{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T12:52:00Z","timestamp":1788871920756,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,1]],"date-time":"2011-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1317427200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,1]],"date-time":"2011-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1317427200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"Fund for Scientific Research (FWO), Flanders, Belgium","award":["G.0578.09"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["G.0578.09"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011878","name":"Flemish government","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011878","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Best Practice &amp; Research Clinical Endocrinology &amp; Metabolism"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.03.002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,16]],"date-time":"2011-09-16T12:34:37Z","timestamp":1316176477000},"page":"745-757","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":82,"title":["Thyroid axis function and dysfunction in critical illness"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Liese","family":"Mebis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Greet","family":"Van den Berghe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.03.002_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-100-4-1129","article-title":"The importance of thyroglobulin structure in thyroid peroxidase-catalyzed conversion of diiodotyrosine to thyroxine","volume":"100","author":"Lamas","year":"1977","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.03.002_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-11-10-1079","article-title":"The effect of thyrotropin on the release of hormone from the human thyroid","volume":"11","author":"Goldsmith","year":"1951","journal-title":"The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.03.002_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-33-4-647","article-title":"Thyroidal thyronine and non-thyronine iodine secretion in euthyroid subjects","volume":"33","author":"Fisher","year":"1971","journal-title":"The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.03.002_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-86-4-793","article-title":"Parameters of thyroid function in serum of 16 selected vertebrate species: a study of PBI, serum T4, free T4, and the pattern of T4 and T3 binding to serum proteins","volume":"86","author":"Refetoff","year":"1970","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"issue":"21","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.03.002_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM196805232782107","article-title":"Role of plasma proteins in the binding, distribution and metabolism of the thyroid hormones","volume":"278","author":"Oppenheimer","year":"1968","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.03.002_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/S0303-7207(97)00156-1","article-title":"L-thyroxine directly affects expression of thyroid hormone-sensitive genes: regulatory effect of RXRbeta","volume":"134","author":"Bogazzi","year":"1997","journal-title":"Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.03.002_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2705","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2005-1609","article-title":"Thyroid hormones selectively regulate the post-translational processing of ProThyrotropin releasing hormone (ProTRH) in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus","volume":"147","author":"Perello","year":"2006","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.03.002_bib8","first-page":"77","article-title":"Active and inactive thyroid hormone levels in elective and acute surgery","volume":"145","author":"Hagenfeldt","year":"1979","journal-title":"Acta Chirurgica Scandinavica"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.03.002_bib9","first-page":"482","article-title":"Serum levels of TSH, T3, rT3, T4 and T3-resin uptake in surgical trauma","volume":"88","author":"Adami","year":"1978","journal-title":"Acta Endocrinologica (Copenhagen)"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.03.002_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2265.1997.3371118.x","article-title":"Thyrotrophin and prolactin release in prolonged critical illness: dynamics of spontaneous secretion and effects of growth hormone-secretagogues","volume":"47","author":"Van den Berghe","year":"1997","journal-title":"Clinical Endocrinology (Oxf)"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.03.002_bib11","first-page":"4198","article-title":"Dissociation of the early decline in serum T(3) concentration and serum IL-6 rise and TNFalpha in nonthyroidal illness syndrome induced by abdominal surgery","volume":"86","author":"Michalaki","year":"2001","journal-title":"The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.03.002_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.1992.2.119","article-title":"Do thyroid function tests independently predict survival in the critically ill?","volume":"2","author":"Maldonado","year":"1992","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.03.002_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1210\/edrv-3-2-164","article-title":"Alterations in thyroid function in patients with systemic illness: the \"euthyroid sick syndrome","volume":"3","author":"Wartofsky","year":"1982","journal-title":"Endocrine Reviews"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.03.002_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1016\/S0091-3022(02)00006-7","article-title":"Dynamic neuroendocrine responses to critical illness","volume":"23","author":"Van den Berghe","year":"2002","journal-title":"Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.03.002_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1016\/S0026-0495(00)91611-1","article-title":"Selective consumption of thyroxine-binding globulin during cardiac bypass surgery","volume":"49","author":"Afandi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.03.002_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1053\/meta.2000.6239","article-title":"Concordant decreases of thyroxine and thyroxine binding protein concentrations during sepsis","volume":"49","author":"Afandi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.03.002_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5613","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2005-0888","article-title":"Euthyroid sick syndrome in meningococcal sepsis: the impact of peripheral thyroid hormone metabolism and binding proteins","volume":"90","author":"den