{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,4]],"date-time":"2026-04-04T14:09:02Z","timestamp":1775311742353,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,4,1]],"date-time":"2011-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1301616000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,4,1]],"date-time":"2011-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1301616000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,4]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2010.09.011","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,11]],"date-time":"2011-03-11T06:42:41Z","timestamp":1299825761000},"page":"391-402","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":64,"title":["Environmental factors and testicular function"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Aleksander","family":"Giwercman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yvonne Lundberg","family":"Giwercman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2010.09.011_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.305.6854.609","article-title":"Evidence for decreasing quality of semen during past 50 years","volume":"305","author":"Carlsen","year":"1992","journal-title":"British Medical Journal"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2010.09.011_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e31816334ad","article-title":"Time trends in human fecundability in Sweden","volume":"19","author":"Scheike","year":"2008","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2010.09.011_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2157","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.2157.13.12","article-title":"Testicular cancer incidence in eight northern European countries: secular and recent trends","volume":"13","author":"Richiardi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2010.09.011_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.11054","article-title":"Trends in the incidence of testicular germ cell tumors in the United States","volume":"97","author":"McGlynn","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2010.09.011_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.39.208.605","article-title":"The descent of the testis","volume":"39","author":"Scorer","year":"1964","journal-title":"Archives of Disease in Childhood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2010.09.011_bib6","first-page":"892","article-title":"John Radcliffe Hospital cryptorchidism study group","volume":"67","author":"Cryptorchidism: a prospective study of 7500 consecutive male births, 1984\u201388","year":"1992","journal-title":"Archives of Disease in Childhood"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2010.09.011_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2008.150219","article-title":"The descriptive epidemiology of congenital and acquired cryptorchidism in a UK infant cohort","volume":"94","author":"Acerini","year":"2009","journal-title":"Archives of Disease in Childhood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2010.09.011_bib8","first-page":"741","article-title":"Male reproductive health and environmental xenoestrogens","volume":"104","author":"Toppari","year":"1996","journal-title":"Environmental Health Perspectives"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2010.09.011_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/16.5.1012","article-title":"Regional differences in semen quality in Europe","volume":"16","author":"Jorgensen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Human Reproduction"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2010.09.011_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2199","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/17.8.2199","article-title":"East-West gradient in semen quality in the Nordic-Baltic area: a study of men from the general population in Denmark, Norway, Estonia and Finland","volume":"17","author":"Jorgensen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Human Reproduction"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2010.09.011_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2697","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/16.12.2697","article-title":"Regional differences in waiting time to pregnancy among fertile couples from four european cities","volume":"16","author":"Jensen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Human Reproduction"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2010.09.011_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2605.2005.00620.x","article-title":"Semen quality in fertile US men in relation to geographical area and pesticide exposure","volume":"29","author":"Swan","year":"2006","journal-title":"International Journal of Andrology"},{"issue":"9417","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2010.09.011_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1264","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)15998-9","article-title":"Difference in prevalence of congenital cryptorchidism in infants between two nordic countries","volume":"363","author":"Boisen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2010.09.011_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4041","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2005-0302","article-title":"Hypospadias in a cohort of 1072 Danish newborn boys: prevalence and relationship to placental weight, anthropometrical measurements at birth, and reproductive hormone levels at three months of age","volume":"90","author":"Boisen","year":"2005","journal-title":"The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2010.09.011_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0463.2001.d01-109.x","article-title":"The birth rate of hypospadias in the Turku area in Finland","volume":"109","author":"Virtanen","year":"2001","journal-title":"APMIS : acta pathologica, microbiologica, et immunologica Scandinavica"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2010.09.011_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2468","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/17.9.2468","article-title":"Higher sperm counts in Southern Sweden compared with Denmark","volume":"17","author":"Richthoff","year":"2002","journal-title":"Human Reproduction"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2010.09.011_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djm276","article-title":"Testicular cancer risk in first- and second-generation immigrants to Denmark","volume":"100","author":"Myrup","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of the National Cancer Institute"},{"issue":"18","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2010.09.011_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2428","DOI":"10.1016\/S0959-8049(02)00496-3","article-title":"Cancer risks in Nordic immigrants and their offspring in Sweden","volume":"38","author":"Hemminki","year":"2002","journal-title":"European Journal of Cancer"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2010.09.011_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2605.2009.00996.x","article-title":"Country-specific chemical signatures of persistent environmental compounds in breast milk","volume":"33","author":"Krysiak-Baltyn","year":"2010","journal-title":"International Journal of