldacchino","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Molecular Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2008.10.011_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2005-0921","article-title":"Ectopic expression of the gastric inhibitory polypeptide receptor gene is a sufficient genetic event to induce benign adrenocortical tumor in a xenotransplantation model","volume":"147","author":"Mazzuco","year":"2006","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2008.10.011_bib69","first-page":"2661","article-title":"Vasopressin-responsive adrenocortical tumor in a mild Cushing's syndrome: in vivo and in vitro studies","volume":"80","author":"Perraudin","year":"1995","journal-title":"The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2008.10.011_bib70","first-page":"2336","article-title":"Lysine vasopressin stimulation of cortisol secretion in patients with adrenocorticotropin-independent macronodular adrenal hyperplasia","volume":"80","author":"Horiba","year":"1995","journal-title":"The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2008.10.011_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2265.1997.3011151.x","article-title":"Adrenocorticotrophin-independent macronodular adrenal hyperplasia in a patient with lysine vasopressin responsiveness but insensitivity to gastric inhibitory polypeptide","volume":"47","author":"Iida","year":"1997","journal-title":"Clinical Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2008.10.011_bib72","first-page":"2414","article-title":"Abnormal adrenal and vascular responses to vasopressin mediated by a V1- vasopressin receptor in a patient with adrenocorticotropin-independent macronodular adrenal hyperplasia, Cushing's syndrome, and orthostatic hypotension","volume":"82","author":"Lacroix","year":"1997","journal-title":"The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2008.10.011_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2265.1998.00490.x","article-title":"In vivo and in vitro effects of AVP and V1a receptor antagonist on Cushing's syndrome due to ACTH-independent bilateral macronodular adrenocortical hyperplasia","volume":"49","author":"Daidoh","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clinical Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2008.10.011_bib74","first-page":"2029","article-title":"Variable expression of the V1 vasopressin receptor modulates the phenotypic response of steroid-secreting adrenocortical tumors","volume":"83","author":"Arnaldi","year":"1998","journal-title":"The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2008.10.011_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5706","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2002-020067","article-title":"Eutopic overexpression of vasopressin v1a receptor in adrenocorticotropin-independent macronodular adrenal hyperplasia","volume":"87","author":"Mune","year":"2002","journal-title":"The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2008.10.011_bib76","first-page":"1","article-title":"Expression of vasopressin receptors in ACTH-independent macronodular bilateral adrenal hyperplasia causing Cushing's syndrome: molecular, immunohistochemical and pharmacological correlates","volume":"196","author":"Louiset","year":"2008","journal-title":"The\u00a0Journal of Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2008.10.011_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1429","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199711133372004","article-title":"Propranolol therapy for ectopic beta-adrenergic receptors in adrenal Cushing's syndrome","volume":"337","author":"Lacroix","year":"1997","journal-title":"The New England Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2008.10.011_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1507\/endocrj.50.333","article-title":"A case of ACTH-independent macronodular adrenal hyperplasia: simultaneous expression of several aberrant hormone receptors in the adrenal gland","volume":"50","author":"Miyamura","year":"2003","journal-title":"Endocrine Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2008.10.011_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1577","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199911183412104","article-title":"Leuprolide acetate therapy in luteinizing hormone\u2013dependent Cushing's syndrome","volume":"341","author":"Lacroix","year":"1999","journal-title":"The\u00a0New England Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2008.10.011_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2002-020621","article-title":"Luteinizing hormone (LH)-responsive Cushing's syndrome: the demonstration of LH receptor messenger ribonucleic acid in hyperplastic adrenal cells, which respond to chorionic gonadotropin and serotonin agonists in vitro","volume":"88","author":"Feelders","year":"2003","journal-title":"The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2008.10.011_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2002-021107","article-title":"Overexpression of serotonin4 receptors in cisapride-responsive adrenocorticotropin-independent bilateral macronodular adrenal hyperplasia causing Cushing's syndrome","volume":"88","author":"Cartier","year":"2003","journal-title":"The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2008.10.011_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4616","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2002-021949","article-title":"Cushing's syndrome in a patient with bilateral macronodular adrenal hyperplasia responding to cisapride: an in vivo and in vitro study","volume":"88","author":"Mannelli","year":"2003","journal-title":"The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2008.10.011_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4578","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2006-0538","article-title":"Expression of serotonin7 receptor and coupling of ectopic receptors to protein kinase A and ionic currents in adrenocorticotropin-independent macronodular adrenal hyperplasia causing Cushing's syndrome","volume":"91","author":"Louiset","year":"2006","journal-title":"The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2008.10.011_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1385\/ENDO:15:1:057","article-title":"Case