{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,2]],"date-time":"2026-11-02T12:12:47Z","timestamp":1793621567254,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,12,1]],"date-time":"2009-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1259625600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,12,1]],"date-time":"2009-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1259625600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Best Practice &amp; Research Clinical Endocrinology &amp; Metabolism"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2009.07.004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,11,27]],"date-time":"2009-11-27T13:44:35Z","timestamp":1259329475000},"page":"703-712","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":91,"title":["Interferon induced thyroiditis"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Yaron","family":"Tomer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Menconi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2009.07.004_bib1","first-page":"2489","article-title":"Biological properties of recombinant alpha-interferons: 40th anniversary of the discovery of interferons","volume":"58","author":"Pfeffer","year":"1998","journal-title":"Cancer Research"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2009.07.004_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1097\/00001622-200311000-00005","article-title":"Interferons: mechanisms of action and clinical applications","volume":"15","author":"Parmar","year":"2003","journal-title":"Current Opinion in Oncology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2009.07.004_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1634\/theoncologist.6-1-34","article-title":"Interferon in oncological practice: review of interferon biology, clinical applications, and toxicities","volume":"6","author":"Jonasch","year":"2001","journal-title":"Oncologist"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2009.07.004_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1375","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1991.03470100067035","article-title":"The interferons. Mechanisms of action and clinical applications","volume":"266","author":"Baron","year":"1991","journal-title":"The Journal of the American Medical Association"},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2009.07.004_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa020047","article-title":"Peginterferon alfa-2a plus ribavirin for chronic hepatitis C virus infection","volume":"347","author":"Fried","year":"2002","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2009.07.004_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1711","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(03)00394-9","article-title":"Side effects of therapy for chronic hepatitis C","volume":"124","author":"Russo","year":"2003","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"8438","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2009.07.004_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1166","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(85)92475-4","article-title":"Primary hypothyroidism associated with interferon therapy of breast cancer","volume":"1","author":"Fentiman","year":"1985","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2009.07.004_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1089\/105072503322238809","article-title":"Interferon-alpha and autoimmune thyroid disease","volume":"13","author":"Prummel","year":"2003","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2009.07.004_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.1997.7.891","article-title":"Interferon-alpha induced thyroid dysfunction: three clinical presentations and a review of the literature","volume":"7","author":"Koh","year":"1997","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2009.07.004_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(96)00259-8","article-title":"Multiple changes in thyroid function in patients with chronic active HCV hepatitis treated with recombinant interferon-alpha","volume":"101","author":"Roti","year":"1996","journal-title":"American Journal of Medicine"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2009.07.004_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03345087","article-title":"Temporal relationship between the appearance of thyroid autoantibodies and development of destructive thyroiditis in patients undergoing treatment with two different type-1 interferons for HCV-related chronic hepatitis: a prospective study","volume":"25","author":"Mazziotti","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Endocrinological Investigation"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2009.07.004_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.21146","article-title":"The clinical and physiological spectrum of interferon-alpha induced thyroiditis: toward a new classification","volume":"43","author":"Mandac","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2009.07.004_bib13","first-page":"49","article-title":"Hashimoto's disease during interferon-alpha therapy in a patient with pre-treatment negative anti-thyroid autoantibodies and with the specific genetic susceptibility to the thyroid disease","volume":"22","author":"Martocchia","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neuro Endocrinology Letters"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2009.07.004_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.1993.tb02423.x","article-title":"Reversibility of thyroid dysfunction induced by recombinant alpha interferon in chronic hepatitis C","volume":"39","author":"Baudin","year":"1993","journal-title":"Clinical Endocrinology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2009.07.004_bib15","first-page":"1925","article-title":"Long-term outcome of interferon-alpha-induced thyroid autoimmunity and prognostic influence of thyroid autoantibody pattern at the end of treatment","volume":"86","author":"Carella","year":"2001","journal-title":"The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2009.07.004_bib16","first-page":"399","article-title":"The