Brinker","year":"2005","journal-title":"The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.03.002_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1229","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-54-6-1229","article-title":"The relationship between serum triiodothyronine and thyrotropin during systemic illness","volume":"54","author":"Bacci","year":"1982","journal-title":"The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.03.002_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.1993.tb02401.x","article-title":"The sick euthyroid syndrome: changes in thyroid hormone serum parameters and hormone metabolism","volume":"39","author":"Docter","year":"1993","journal-title":"Clinical Endocrinology (Oxf)"},{"issue":"5994","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.03.002_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.4.5994.437","article-title":"Thyroid hormones in the elderly sick: \"T4 euthyroidism","volume":"4","author":"Burrows","year":"1975","journal-title":"British Medical Journal"},{"issue":"41","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.03.002_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40128","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M300909200","article-title":"Identification of monocarboxylate transporter 8 as a specific thyroid hormone transporter","volume":"278","author":"Friesema","year":"2003","journal-title":"The Journal of Biological Chemistry"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.03.002_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1357","DOI":"10.1210\/me.2007-0112","article-title":"Effective cellular uptake and efflux of thyroid hormone by human monocarboxylate transporter 10","volume":"22","author":"Friesema","year":"2008","journal-title":"Molecular Endocrinology"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.03.002_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2761","DOI":"10.1210\/me.2005-0256","article-title":"Thyroid hormone transport by the human monocarboxylate transporter 8 and its rate-limiting role in intracellular metabolism","volume":"20","author":"Friesema","year":"2006","journal-title":"Molecular Endocrinology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.03.002_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1210\/edrv.22.4.0435","article-title":"Plasma membrane transport of thyroid hormones and its role in thyroid hormone metabolism and bioavailability","volume":"22","author":"Hennemann","year":"2001","journal-title":"Endocrine Reviews"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.03.002_bib25","first-page":"1165","article-title":"Inhibition of thyroxine transport into cultured rat hepatocytes by serum of nonuremic critically ill patients: effects of bilirubin and nonesterified fatty acids","volume":"76","author":"Lim","year":"1993","journal-title":"The Journal Of Clinical Endocrinology And Metabolism"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.03.002_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1046","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-61-6-1046","article-title":"Measurement of thyroxine uptake from serum by cultured human hepatocytes as an index of thyroid status: reduced thyroxine uptake from serum of patients with nonthyroidal illness","volume":"61","author":"Sarne","year":"1985","journal-title":"The Journal Of Clinical Endocrinology And Metabolism"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.03.002_bib27","first-page":"2364","article-title":"Impaired thyroxine and 3,5,3\u2019-triiodothyronine handling by rat hepatocytes in the presence of serum of patients with nonthyroidal illness","volume":"80","author":"Vos","year":"1995","journal-title":"The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.03.002_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6498","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2005-1013","article-title":"Tissue thyroid hormone levels in critical illness","volume":"90","author":"Peeters","year":"2005","journal-title":"The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.03.002_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-09-0290","article-title":"Expression of thyroid hormone transporters during critical illness","volume":"161","author":"Mebis","year":"2009","journal-title":"European Journal of Endocrinology"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.03.002_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2005.15.777","article-title":"Cellular and structural biology of the deiodinases","volume":"15","author":"Bianco","year":"2005","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.03.002_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1210\/edrv.23.1.0455","article-title":"Biochemistry, cellular and molecular biology, and physiological roles of the iodothyronine selenodeiodinases","volume":"23","author":"Bianco","year":"2002","journal-title":"Endocrine Reviews"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.03.002_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2957","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2008-1572","article-title":"Life without thyroxine to 3,5,3\u2019-triiodothyronine conversion: studies in mice devoid of the 5\u2019-deiodinases","volume":"150","author":"Galton","year":"2009","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.03.002_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.1999.9.727","article-title":"Fetal and neonatal hyperthyroidism","volume":"9","author":"Zimmerman","year":"1999","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.03.002_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200007203430305","article-title":"Severe hypothyroidism caused by type 3 iodothyronine deiodinase in infantile hemangiomas","volume":"343","author":"Huang","year":"2000","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.03.002_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2137","DOI":"10.1210\/mend.15.12.0740","article-title":"Targeted disruption of the type 2 selenodeiodinase gene (DIO2) results in a phenotype of pituitary resistance to T4","volume":"15","author":"Schneider","year":"2001","journal-title":"Molecular Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.03.002_bib36","article-title":"Targeted disruption of the type 1 selenodeiodinase gene (DIO1) results in marked changes in thyroid hormone economy in mice","author":"Schneider","year":"2005","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.03.002_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3202","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2002-022013","article-title":"Reduced activation and increased inactivation of thyroid hormone in tissues of critically