Andrology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2010.09.011_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"972","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/16.5.972","article-title":"Testicular dysgenesis syndrome: an increasingly common developmental disorder with environmental aspects","volume":"16","author":"Skakkebaek","year":"2001","journal-title":"Human Reproduction"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2010.09.011_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2605.2009.01050.x","article-title":"Testicular dysgenesis syndrome comprises some but not all cases of hypospadias and impaired spermatogenesis","volume":"33","author":"Jorgensen","year":"2010","journal-title":"International Journal of Andrology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2010.09.011_bib22","first-page":"271","article-title":"Androgen receptor defects: historical, clinical, and molecular perspectives","volume":"16","author":"Quigley","year":"1995","journal-title":"Endocrine Reviews"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2010.09.011_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1038\/346240a0","article-title":"A gene from the human sex-determining region encodes a protein with homology to a conserved DNA-binding motif","volume":"346","author":"Sinclair","year":"1990","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2010.09.011_bib24","first-page":"577","article-title":"Steroid 5-alphe-reductase 2 deficiency","volume":"14","author":"Wilson","year":"1993","journal-title":"Endocrine Reviews"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2010.09.011_bib25","first-page":"449","article-title":"An environmental antiandrogen","volume":"50","author":"Kelce","year":"1995","journal-title":"Recent Progress in Hormone Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2010.09.011_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2605.2007.00861.x","article-title":"Diverse mechanisms of anti-androgen action: impact on male rat reproductive tract development","volume":"31","author":"Wilson","year":"2008","journal-title":"International Journal of Andrology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2010.09.011_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1527","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.60.4.1527","article-title":"Studies on the mechanism of estrogen-mediated tissue differentiation: regulation of nuclear transcription and induction of new RNA species","volume":"60","author":"O\u2019Malley","year":"1968","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2010.09.011_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2010.02.015","article-title":"Cross-talk between non-genomic and genomic signalling pathways\u2013distinct effect profiles of environmental estrogens","volume":"245","author":"Silva","year":"2010","journal-title":"Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2010.09.011_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/60.2.296","article-title":"Defining the impact of weakly estrogenic chemicals on the action of steroidal estrogens","volume":"60","author":"Rajapakse","year":"2001","journal-title":"Toxicological Sciences"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2010.09.011_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1240","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)02792-6","article-title":"Semen quality after prenatal exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls and dibenzofurans","volume":"356","author":"Guo","year":"2000","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2010.09.011_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1007\/s00420-003-0487-9","article-title":"Yucheng: health effects of prenatal exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls and dibenzofurans","volume":"77","author":"Guo","year":"2004","journal-title":"International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2010.09.011_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01066399","article-title":"Polychlorinated biphenyl congeners, p, p\u2032-DDE, and sperm function in humans","volume":"15","author":"Bush","year":"1986","journal-title":"Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2010.09.011_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1505","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.6175","article-title":"The relationship between human semen parameters and environmental exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls and p, p\u2032-DDE","volume":"111","author":"Hauser","year":"2003","journal-title":"Environmental Health Perspectives"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2010.09.011_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.5767","article-title":"Serum levels of 2,2\u2032,4,4\u2019,5,5\u2032-hexachlorobiphenyl (CB-153) in relation to markers of reproductive function in young males from the general Swedish population","volume":"111","author":"Richthoff","year":"2003","journal-title":"Environmental Health Perspectives"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2010.09.011_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.2164\/jandrol.106.001701","article-title":"Impaired semen quality associated with environmental DDT exposure in young men living in a malaria area in the Limpopo Province, South Africa","volume":"28","author":"Aneck-Hahn","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Andrology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2010.09.011_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-200105000-00022","article-title":"DDT spraying for malaria control and reproductive function in Mexican men","volume":"12","author":"Ayotte","year":"2001","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2010.09.011_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1973","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/17.8.1973","article-title":"Decreased human semen quality and organochlorine compounds in blood","volume":"17","author":"Dallinga","year":"2002","journal-title":"Human Reproduction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2010.09.011_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ede.0000221769.41028.d2","article-title":"Semen quality and exposure to persistent organochlorine pollutants in an Inuit and three European cohorts","volume":"17","author":"Toft","year":"2006","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2010.09.011_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3488","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dei297","article-title":"Exposure to PCB and p, p\u2032-DDE in European and Inuit populations: impact on human sperm chromatin integrity","volume":"20","author":"Spano","year":"2005","journal-title":"Human Reproduction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2010.09.011_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1006\/jtbi.1996.0102","article-title":"Evidence that mammalian sex ratios at birth are partially controlled by parental hormone levels at the time of conception","volume":"180","author":"James","year":"1996","journal-title":"Journal of Theoretical Biology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2010.09.011_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1858","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)02290-X","article-title":"Paternal concentration of dioxin and sex ratio of