of adrenocorticotropic hormone-independent macronodular adrenal hyperplasia with possible adrenal hypersensitivity to angiotensin II","volume":"15","author":"Nakamura","year":"2001","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2008.10.011_bib85","first-page":"3817","article-title":"Food-dependent Cushing's syndrome: possible involvement of leptin in cortisol hypersecretion","volume":"84","author":"Pralong","year":"1999","journal-title":"The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2008.10.011_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1507\/endocrj1954.33.479","article-title":"Cortisol responsiveness to insulin-induced hypoglycemia in\u00a0Cushing's syndrome with huge nodular adrenocortical hyperplasia","volume":"33","author":"Hashimoto","year":"1986","journal-title":"Endocrinologia Japonica"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2008.10.011_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1507\/endocrj1954.36.655","article-title":"Cushing's syndrome due to huge nodular adrenocortical hyperplasia with fluctuation of urinary 17-OHCS excretion","volume":"36","author":"Makino","year":"1989","journal-title":"Endocrinologia Japonica"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2008.10.011_bib88","unstructured":"Louisset E, Duparc, Groussin L, et\u00a0al. Abnormal sensitivity of cortisol secretion to glucagon in primary adrenal Cushing's syndrome. Proceedings, XIII Adrenal cortex conference. San Francisco: June 11-14 2008. p 52, abstract 33."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2008.10.011_bib89","first-page":"747","article-title":"Catecholamine-dependent hereditary Cushing's syndrome - follow-up after unilateral adrenalectomy","volume":"97","author":"Imohl","year":"2002","journal-title":"Medizinische Klinik (Munich)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2008.10.011_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2004.03.120","article-title":"Analysis of the putative regulatory region of the gastric inhibitory polypeptide receptor gene in food-dependent Cushing's syndrome","volume":"91","author":"Antonini","year":"2004","journal-title":"The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2008.10.011_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1575","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1207277","article-title":"Gene array analysis of macronodular adrenal hyperplasia confirms clinical heterogeneity and identifies several candidate genes as molecular mediators","volume":"23","author":"Bourdeau","year":"2004","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2008.10.011_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2005-1975","article-title":"Aberrant expression of human luteinizing hormone receptor by adrenocortical cells is sufficient to provoke both hyperplasia and Cushing's syndrome features","volume":"91","author":"Mazzuco","year":"2006","journal-title":"The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2008.10.011_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3626","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2005-2608","article-title":"17q22-24 chromosomal losses and alterations of protein kinase a subunit expression and activity in adrenocorticotropin-independent macronodular adrenal hyperplasia","volume":"91","author":"Bourdeau","year":"2006","journal-title":"The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2008.10.011_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3035","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2002-030014","article-title":"Intraadrenal adrenocorticotropin production in a case of bilateral macronodular adrenal hyperplasia causing Cushing's syndrome","volume":"88","author":"Lefebvre","year":"2003","journal-title":"The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2008.10.011_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1097\/00019616-199901000-00004","article-title":"Clinical evaluation of the presence of abnormal hormone receptors in adrenal Cushing's syndrome","volume":"9","author":"Lacroix","year":"1999","journal-title":"The Endocrinologist"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2008.10.011_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2004.02048.x","article-title":"Aberrant adrenal sensitivity to multiple ligands in unilateral incidentaloma with subclinical autonomous cortisol hypersecretion: a prospective clinical study","volume":"61","author":"Reznik","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clinical Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2008.10.011_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1136\/pgmj.72.852.614","article-title":"Cushing's syndrome due to autonomous macronodular adrenal hyperplasia: long-term follow-up after unilateral adrenalectomy","volume":"72","author":"Boronat","year":"1996","journal-title":"Postgraduate Medical Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2008.10.011_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.0.1460237","article-title":"Is unilateral adrenalectomy an alternative treatment for ACTH-independent macronodular adrenal hyperplasia?: Long-term follow-up of four cases","volume":"146","author":"Lamas","year":"2002","journal-title":"European Journal of Endocrinology"}],"container-title":["Best Practice &amp; Research Clinical Endocrinology &amp; Metabolism"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1521690X08001188?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1521690X08001188?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,26]],"date-time":"2025-10-26T16:40:10Z","timestamp":1761496810000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1521690X08001188"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,4]]},"references-count":98,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,4]]}},"alternative-id":["S1521690X08001188"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.beem.2008.10.011","relation":{},"ISSN":["1521-690X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1521-690X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"ACTH-independent macronodular adrenal hyperplasia","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.beem.2008.10.011","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}