ill patients","volume":"88","author":"Peeters","year":"2003","journal-title":"The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.03.002_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2007.0287","article-title":"Regulation of tissue iodothyroninedeiodinase activity in a model of prolonged critical illness","volume":"18","author":"Debaveye","year":"2008","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.03.002_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1677\/JOE-07-0601","article-title":"Lacking thyroid hormone receptor beta gene does not influence alterations in peripheral thyroid hormone metabolism during acute illness","volume":"197","author":"Kwakkel","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Endocrinology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.03.002_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1984","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2008-1133","article-title":"Impaired bacterial clearance in type 3 deiodinase-deficient mice infected with Streptococcus pneumoniae","volume":"150","author":"Boelen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.03.002_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2008-1588","article-title":"Minireview: defining the roles of the iodothyronine deiodinases: current concepts and challenges","volume":"150","author":"St Germain","year":"2009","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.03.002_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3330","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2007-0510","article-title":"The type II iodothyronine deiodinase is up-regulated in skeletal muscle during prolonged critical illness","volume":"92","author":"Mebis","year":"2007","journal-title":"The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.03.002_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1102","DOI":"10.1016\/0026-0495(93)90266-Q","article-title":"Reduced tissue thyroid hormone levels in fatal illness","volume":"42","author":"Arem","year":"1993","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.03.002_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2006.0164","article-title":"Thyroid hormone receptor isoform expression in livers of critically ill patients","volume":"17","author":"Thijssen-Timmer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"issue":"8678\u20138679","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.03.002_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1477","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(89)92930-9","article-title":"Thyroid hormone receptor expression in the \"sick euthyroid\" syndrome","volume":"2","author":"Williams","year":"1989","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.03.002_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1677\/joe.0.1820315","article-title":"Simultaneous changes in central and peripheral components of the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis in lipopolysaccharide-induced acute illness in mice","volume":"182","author":"Boelen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Endocrinology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.03.002_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E228","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00155.2002","article-title":"Sick euthyroid syndrome is associated with decreased TR expression and DNA binding in mouse liver","volume":"284","author":"Beigneux","year":"2003","journal-title":"American Journal of Physiology Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.03.002_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2006.10.007","article-title":"Tumor necrosis factor and interleukin 1 decrease RXRalpha, PPARalpha, PPARgamma, LXRalpha, and the coactivators SRC-1, PGC-1alpha, and PGC-1beta in liver cells","volume":"56","author":"Kim","year":"2007","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.03.002_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E201","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00205.2003","article-title":"Altered expression of nuclear hormone receptors and coactivators in mouse heart during the acute-phase response","volume":"286","author":"Feingold","year":"2004","journal-title":"American Journal of Physiology Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.03.002_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-10-0376","article-title":"Thyroid hormone receptors are down-regulated in skeletal muscle of patients with non-thyroidal illness syndrome secondary to non-septic shock","volume":"163","author":"Lado-Abeal","year":"2010","journal-title":"European Journal of Endocrinology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.03.002_bib51","first-page":"467","article-title":"Distinct tissue-specific roles for thyroid hormone receptors beta and alpha1 in regulation of type 1 deiodinase expression","volume":"15","author":"Amma","year":"2001","journal-title":"Molecular Endocrinology"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.03.002_bib52","first-page":"4032","article-title":"Decreased hypothalamic thyrotropin-releasing hormone gene expression in patients with nonthyroidal illness","volume":"82","author":"Fliers","year":"1997","journal-title":"The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.03.002_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R147","DOI":"10.1186\/cc8043","article-title":"Changes in the central component of the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis in a rabbit model of prolonged critical illness","volume":"13","author":"Mebis","year":"2009","journal-title":"Critical Care"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.03.002_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2265.1996.00805.x","article-title":"Pituitary responsiveness to GH-releasing hormone, GH-releasing peptide-2 and thyrotrophin-releasing hormone in critical illness","volume":"45","author":"Van den Berghe","year":"1996","journal-title":"Clinical Endocrinology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.03.002_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-199604000-00007","article-title":"Thyrotropin-releasing hormone in critical illness: from a dopamine-dependent test to a strategy for increasing low serum triiodothyronine, prolactin, and growth hormone concentrations","volume":"24","author":"Van den Berghe","year":"1996","journal-title":"Critical Care Medicine"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.03.002_bib56","first-page":"1311","article-title":"Reactivation of pituitary hormone release and metabolic improvement by infusion of growth hormone-releasing peptide and thyrotropin-releasing hormone in patients with protracted