offspring","volume":"355","author":"Mocarelli","year":"2000","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"9327","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2010.09.011_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)09386-8","article-title":"Number of boys born to men exposed to polychlorinated byphenyls","volume":"360","author":"del Rio Gomez","year":"2002","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2010.09.011_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1097\/00043764-200201000-00003","article-title":"Parental concentration of dichlorodiphenyl dichloroethene and polychlorinated biphenyls in Michigan fish eaters and sex ratio in offspring","volume":"44","author":"Karmaus","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2010.09.011_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.5271\/sjweh.51","article-title":"Decreased birthweight among infants born to women with a high dietary intake of fish contaminated with persistent organochlorine compounds","volume":"21","author":"Rylander","year":"1995","journal-title":"Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2010.09.011_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deh855","article-title":"Exposure to persistent organohalogen pollutants associates with human sperm Y: X chromosome ratio","author":"Tiido","year":"2005","journal-title":"Human Reproduction"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2010.09.011_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2003.11.023","article-title":"Organophosphorous pesticide exposure alters sperm chromatin structure in Mexican agricultural workers","volume":"196","author":"Sanchez-Pena","year":"2004","journal-title":"Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2010.09.011_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1932","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/den242","article-title":"Human semen quality and sperm DNA damage in relation to urinary metabolites of pyrethroid insecticides","volume":"23","author":"Meeker","year":"2008","journal-title":"Human Reproduction"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2010.09.011_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2008.02.021","article-title":"PON1Q192R genetic polymorphism modifies organophosphorous pesticide effects on semen quality and DNA integrity in agricultural workers from southern Mexico","volume":"230","author":"Perez-Herrera","year":"2008","journal-title":"Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2010.09.011_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1016\/S0890-6238(98)00047-1","article-title":"A longitudinal study of semen quality in pesticide spraying Danish farmers. The ASCLEPIOS Study Group","volume":"12","author":"Larsen","year":"1998","journal-title":"Reproductive Toxicology (Elmsford, N.Y.)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2010.09.011_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1007\/s002449900533","article-title":"Human semen quality in relation to dietary pesticide exposure and organic food","volume":"37","author":"Juhler","year":"1999","journal-title":"Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology"},{"issue":"5673","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2010.09.011_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1095815","article-title":"Reduction of particulate air pollution lowers the risk of heritable mutations in mice","volume":"304","author":"Somers","year":"2004","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2010.09.011_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2776","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dei122","article-title":"Episodic air pollution is associated with increased DNA fragmentation in human sperm without other changes in semen quality","volume":"20","author":"Rubes","year":"2005","journal-title":"Human Reproduction"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2010.09.011_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2008.05.057","article-title":"Inhibitory effects of mono-ethylhexyl phthalate on steroidogenesis in immature and adult rat Leydig cells in vitro","volume":"25","author":"Svechnikov","year":"2008","journal-title":"Reproductive Toxicology (Elmsford, N.Y.)"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2010.09.011_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1939-4640.2004.tb02790.x","article-title":"The relationship between environmental exposure to phthalates and computer-aided sperm analysis motion parameters","volume":"25","author":"Duty","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Andrology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2010.09.011_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1097\/01.EDE.0000059950.11836.16","article-title":"Phthalate exposure and human semen parameters","volume":"14","author":"Duty","year":"2003","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2010.09.011_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.7305","article-title":"Evidence of interaction between polychlorinated biphenyls and phthalates in relation to human sperm motility","volume":"113","author":"Hauser","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environmental Health Perspectives"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2010.09.011_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ede.0000164555.19041.01","article-title":"Urinary phthalate metabolites and biomarkers of reproductive function in young men","volume":"16","author":"Jonsson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2010.09.011_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1056","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.8100","article-title":"Decrease in anogenital distance among male infants with prenatal phthalate exposure","volume":"113","author":"Swan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environmental Health Perspectives"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2010.09.011_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2008.04.001","article-title":"Correlation of phthalate exposures with semen quality","volume":"231","author":"Pant","year":"2008","journal-title":"Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2010.09.011_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2605.2009.01046.x","article-title":"Combined exposure to endocrine disrupting pesticides impairs parturition, causes pup mortality and affects sexual differentiation in rats","volume":"33","author":"Jacobsen","year":"2010","journal-title":"International Journal of Andrology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2010.09.011_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2605.2009.01049.x","article-title":"Cumulative effects of in utero administration of mixtures of reproductive toxicants that disrupt common target tissues via diverse mechanisms of toxicity","volume":"33","author":"Rider","year":"2010","journal-title":"International Journal of Andrology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2010.09.011_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deh704","article-title":"Longitudinal changes in semen parameters in young Danish men from the Copenhagen area","volume":"20","author":"Carlsen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Human Reproduction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2010.09.011_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2605.1999.00137.x","article-title":"Secular and seasonal changes in semen quality among young Danish men: a statistical analysis of semen samples from 1927 donor candidates during 1977-1995","volume":"22","author":"Gyllenborg","year":"1999","journal-title":"International Journal of Andrology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2010.09.011_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(16)56450-4","article-title":"Cigarette smoking and sperm density: a meta-analysis","volume":"61","author":"Vine","year":"1994","journal-title":"Fertility and Sterility"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2010.09.011_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1016\/S0890-6238(97)00032-4","article-title":"Detection of oxidative DNA damage in human sperm and the association with cigarette smoking","volume":"11","author":"Shen","year":"1997","journal-title":"Reproductive Toxicology (Elmsford, N.Y.)"