risk factor for development of thyroid disease during interferon-alpha therapy for chronic hepatitis C","volume":"89","author":"Watanabe","year":"1994","journal-title":"The American Journal of Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2009.07.004_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.0.1320587","article-title":"Autoimmunity and thyroid function in patients with chronic active hepatitis treated with recombinant interferon alpha-2a","volume":"132","author":"Preziati","year":"1995","journal-title":"European Journal of Endocrinology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2009.07.004_bib18","first-page":"922","article-title":"Autoimmune endocrine disease induced by recombinant interferon-alpha therapy for chronic active type C hepatitis","volume":"80","author":"Imagawa","year":"1995","journal-title":"The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2009.07.004_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2265.2002.01553.x","article-title":"Thyrotoxicosis induced by alpha-interferon therapy in chronic viral hepatitis","volume":"56","author":"Wong","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clinical Endocrinology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2009.07.004_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2155","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(92)90348-3","article-title":"Development of thyroid disease during therapy of chronic viral hepatitis with interferon alfa","volume":"102","author":"Lisker-Melman","year":"1992","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2009.07.004_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1089\/105072502760258730","article-title":"Graves' ophthalmopathy associated with interferon-alpha treatment for hepatitis C","volume":"12","author":"Villanueva","year":"2002","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2009.07.004_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.87.2.8182","article-title":"Serum TSH, T(4), and thyroid antibodies in the United States population (1988 to 1994): National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III)","volume":"87","author":"Hollowell","year":"2002","journal-title":"The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2009.07.004_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.1995.tb01894.x","article-title":"The incidence of thyroid disorders in the community: a twenty-year follow-up of the Whickham survey","volume":"43","author":"Vanderpump","year":"1995","journal-title":"Clinical Endocrinology"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2009.07.004_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3589","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2008-0364","article-title":"Linkage analysis of thyroid antibody production: evidence for shared susceptibility to clinical autoimmune thyroid disease","volume":"93","author":"Ban","year":"2008","journal-title":"The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2009.07.004_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1159\/000184606","article-title":"Longitudinal study of antibodies against thyroid in patients undergoing interferon-alpha therapy for HCV chronic hepatitis","volume":"44","author":"Carella","year":"1995","journal-title":"Hormone Research"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2009.07.004_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2265.1996.751768.x","article-title":"Thyroid autoimmune disorders in patients with chronic hepatitis C before and during interferon-alpha therapy","volume":"44","author":"Marazuela","year":"1996","journal-title":"Clinical Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2009.07.004_bib27","first-page":"1","article-title":"Persistent thyroid autoimmunity after subacute thyroiditis","volume":"23","author":"Weetman","year":"1987","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical & Laboratory Immunology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2009.07.004_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2893.2000.00247.x","article-title":"Subacute thyroiditis during treatment with combination therapy (interferon plus ribavirin) for hepatitis C virus","volume":"7","author":"Parana","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Viral Hepatitis"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2009.07.004_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.1.02104","article-title":"Interferon-alpha-induced hyperthyroidism: a three-stage evolution from silent thyroiditis towards Graves' disease","volume":"154","author":"Bohbot","year":"2006","journal-title":"European Journal of Endocrinology"},{"issue":"5589","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2009.07.004_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2063","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1074900","article-title":"Critical role for STAT4 activation by type 1 interferons in the interferon-gamma response to viral infection","volume":"297","author":"Nguyen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2009.07.004_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1089\/107999000750053690","article-title":"Biologic responses to IFN-alpha administration in humans","volume":"20","author":"Corssmit","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Interferon & Cytokine Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2009.07.004_bib32","first-page":"61","article-title":"Expression of ICAM-1, B7.1 and TPO on human thyrocytes induced by IFN-alpha","volume":"112","author":"You","year":"1999","journal-title":"Chinese Medical Journal"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2009.07.004_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-5699(00)01710-2","article-title":"Type I interferons and T helper development","volume":"21","author":"Farrar","year":"2000","journal-title":"Immunology Today"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2009.07.004_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.1997.v112.pm9041265","article-title":"New insights into the mechanisms of interferon alfa: an immunoregulatory and anti-inflammatory cytokine","volume":"112","author":"Tilg","year":"1997","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2009.07.004_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4138","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2005-0093","article-title":"Innate and acquired immune system in patients developing interferon-alpha-related autoimmune thyroiditis: a prospective study","volume":"90","author":"Mazziotti","year":"2005","journal-title":"The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2009.07.004_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3724","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2004-0352","article-title":"Signal transducer and activator of transcription (Stat)-6-dependent, but not Stat4-dependent, immunity is required for the development of autoimmunity in Graves' hyperthyroidism","volume":"145","author":"Land","year":"2004","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2009.07.004_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2796.2002.01045.x","article-title":"Is the IFN-alpha-related thyroid autoimmunity an immunologically heterogeneous disease?","volume":"252","author":"Mazziotti","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Internal Medicine"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2009.07.004_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3522","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.170.7.3522","article-title":"Prevention of autoantibody-mediated Graves'-like hyperthyroidism in mice with IL-4, a Th2 cytokine","volume":"170","author":"Nagayama","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Immunology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2009.07.004_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.1997.269-ce1161.x","article-title":"Effects of interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha) administration on leucocytes in healthy humans","volume":"107","author":"Corssmit","year":"1997","journal-title":"Clinical and Experimental Immunology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2009.07.004_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2249.1996.d01-784.x","article-title":"Intrathyroidal cytokine gene expression in Hashimoto's thyroiditis","volume":"105","author":"Ajjan","year":"1996","journal-title":"Clinical and Experimental Immunology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2009.07.004_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(03)00390-5","article-title":"Autoimmune aspects of cytokine and anticytokine therapies","volume":"115","author":"Krause","year":"2003","journal-title":"American Journal of Medicine"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2009.07.004_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2785","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.70.10.2785","article-title":"Enhancement by interferon of the expression of surface antigens on murine leukemia L 1210 cells","volume":"70","author":"Lindahl","year":"1973","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2009.07.004_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1156","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2004-1173","article-title":"Type I interferons modulate the expression of thyroid peroxidase, sodium\/iodide symporter, and thyroglobulin genes in primary human thyrocyte cultures","volume":"90","author":"Caraccio","year":"2005","journal-title":"The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2009.07.004_bib44","unstructured":"Akeno N, Tomer Y. Dissecting the mechanisms of interferon induced thyroiditis (IIT): direct effects of interferon alpha on thyroid epithelial cells. The 89th meeting of the Endocrine Society, Toronto, Canada, June 2007. 2007."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2009.07.004_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2008.0290","article-title":"Effect of type I interferon(s) on cell viability and apoptosis in primary human thyrocyte cultures","volume":"19","author":"Caraccio","year":"2009","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"issue":"Suppl. 1","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2009.07.004_bib46","first-page":"221","article-title":"Thyroid gland dysfunctions during antiviral therapy of chronic hepatitis C","volume":"7","author":"Kryczka","year":"2001","journal-title":"Medical Science Monitor"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2009.07.004_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1745","DOI":"10.1345\/aph.1G144","article-title":"Hashimoto encephalopathy with pegylated interferon alfa-2b and ribavirin","volume":"39","author":"Deutsch","year":"2005","journal-title":"The Annals of Pharmacotherapy"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2009.07.004_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-06-0735","article-title":"Serum CXCL10 levels and occurrence of thyroid dysfunction in patients treated with interferon-{alpha} therapy for hepatitis C virus-related hepatitis","volume":"156","author":"Rotondi","year":"2007","journal-title":"European Journal of Endocrinology"},{"issue":"17","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2009.07.004_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1236","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200010263431707","article-title":"Graves' disease","volume":"343","author":"Weetman","year":"2000","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2009.07.004_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2002-0030","article-title":"Searching for the autoimmune thyroid disease susceptibility genes: from gene mapping to gene function","volume":"24","author":"Tomer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Endocrine Reviews"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2009.07.004_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2008-0015","article-title":"Joint genetic susceptibility to type 1 diabetes and autoimmune thyroiditis: from epidemiology to mechanisms","volume":"29","author":"Huber","year":"2008","journal-title":"Endocrine