critical illness","volume":"84","author":"Van den Berghe","year":"1999","journal-title":"The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"issue":"6 Suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.03.002_bib57","first-page":"105","article-title":"Feedback regulation of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH): mechanisms for the non-thyroidal illness syndrome","volume":"27","author":"Lechan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Endocrinology Investigation"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.03.002_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1492","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.2006.163.9.1492","article-title":"Central mechanisms for thyroid hormone regulation","volume":"163","author":"Lechan","year":"2006","journal-title":"The American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.03.002_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2005-1533","article-title":"The role of intra-cerebro ventricular administration of leptin in the stimulation of ProThyrotropin releasing hormone (proTRH) neurons in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus","author":"Perello","year":"2006","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.03.002_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1677\/joe.1.06872","article-title":"Differential effects of leptin and refeeding on the fasting-induced decrease of pituitary type 2 deiodinase and thyroid hormone receptor {beta} 2 mRNA expression in mice","volume":"190","author":"Boelen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Endocrinology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.03.002_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1677\/joe.1.07056","article-title":"Chronic local inflammation in mice results in decreased TRH and type 3 deiodinase mRNA expression in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus independently of diminished food intake","volume":"191","author":"Boelen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Endocrinology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.03.002_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1649","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2003-1439","article-title":"Lipopolysaccharide induces type 2 iodothyroninedeiodinase in the mediobasal hypothalamus: implications for the nonthyroidal illness syndrome","volume":"145","author":"Fekete","year":"2004","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.03.002_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2005.07.021","article-title":"Bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced type 2 iodothyroninedeiodinase (D2) activation in the mediobasal hypothalamus (MBH) is independent of the LPS-induced fall in serum thyroid hormone levels","volume":"1056","author":"Fekete","year":"2005","journal-title":"Brain Research"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.03.002_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4036","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2006-0390","article-title":"Tissue-specific thyroid hormone deprivation and excess in monocarboxylate transporter (mct) 8-deficient mice","volume":"147","author":"Dumitrescu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.03.002_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI28253","article-title":"Abnormal thyroid hormone metabolism in mice lacking the monocarboxylate transporter 8","volume":"117","author":"Trajkovic","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Investigation"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.03.002_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4559","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2005-0535","article-title":"Serum 3,3\u2019,5\u2019-triiodothyronine (rT3) and 3,5,3\u2019-triiodothyronine\/rT3 are prognostic markers in critically ill patients and are associated with postmortem tissue deiodinase activities","volume":"90","author":"Peeters","year":"2005","journal-title":"The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.03.002_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-199501000-00015","article-title":"Prediction of outcome in intensive care patients using endocrine parameters","volume":"23","author":"Rothwell","year":"1995","journal-title":"Critical Care Medicine"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.03.002_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-10-0695","article-title":"Association between thyroid function tests at baseline and the outcome of patients with sepsis or septic shock: a systematic review","volume":"164","author":"Angelousi","year":"2011","journal-title":"European Journal of Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.03.002_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-010-9431-4","article-title":"Low triiodothyronine syndrome: a prognostic marker for outcome in sepsis?","author":"Meyer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.03.002_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.5144\/0256-4947.2005.466","article-title":"Predictive value of thyroid hormones on the first day in adult respiratory distress syndrome patients admitted to ICU: comparison with SOFA and APACHE II scores","volume":"25","author":"Ture","year":"2005","journal-title":"Annals of Saudi Medicine"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.03.002_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1080\/02699050701311083","article-title":"Pituitary functions in the acute phase of traumatic brain injury: are they related to severity of the injury or mortality?","volume":"21","author":"Tanriverdi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Brain Injury"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.03.002_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-199004000-00020","article-title":"Effects of acute illness on selenium homeostasis","volume":"18","author":"Hawker","year":"1990","journal-title":"Critical Care Medicine"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.03.002_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1536","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-199809000-00021","article-title":"Selenium, systemic immune response syndrome, sepsis, and outcome in critically ill patients","volume":"26","author":"Forceville","year":"1998","journal-title":"Critical Care Medicine"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.03.002_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aem091","article-title":"Time course and relationship between plasma selenium concentrations, systemic inflammatory response, sepsis, and multiorgan failure","volume":"98","author":"Sakr","year":"2007","journal-title":"British