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2010.09.011_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1623","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2004.05.087","article-title":"Relationship between human semen parameters and deoxyribonucleic acid damage assessed by the neutral comet assay","volume":"82","author":"Trisini","year":"2004","journal-title":"Fertility and Sterility"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2010.09.011_bib67","article-title":"Cigarette smoking affects specific sperm oxidative defense but does not cause oxidative DNA damage in infertile men","author":"Viloria","year":"2009","journal-title":"Fertility and Sterility"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2010.09.011_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2004.03.056","article-title":"Body mass index in relation to semen quality and reproductive hormones among 1,558 Danish men","volume":"82","author":"Jensen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Fertility and Sterility"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2010.09.011_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2007.10.011","article-title":"Male obesity and alteration in sperm parameters","volume":"90","author":"Hammoud","year":"2008","journal-title":"Fertility and Sterility"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2010.09.011_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmp047","article-title":"The impact of body mass index on semen parameters and reproductive hormones in human males: a systematic review with meta-analysis","volume":"16","author":"MacDonald","year":"2010","journal-title":"Human Reproduction Update"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2010.09.011_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0376-8716(81)90082-X","article-title":"Marihuana and sex: a critical survey","volume":"8","author":"Abel","year":"1981","journal-title":"Drug and Alcohol Dependence"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2010.09.011_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(16)53288-9","article-title":"Association of cocaine use with sperm concentration, motility, and morphology","volume":"53","author":"Bracken","year":"1990","journal-title":"Fertility and Sterility"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2010.09.011_bib73","first-page":"615","article-title":"Lifestyle factors in deteriorating male reproductive health","volume":"47","author":"Kumar","year":"2009","journal-title":"Indian Journal of Experimental Biology"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2010.09.011_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2559","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dei110","article-title":"Lower sperm counts following prenatal tobacco exposure","volume":"20","author":"Jensen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Human Reproduction"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2010.09.011_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1097\/01.EDE.0000059922.73864.3E","article-title":"Does smoking during pregnancy affect sons\u2019 sperm counts?","volume":"14","author":"Storgaard","year":"2003","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2010.09.011_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2758","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dem219","article-title":"Is maternal obesity related to semen quality in the male offspring? A pilot study","volume":"22","author":"Ramlau-Hansen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Human Reproduction"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2010.09.011_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1097\/01.fpc.0000236329.26551.78","article-title":"Androgen receptor gene CAG repeat length as a modifier of the association between persistent organohalogen pollutant exposure markers and semen characteristics","volume":"17","author":"Giwercman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pharmacogenetics and Genomics"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2010.09.011_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrfmmm.2007.05.012","article-title":"GSTM1 genotype influences the susceptibility of men to sperm DNA damage associated with exposure to air pollution","volume":"625","author":"Rubes","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mutation Research"},{"issue":"30","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2010.09.011_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10604","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0500398102","article-title":"Epigenetic differences arise during the lifetime of monozygotic twins","volume":"102","author":"Fraga","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2010.09.011_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2007.02.010","article-title":"Genetic and epigenetic regulators of pluripotency","volume":"128","author":"Surani","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2010.09.011_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa064522","article-title":"Inheritance of a cancer-associated MLH1 germ-line epimutation","volume":"356","author":"Hitchins","year":"2007","journal-title":"The New England Journal of Medicine"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2010.09.011_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1530\/REP-09-0340","article-title":"Transgenerational effects of the endocrine disruptor vinclozolin on the methylation pattern of imprinted genes in the mouse sperm","volume":"139","author":"Stouder","year":"2010","journal-title":"Reproduction"}],"container-title":["Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1521690X10001260?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1521690X10001260?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,26]],"date-time":"2025-10-26T16:43:14Z","timestamp":1761496994000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1521690X10001260"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,4]]},"references-count":82,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,4]]}},"alternative-id":["S1521690X10001260"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.beem.2010.09.011","relation":{},"ISSN":["1521-690X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1521-690X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Environmental factors and testicular function","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.beem.2010.09.011","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}