Reviews"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2009.07.004_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2796.2002.00974.x","article-title":"Thyroid dysfunction during treatment of chronic hepatitis C with interferon alpha: no association with either interferon dosage or efficacy of therapy","volume":"251","author":"Dalgard","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Internal Medicine"},{"issue":"4\u20136","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2009.07.004_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1016\/0960-0760(91)90287-F","article-title":"Sex steroid regulation of autoimmunity","volume":"40","author":"Grossman","year":"1991","journal-title":"The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology"},{"issue":"2-4","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2009.07.004_bib54","first-page":"161","article-title":"The effects of alpha interferon on the development of autoimmune thyroiditis in the NOD H2h4 mouse","volume":"10","author":"Oppenheim","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clinical & Developmental Immunology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2009.07.004_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2007.02.006","article-title":"The CD40, CTLA-4, thyroglobulin, TSH receptor, and PTPN22 gene quintet and its contribution to thyroid autoimmunity: back to the future","volume":"28","author":"Jacobson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Autoimmunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2009.07.004_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-61-4-735","article-title":"The genetics of Graves' disease: HLA and disease susceptibility","volume":"61","author":"Stenszky","year":"1985","journal-title":"The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2009.07.004_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.gene.6364059","article-title":"Arginine at position 74 of the HLA-DRb1 chain is associated with Graves' disease","volume":"5","author":"Ban","year":"2004","journal-title":"Genes and Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2009.07.004_bib58","first-page":"41","article-title":"CTLA-4 gene polymorphism associated with Graves' disease in a caucasian population","volume":"80","author":"Yanagawa","year":"1995","journal-title":"The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2009.07.004_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/8.7.1195","article-title":"The cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 is a major Graves' disease locus","volume":"8","author":"Vaidya","year":"1999","journal-title":"Human Molecular Genetics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2009.07.004_bib60","first-page":"1687","article-title":"CTLA-4 and not CD28 is a susceptibility gene for thyroid autoantibody production","volume":"86","author":"Tomer","year":"2001","journal-title":"The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2009.07.004_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3020","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.53.11.3020","article-title":"Replication of an association between the lymphoid tyrosine phosphatase locus (LYP\/PTPN22) with type 1 diabetes, and evidence for its role as a general autoimmunity locus","volume":"53","author":"Smyth","year":"2004","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2009.07.004_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5862","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2004-1108","article-title":"The codon 620 tryptophan allele of the lymphoid tyrosine phosphatase (LYP) gene is a major determinant of Graves' disease","volume":"89","author":"Velaga","year":"2004","journal-title":"The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2009.07.004_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15119","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2434175100","article-title":"Amino acid substitutions in the thyroglobulin gene are associated with susceptibility to human and murine autoimmune thyroid disease","volume":"100","author":"Ban","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2009.07.004_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2898","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2004-2148","article-title":"Multiple SNPs in intron 7 of thyrotropin receptor are associated with Graves' disease","volume":"90","author":"Hiratani","year":"2005","journal-title":"The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2009.07.004_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(99)80131-7","article-title":"HLA antigens in patients with interferon-alpha-induced autoimmune thyroid disorders in chronic hepatitis C","volume":"30","author":"Kakizaki","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2009.07.004_bib66","first-page":"926","article-title":"Immune-regulatory gene involvement in the etiology of interferon induced thyroiditis (IIT)","volume":"16","author":"Jacobson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2009.07.004_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2004.03.003","article-title":"Interferon induced Autoimmune Thyroid Disease (AITD): a model for human autoimmunity","volume":"3","author":"Oppenheim","year":"2004","journal-title":"Autoimmunity Reviews"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2009.07.004_bib68","first-page":"107","article-title":"Infection, thyroid disease and autoimmunity","volume":"14","author":"Tomer","year":"1993","journal-title":"Endocrine Reviews"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2009.07.004_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2004.04.004","article-title":"Hepatitis C and thyroid autoimmunity: is there a link?","volume":"117","author":"Tomer","year":"2004","journal-title":"American Journal of Medicine"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2009.07.004_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03343626","article-title":"Independent expression of serological markers of thyroid autoimmunity and hepatitis virus C infection in the general population: results of a community-based study in north-western