Journal of Anaesthetic"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.03.002_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R73","DOI":"10.1186\/cc5960","article-title":"Effects of high doses of selenium, as sodium selenite, in septic shock: a placebo-controlled, randomized, double-blind, phase II study","volume":"11","author":"Forceville","year":"2007","journal-title":"Critical Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.03.002_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000251124.83436.0E","article-title":"Selenium in intensive care (SIC): results of a prospective randomized, placebo-controlled, multiple-center study in patients with severe systemic inflammatory response syndrome, sepsis, and septic shock","volume":"35","author":"Angstwurm","year":"2007","journal-title":"Critical Care Medicine"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.03.002_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R153","DOI":"10.1186\/cc5084","article-title":"Reduction of nosocomial pneumonia after major burns by trace element supplementation: aggregation of two randomised trials","volume":"10","author":"Berger","year":"2006","journal-title":"Critical Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.03.002_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1007\/s001340000757","article-title":"Influence of selenium supplements on the post-traumatic alterations of the thyroid axis: a placebo-controlled trial","volume":"27","author":"Berger","year":"2001","journal-title":"Intensive Care Medicine"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.03.002_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1807","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-199909000-00017","article-title":"Selenium replacement in patients with severe systemic inflammatory response syndrome improves clinical outcome","volume":"27","author":"Angstwurm","year":"1999","journal-title":"Critical Care Medicine"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.03.002_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000194725.48928.3A","article-title":"Sepsis in European intensive care units: results of the SOAP study","volume":"34","author":"Vincent","year":"2006","journal-title":"Critical Care Medicine"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.03.002_bib81","first-page":"1827","article-title":"Acute and prolonged critical illness as different neuroendocrine paradigms","volume":"83","author":"Van den Berghe","year":"1998","journal-title":"The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.03.002_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.2000.00827.x","article-title":"A trial of thyroxine in acute renal failure","volume":"57","author":"Acker","year":"2000","journal-title":"Kidney International"},{"issue":"9229","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.03.002_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)02576-9","article-title":"Tri-iodothyronine treatment in children after cardiac surgery: a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled study","volume":"356","author":"Bettendorf","year":"2000","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.03.002_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-63-1-1","article-title":"Thyroxine therapy in patients with severe nonthyroidal illnesses and low serum thyroxine concentration","volume":"63","author":"Brent","year":"1986","journal-title":"The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"issue":"23","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.03.002_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1522","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199512073332302","article-title":"Thyroid hormone treatment after coronary-artery bypass surgery","volume":"333","author":"Klemperer","year":"1995","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.03.002_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-198212000-00014","article-title":"Hypermetabolic low triiodothyronine syndrome of burn injury","volume":"10","author":"Becker","year":"1982","journal-title":"Critical Care Medicine"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.03.002_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1180","DOI":"10.4158\/EP.14.9.1180","article-title":"Thyroid hormone therapy is not indicated in the majority of patients with the sick euthyroid syndrome","volume":"14","author":"Farwell","year":"2008","journal-title":"Endocrine Practice"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.03.002_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1351","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2007-2210","article-title":"Acute effects of triiodothyronine (T3) replacement therapy in patients with chronic heart failure and low-T3 syndrome: a randomized, placebo-controlled study","volume":"93","author":"Pingitore","year":"2008","journal-title":"The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.03.002_bib89","first-page":"309","article-title":"Neuroendocrinology of prolonged critical illness: effects of exogenous thyrotropin-releasing hormone and its combination with growth hormone secretagogues","volume":"83","author":"Van den Berghe","year":"1998","journal-title":"The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.03.002_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5604","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2005-0963","article-title":"Tissue deiodinase activity during prolonged critical illness: effects of exogenous thyrotropin-releasing hormone and its combination with growth hormone-releasing peptide-2","volume":"146","author":"Debaveye","year":"2005","journal-title":"Endocrinology"}],"container-title":["Best Practice &amp; Research Clinical Endocrinology &amp; Metabolism"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1521690X11000273?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1521690X11000273?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,26]],"date-time":"2025-10-26T16:45:31Z","timestamp":1761497131000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1521690X11000273"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,10]]},"references-count":90,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,10]]}},"alternative-id":["S1521690X11000273"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.beem.2011.03.002","relation":{},"ISSN":["1521-690X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1521-690X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Thyroid axis function and dysfunction in critical illness","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.beem.2011.03.002","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}