Sardinia","volume":"22","author":"Loviselli","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of Endocrinological Investigation"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2009.07.004_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.1997.7.421","article-title":"Failure to find an association between hepatitis C virus and thyroid autoimmunity","volume":"7","author":"Metcalfe","year":"1997","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2009.07.004_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-8278(95)80216-9","article-title":"Prevalence of thyroid autoantibodies is not increased in blood donors with hepatitis C virus infection","volume":"22","author":"Boadas","year":"1995","journal-title":"Journal of Hepatology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2009.07.004_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840180205","article-title":"High prevalence of thyroid autoantibodies in a prospective series of patients with chronic hepatitis C before interferon therapy","volume":"18","author":"Tran","year":"1993","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2009.07.004_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1006\/jaut.1999.0360","article-title":"Latent autoimmune thyroiditis in untreated patients with HCV chronic hepatitis: a case-control study","volume":"14","author":"Ganne-Carrie","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Autoimmunity"},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2009.07.004_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1445","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.158.13.1445","article-title":"Increased risk of autoimmune thyroid disease in hepatitis C vs hepatitis B before, during, and after discontinuing interferon therapy","volume":"158","author":"Fernandez-Soto","year":"1998","journal-title":"Archives of Internal Medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2009.07.004_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2004.01.023","article-title":"Thyroid disorders in chronic hepatitis C","volume":"117","author":"Antonelli","year":"2004","journal-title":"American Journal of Medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2009.07.004_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2007.03009.x","article-title":"Thyroid function and anti-thyroid autoantibodies in untreated children with vertically acquired chronic hepatitis C virus infection","volume":"68","author":"Indolfi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clinical Endocrinology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2009.07.004_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2006.16.563","article-title":"Thyroid disorders in chronic hepatitis C virus infection","volume":"16","author":"Antonelli","year":"2006","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2009.07.004_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1588","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.21269","article-title":"Detection of hepatitis C virus in thyroid tissue from patients with chronic HCV infection","volume":"80","author":"Bartolome","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Medical Virology"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2009.07.004_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1192","DOI":"10.1086\/378643","article-title":"Hepatitis C and human immunodeficiency virus envelope proteins cooperatively induce hepatocytic apoptosis via an innocent bystander mechanism","volume":"188","author":"Munshi","year":"2003","journal-title":"The Journal of Infectious Diseases"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2009.07.004_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1086\/505708","article-title":"Signal transducer and activator of transcription factor 1 mediates apoptosis induced by hepatitis C virus and HIV envelope proteins in hepatocytes","volume":"194","author":"Balasubramanian","year":"2006","journal-title":"The Journal of Infectious Diseases"},{"issue":"37","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2009.07.004_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35755","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M302889200","article-title":"Hepatitis C virus and HIV envelope proteins collaboratively mediate interleukin-8 secretion through activation of p38 MAP kinase and SHP2 in hepatocytes","volume":"278","author":"Balasubramanian","year":"2003","journal-title":"The Journal of Biological Chemistry"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2009.07.004_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2008.08.001","article-title":"HCV E2 protein binds directly to thyroid cells and induces IL-8 production: a new mechanism for HCV induced thyroid autoimmunity","volume":"31","author":"Akeno","year":"2008","journal-title":"The Journal of Autoimmunity"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2009.07.004_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2007.07.001","article-title":"Interferon alpha treatment and thyroid dysfunction","volume":"36","author":"Tomer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America"}],"container-title":["Best Practice &amp; Research Clinical Endocrinology &amp; Metabolism"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1521690X09000803?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1521690X09000803?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,26]],"date-time":"2025-10-26T16:41:11Z","timestamp":1761496871000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1521690X09000803"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,12]]},"references-count":84,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,12]]}},"alternative-id":["S1521690X09000803"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.beem.2009.07.004","relation":{},"ISSN":["1521-690X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1521-690X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Interferon induced thyroiditis","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.beem.2009.07.004","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}